Line Following Robot using Arduino UNO

Index
• Introduction
• Components
• Working Principle
• Block Diagram
• Application
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Programming on Arduino
Let’s Discuss

Introduction
What is a Robot
A Robot is a
machine capable of
carrying out a complex
series of actions
automatically,
especially one
programmable by a
computer.

Line Following Robot
What is a Line
Following Robot
Line following Robot
is a machine that
can follow a path.
The path can be
visible like a black
line on a white
surface or it can be
invisible like a
magnetic field.

What is the
need to build
line following
Robot?
Sensing a line and
maneuvering the
robot to stay on
course, while
constantly correcting
wrong moves using
feedback mechanism
forms a simple yet
effective closed loop
system.

Components
What are we
using?
•Arduino
•IR Sensor
•IC L293D
•Motors
•LFR Chassis

Arduino
Arduino is an open-
source computer hardware
and software company,
project and user community
that designs and
manufactures microcontroller
-based kits for building digital
devices and interactive
objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical
world.

IR Sensor
A passive infrared
sensor (PIR sensor) is
an
electronic sensor that
measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from
objects in its field of
view. They are most
often used in PIR-based
motion detectors.

L293D(H-Bridge)
• Motors are arranged in a fashion
called H-Bridge.
• H-Bridge-It is an electronic circuit
which enables a voltage to be applied
across a load in either direction.
• It allows a circuit full control over a
standard electric DC motor. That is,
with an H-bridge, a microcontroller,
logic chip, or remote control can
electronically command the motor to
go forward, reverse, brake, and coast.

Motors
The motors rotate
clockwise and anti-
clockwise based on
the program. In the
motor electrical
energy is converted
into mechanical
energy.

Working Principle
The IR sensor detects the light emitted by the
transmitter, if the receiver receives light, the wheel
of that side will keep on moving, as soon as the
receiver stops receiving the light (black colour
absorbs the light and thus no light is reflected so
receiver cannot receive any light) the wheel of that
side will stop.
For turning ,the robot stops 1 motor and runs the
second to make the turn possible.
For eg:
 If the robot has to turn right then the motor on
right side will stop and left motor will keep on
running and thus allowing the robot to turn.

Left IR Sensor Right IR Sensor Motion
1 1 Forward
1 0 Right
0 1 Left
0 0 Reverse
Motor Logic

Programming on Arduino
int a=6,b=7;
void setup()
{
pinMode(a,INPUT);
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(b,INPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
if((digitalRead(a)==HIGH)&&(digitalRead(b)==HIGH))
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
Serial.println("FORWARD");delay(1);
}
else if((digitalRead(a)==LOW)&&(digitalRead(b)==HIGH))
{
Serial.println("LEFT");delay(1);
}
else if((digitalRead(a)==HIGH)&&(digitalRead(b)==LOW))
{
Serial.println("RIGHT");delay(1);
}
else if((digitalRead(a)==LOW)&&(digitalRead(b)==LOW))
{
Serial.println("BACK");delay(1);
}
}

Applications
• Industrial automated equipment carriers.
• Automated cars.
• Tour guides in museums and other similar
applications.
• Deliver the mail within the office building
• Deliver medications in a hospital.
Where is
this used?

Advantages
• The robot must be capable of following a line.
• Insensitive to environment factors like noise
and lightning.
• It should be capable of taking various degrees
of turns.
• The color of the line must not be a factor as
long as it is darker than the surroundings.
What are
the
advantages

Disadvantages
• LFR can move on a fixed track or path.
• It requires power supply.
• Lack of speed control makes the robot
unstable at times.
• Choice of line is made in the hardware
abstraction and cannot be changed by
software.
What are the
disadvantages
?

Thank You
By
I.Viswanadh Kasyap

Line Following Robot using Arduino UNO

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