Links Associated with Privacy Death of privacy ‘Your ce.docx

Links Associated with Privacy
Death of privacy: ‘Your cell phone Big Brother’s best friend’
(video with Steve Rambam CEO
of Pallorium Inc. an international online investigative service).
TEDx-Cory Doctorow: How do we make kids care about online
privacy? (video that
illustrates how social networking and our use of the Internet
influences how children
under-value their privacy).
Privacy no more? TrapWire’s all seeing eye tracks your every
move. (video of how the
federal government uses surveillance cameras nationwide).
Privacy Issues in the Age of Technology: Jim Dempsey
(provides an overview of privacy
issues and how data is used by organizations).
Defcon 21 - The ACLU Presents: NSA Surveillance and More
(illustrates key issues
associated with NSA surveillance and how the government
acquires data about

individuals).
Smartphones damage our privacy much more than we realize:
interview with Carissa Véliz
(privacy issues regarding our use of cell phones, personal
computers, social media sites,
etc.).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGHU8btqrrU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAGjNe1YhMA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyNA_6yv5Y0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HekUeBJJbSw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tknNtx9Sl2E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFqCyMtv1Cc
TECHNOLOGY AS A THREAT TO
PRIVACY: Ethical Challenges to the
Information Profession
J. J. BRITZ
Department of Information Science
University of Pretoria
0002 Pretoria, South Africa
E-mail: [email protected]

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of technology on
the private lives of people.
It is approached from a socio-ethical perspective with specific
emphasis on the
implication for the information profession. The issues discussed
are the concept privacy,
he influence of technology on the processing of personal and
private information, the
relevance of this influence for the information profession, and
proposed solutions to these
ethical issues for the information profession.
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which
can be described as an
era were economic activities are mainly information based (an
age of
informationalization). This is due to the development and use of
technology. The main
characteristics of this era can be summarized as a rise in the
number of knowledge
workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense of
communication (global
village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border

flow of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems
which are mainly
related to issues such as the right of access to information, the
right of privacy which
is threatened by the emphasis on the free flow of information,
and the protection of
the economic interest of the owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy
of the individual
which is threatened by the use of technology will be discussed.
Specific attention will
be given to the challenges these ethical problems pose to the
information professional.
A number of practical guidelines, based on ethical norms will
be laid down.
2. ETHICS
The ethical actions of a person can be described in general
terms as those actions
which are performed within the criterium of what is regarded as
good. It relates thus

to the question of what is good or bad in terms of human
actions. According to
Spinello (1995, p. 14) the purpose
of ethics is to help us behave honorably and attain those basic
goods that make us
more fully human.
3. THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY
3.1. Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life
characterized by exclusion
from publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept
follows from the right to be
left alone (Stair, 1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank
(1986, p. 13) states that
such a perception of privacy set the course for passing of
privacy laws in the United
States for the ninety years that followed. As such privacy could
be regarded as a
natural right which provides the foundation for the legal right.
The right to privacy is
therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most

democratic societies.
This constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative
forms. Examples
include the Privacy Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open
Democracy Act in
South Africa (1996) and the Data Protection Act in England.
During 1994 Australia
also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18 privacy principles
which describe the
right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected by
handling of information
by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for
Economic and
Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980
the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data
(Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition
for other rights such
as freedom and personal autonomy. There is thus a relationship
between privacy,
freedom and human dignity. Respecting a person's privacy is to
acknowledge such a
person's right to freedom and to recognize that individual as an

autonomous human
being.
The duty to respect a person's privacy is furthermore a prima
facie duty. In other
words, it is not an absolute duty that does not allow for
exceptions. Two examples can
be given. Firstly, the police may violate a criminal's privacy by
spying or by seizing
personal documents (McGarry, 1993, p. 178)2 . A government
also has the right to
gather private and personal information from its citizens with
the aim of ensuring
order and harmony in society (Ware, 1993:205). The right to
privacy (as an
expression of individual freedom) is thus confined by social
responsibility.
3.2. Different Categories of Private Information
Based on the juridical definition of privacy, two important
aspects which are of
specific relevance for the information profession must be
emphasized. The first is the
fact that privacy as a concept is closely related to information -

in terms of the
definition of Neethling (1996, p. 35) privacy refers to the
entirety of facts and
information which is applicable to a person in a state of
isolation. The fact that
privacy is expressed by means of information, implies that it is
possible to distinguish
different categories of privacy namely, private communications,
information which
relates to the privacy of a person's body, other personal
information, and information
with regard to a person's possessions. Each of these categories
will be briefly dealt
with.
s
all forms of
personal communication which a person wishes to keep private.
The
information exchanged during a reference interview between the
user and the
information professional can be seen as an example.
351). This normally
refers to medical
information and enjoys separate legal protection (Neethling,
1991, p. 35-36).

