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life history of Fasciola-Hepatica (.pptx
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- 2. FASCIOLA HEPATICA DR.T.V.RAO MD 2 •Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes that infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. The disease caused by the fluke is called fascioliasis (also known as fasciolosis). F. hepatica is distributed worldwide, and causes great economic losses in sheep and cattle. It has been known as an important parasite of sheep and cattle for hundreds of years.
- 3. • Phylum: Platyhelmint hes • Flatworm • Liver fluke • Effects sheep, cattle, and INTRODUCTIO N DR.T.V.RAO MD 3
- 4. • Fasciola hepaticais a liver fluke common in humans and livestock that can cause major economic losses (Diwilde et al, 2008). Infected animals become anaemic and lose significant amounts of weight. FASCIOLA HEPATICA DR.T.V.RAO MD 4
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- 6. F. HEPATIC A • Definitive host: •Sheep • Cattle • Humans (Accidental) • Other Mammals • Intermediate host • Fresh Water Snail • Geographic Range • Cosmopolitan; anywhere she ep and cattle are raised DR.T.V.RAO MD 6
- 7. MORPHOLO GY • Adult fluke •Flat leaf like body • 20-30mm long • 8-15mm wide DR.T.V.RAO MD 7
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- 9. CYCLE OF EVENTSIN FASCIOLA HEPATICA • The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica starts when a female lays eggs in the liver of an infected human. Immature eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and taken out in the feces. If landed in water, the eggs become embryonated and develop larvae called miracidia. A miracidium invades an aquatic snail and develops into cercaria, a larva that is DR.T.V.RAO MD 9
- 10. • The cercariaexits and finds aquatic vegetation where it forms a cyst called Metacercariae. A human eats the raw freshwater plant containing the cyst. The Metacercariae excysts in the first part of the small intestine, duodenum. It then penetrates the intestinal wall and CYCLE OF EVENTS IN INFECTION DR.T.V.RAO MD 10
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- 13. CYCLE OF EVENTSIN INFECTION DR.T.V.RAO MD 13 • It finds the liver and starts eating liver cells. This happens only a few days after the initial contact with the parasite. Usually the larva spends a few weeks just browsing and eating the liver . Then it relocates to the bile duct where it begins its final stage and becomes an adult. It takes about three months for the Metacercariae to develop into an adult. Adults are about 3 cm long and 1
- 14. • Ingestion Metacercari ae • Ex-cystin Duodenum • Burrows through Intestinal Wall • Enters Peritoneal Cavity • Migrates to PROGRESS OF INFECTION DR.T.V.RAO MD 14
- 15. PATHOLOGY AND LIVER DAMAGE 1 5 •Little damage is done by juveniles penetrating the intestinal wall and the capsule surrounding the liver but much necrosis results from migration of flukes through the liver parenchyma Worms inbile ducts cause inflammation and edema, which in turn stimulate production of fibrous tissue in the walls of these ducts. Thus thickened, the ducts can handle less bile and are less responsive to needs of the liver. Back pressure causes atrophy of liver parenchyma, with concomitant cirrhosis and possibly jaundice. In DR.T.V e.RA rO oM dD ed
- 16. SYMPTOM S • Abdominal Pain •Anemia • Hepatic Tenderness • Hepatomegaly resulting from Edema • Intermittent Fever • Jaundice • Lethargy • Nausea • Prolonged High Fever • Secondary Infections • Vomiting DR.T.V.RAO MD 16
- 17. SYMPTOM S • Acute • Morecommon in sheep • 10,000+ Metacercariae consumed at one time • Dramatic Liver Inflammation, Frequently Resulting in Death • Chronic • More Common and Rarely Fatal • Nonspecific Symptoms • Halzoun • Eating raw, infected liver • Infects pharynx • Causes swelling and obstructs breathing DR.T.V.RAO MD 17
- 18. DIAGNOSI S • Stool Samples •Yellow-Brown Eggs • Eggs Don’t Show for 4 Months • Duodenal or Biliary Aspirate • Antibody Test • Can detect 2 Weeks After Infection • Ultrasound • Visualize Adults in Bile Duct • CT Scan DR.T.V.RAO MD 18
- 19. TREATME NT DR.T.V.RAO MD 19 •Bithional • Highly Effective • Large Dose • High Cost • Long Treatment Period • Triclabendazole • Easier to Use • 1-2 Oral Doses in 24 hrs • Virtually 100% Effective • Surgery
- 20. EPIDEMIOLOG Y DR.T.V.RAO MD 20 •Infection begins when Metacercariae infected aquatic vegetation is eaten or when water containing Metacercariae is drunk. Humans are often infected by eating watercress. Human infections occur in parts of Europe, northern Africa, Cuba, South America, and other locales. It is one of the most important disease agents of domestic stock throughout the world and shows
- 21. CONTROL METHODS DR.T.V.RAO MD 21 •Education • Cheapest and Most Cost Effective Way • Wash Aquatic Vegetables in 6% Vinegar for 5-10 minutes • Better herding practices • Keep herds away from aquatic areas • Moluskicide • Controls Intermediate Snail Host
- 22. •Programme Created by Dr.T.V.RaoMD for Medical and Paramedical Students in the Developing World • Email • [email protected] DR.T.V.RAO MD 22