According to this legislation a person has the right to be
informed about the
nature of an illness as well as the implications thereof. Such a
person further
has the right to privacy about the nature of the illness and can
not be forced to
make it known to others. The only exception is when the health,
and possibly
the lives of others may be endangered by the specific illness -
such as the case
may be where a person is HIV positive and the chance exists
that other people
may contract the virus.3 This category of information is of
specific importance
for an information professional working in a medical library.
rmation. Personal information refers to those
categories of
information which refer to only that specific person, for
example bibliographic
(name, address) and financial information. This type of
information is of
relevance to all categories of information professionals.
closely related to

property right. According to this a person does have control
over the
information which relates to personal possessions in certain
instances. For
example, a person may keep private the information about the
place where a
wallet is kept.
3.3. The Expressed Will to Privacy
The following important aspect of privacy is the desire for
privacy (by means of an
expressed will) since this desire is important for the
delimitation of privacy. In short,
the desire for privacy implies that privacy will only be at issue
in cases where there is
a clear expression of a desire for privacy. For example, a
personal conversation
between two persons will be regarded as private as long as there
is an expressed will
to keep it private. The moment that this will is relinquished the
information is no
longer regarded as private. The same applies to the other
categories of personal and

private information. If a person makes a private telephone
number (as a form of
personal information) known to a company, it is no longer
regarded as private
information. According to the law it can then even be seen as
business information
which may legally be traded in. This expressed will to privacy
acts therefore as a very
important guideline for the information professional regarding
the delimitation of
privacy.
3.4. The Relationship Between Privacy and Confidentiality
(Secrecy)
It is also important to distinguish between privacy and
confidentiality/secrecy. The
confidential treatment of information is not only applicable to
the above-mentioned
four categories of private and personal information - it may
refer to any category of
information, such as, inter alia, trade secrets.
4. THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE
PROCESSING OF
PERSONAL AND PRIVATE INFORMATION

4.1. Definition of Information Technology
Before the influence of the use of technology in the processing
of personal and private
information can be dealt with, it is important to briefly pay
attention to the concept
technology. For the purpose of this paper the definition of Van
Brakel (1989, p. 240)
will be used, namely: the gathering, organizing, storage and
distribution of
information in various formats by means of computer and
telecommunications
techniques based on micro-electronics.4
4.2. The Ethical Implications for the Use of Technology in the
Processing of
Information
Although technology has a major impact on the gathering,
storage, retrieval and
dissemination of information its main ethical impact relates to
accessibility/inaccessibility and the manipulation of
information. It creates the
possibility of wider as well as simultaneous access to
information. By implication, it

becomes easier to access a person's private information by more
people. On the other
hand, a person can be excluded from necessary information in
electronic format by
means of a variety of security measures such as passwords.
The technological manipulation of information refers, among
others, to the integration
of information (merging of documents), the repackaging thereof
(translations and the
integration of textual and graphical formats) and the possible
altering of information
(changing of photographic images) by electronic means.
The use of technology in the processing of information can
therefore not be seen as
ethically neutral. Christians (199, p. 7) refers to the use of
technology as a value laden
process. Kluge (1994, p. 337) even comments that technology
has changed the
ontological status of a document with accompanying ethical
implications. By this he
specifically refers to the manipulation of information by means
of technology.
Brown (1990, p. 3) however on the other hand, indicates

correctly that the ethical
problems that are caused by the use of technology do not imply
- as he puts it - "...that
we should rethink our moral values".
The impact of the use of technology on the privacy of people
manifests itself in a
variety of areas. These areas include, inter alia the following:
relates to
personal information as discussed earlier. This is done by so-
called
electronic eyes. The justification by companies for the use of
such
technology is to increase productivity. Stair (1992, p. 655),
however, in
the discussion of this practice, clearly points out the ethical
problem
pertaining to the use of these technologies. According to him
peoples'
privacy in the workplace are threatened by these devices. It can
also lead
to a feeling of fear and of all ways being watched - the so-called
panopticon phenomenon.

-mail messages. This poses
an ethical
problem which relates to the private communication of an
individual. It
is technically possible to intercept E-mail messages, and the
reading
thereof is normally justified by companies because they firstly
see the
technology infrastructure (E-mail) as a resource belonging to
the
company and not the individual, and secondly messages are
intercepted
to check on people to see whether they use the facility for
private
reasons or to do their job.5
information. This is
also known as databanking (Frocht & Thomas, 1994, p. 24). By
this is
meant the integration of personal information from a variety of
databases
into one central database. The problem here does not in the first

place
arise from the integration of the information as such. The main
problems
include the fact that the individual is not aware of personal
information
being integrated into a central database, that the individual does
not
know the purpose/s for which the integration is effected, or by
whom or
for whose benefit the new database is constructed and whether
the
information is accurate.6 In order to counter these problems
relating to
privacy and the merging of databases the American Congress
passed the
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act in the 1980s
(Benjamin,
1991, p. 11).
buying
cards ("frequent-shopper cards") by retail stores. Inside such a
card a
computer chip is buried that records every item purchased along
with a

variety of personal information of the buyer (Branscomb, 1995,
p. 19).
This information obtained from the card enables marketing
companies to
do targeted marketing to specific individuals because the buying
habits
as well as other personal information of people are known.
hackers and
crackers which break into computer systems (Benjamin, 1991,
p. 7). This
coincides with the shift in ethical values and the emergence of
the
cyberpunk culture with the motto of "information wants to be
free".
digital
information (which can be private information) virtually
impossible also
poses serious legal as well as ethical questions because it can
protect
criminals. A good example is the development of software
called Pretty

Good Privacy by P Zimmerman in 1991. According to an article
in the
IT Review (1996, p. 22) he has developed the most complex
algorithm
ever invented which makes the decoding of digital information
virtually
impossible.
4.3. The Individual and Socio-economical Effect
The use of technology for the processing of personal and other
forms of private
information has far reaching effects on society. The following
effects can be
distinguished:
summarized
as a loss of dignity and spontaneity, as well as a threat to
freedom and
the right to privacy. In her research on the impact of technology
on the
privacy of the individual, Rosenberg (1994, p. 228) concluded
that:
"Technology continuous to be viewed as a threat to privacy
rather than a

possible solution". A survey that was conducted in 1990 by
Equifax (one
of the three biggest credit bureau companies in the USA) on the
use of
technology and the threat to the privacy of people, found that
79% of the
respondents indicated that they were weary of the use of
technology for
the processing of their personal information (Frocht & Thomas,
1994, p.
24).
growth of
large information businesses like credit bureau and
telecommunication
companies that specialize in the processing and trade of person-
related
information. This brings about a redefinition of the role of
society (big
businesses) in the personal and private lives of the individual
(the use of
personal information as a commodity). It also becomes clear
that the

legislation (for example on E-mail) on the protection of the
privacy of
the individual is falling behind due to the rapidly changing
world of
technology.
5. THE RELEVANCE FOR THE INFORMATION
PROFESSIONAL
The above-mentioned has implications for the information
professional on at least
three levels. Firstly, the information professional works with all
four categories of
personal and private information. Secondly, increasing use is
made of technology in
the processing thereof. Lastly, a new profession is emerging in
the infopreneur whose
main line of business may be the buying and selling of person-
related and other
private information.
5.1. The Main Ethical Issues
In the handling and processing of these different categories of
private and personal
information the information professional is confronted with the
following ethical

issues:
information the
information professional is entitled to gather. This question is
of utmost
importance to infopreneurs.
refers
specifically to information gained from the reference interview.
According to Froehlich (1994), Smith (1994) and Shaver et al.
(1985),
the main ethical problems in this regard (with specific reference
to
online searching) are as follows: can personal details, obtained
from the
reference interview, be used for purposes other than for that
which it was
specifically gathered, is it ethically correct to re-use a search
strategy
formulated for one user for anther user?, is it appropriate to
discuss the
nature of a specific query with other people?

importance in
cases where an information professional is working with
personal
information that can have a direct influence on the life of a
person. An
example is the processing of medical information.
may be used.
The question here is whether an information professional may
use any of
these four categories of private information for any other
reasons than
the original reason given for the gathering thereof. Relating to
this is the
question whether the person must be notified about the way in
which
personal information is going to be used.
one's
personal and private information. This ethical problem relates to
the
above-mentioned questions and boils down to the question of

consent of
the user in terms of the use of personal information. Related
questions
are as follows: does a user have the right to verify any personal
and
private information that is being held by an information
professional,
and if so, what are such person's rights regarding the correcting
(in cases
of the incorrectness thereof) of this information, and, does the
person
have the right to know who is using that personal and private
information and for what purposes?
5.2. Applicable Ethical Norms
Applicable ethical norms which can act as guidelines as well as
instruments of
measurement must be formulated to address these ethical issues.
The following norms
can be distinguished: truth, freedom and human rights. They
will be discussed briefly.
Firstly, it
serves as norm for the factual correctness of information. As a
norm it

thus guides the information professional regarding the accurate
and
factually correct handling of private information. In the second
place
truth is an expression of ethical virtues such as openness,
honesty and
trustworthiness.
make
choices in terms of freedom of privacy and freedom from
intrusion. As
norm, however, it may not become absolutized. Therefore the
choice to
privacy from intrusion may not restrict the freedom of others.
can be
regarded as a more concretely applicable norm. Applied to
privacy it
means the juridical acknowledgment and protection of a
persons' right to
privacy. As an individual human right it also protects the
individual from

unlawful interference from society (amongst others the state) in
the
private life of an individual.7
5.3. Ethical Guidelines for the Information Professional
Based on these norms, practical guidelines for the information
professional can be
formulated. Before the formulation of these guidelines, two
fundamental aspects must
be taken into consideration, namely the recognition of a
persons' autonomy and
freedom as well as the fact that the legal guidelines on privacy
do not offer a complete
framework for the ethical actions of the information
professional with regard to the
handling of personal and private information.
The concepts of autonomy and freedom has already been dealt
with. With regard to
the juridical guidelines the following comments can be made.
Firstly, once a person's
private or personal information has been made known publicly
(disclaim of the
implied intention) such information is no longer, according to
the law, viewed as

private. This implies that the information can legally be dealt
with as trade
information. There is therefore (from a juridical perspective) no
ethical sensitivity for
the autonomy and freedom of the individual with regard to his
right to privacy. The
second remark relates to the content of legislation itself. As
indicated, the immense
growth in and development of information technology give rise
to the fact that the
legislators fall behind in the tabling of appropriate legislation
on the protection of
personal privacy. This is especially true in the South African
situation where there is,
for example no legislation on the protection of privacy to
provide for information
handled via E-mail.
Bearing in mind these two aspects the following practical
guidelines can be given:
(The appropriate norms are also given)
ent of the autonomy and freedom of the
individual

the information professional must act on the assumption that the
client
regards as confidential all personal and private information that
is
handled by the information professional. This implies that the
information professional acknowledges the right of the client to
control
to a certain extent any personal and private information8 -
based on the
norm of freedom.
and personal
information that is held and used by the information
professional. The
reason for this is to provide the client the opportunity to verify
the
accuracy of the information. It is then the responsibility of the
information professional to see to it that the necessary
corrections are
made and again verified by the client (Fouty, 1993, p. 290) -
based on
the norms of freedom and human rights.

individual
into a different database than the one for which it was originally
collected must be done with the necessary caution (Schattuck,
1995, p.
310). This is specifically applicable in situations where the
client is not
aware of such merging or the implications thereof. The
appropriate
action would not only be to inform the client about such a
merging and
the implications thereof, but also to give the client the right of
access to
the information on the central database, and the opportunity to
change
the information where it is incorrect, and the right to know who
is using
the information as well as the purpose of such use - based on
the norms
of human rights, freedom and truth.
of the
intended purposes9 of the use of all personal and private
information.

This implies the client's permission. Different avenues exist for
seeking
such permission. Spinello (1995:122) prefers the method of
implicit
informed consent. According to this principle, companies
(information
professionals) that have collected information about a person
must
diligently inform that person about the various uses of the
information.
Clients must then be given an opportunity to consent to these
uses or to
withhold their consent. The burden is on the client to respond,
and a lack
of response implies consent. However, the client must be
granted the
opportunity to withdraw consent (Amidon, 1992:67) - based on
the
norms of freedom and human rights.
mation must be gathered. This is
not only
for logistic reasons but also to prevent the unnecessary

violation or
exposure of a person's privacy - based on the norm of freedom.
necessary for the
function for which it was collected must be destroyed
(Branscomb, 1995,
p. 71) - based on the norms of freedom and human rights.
person is refused
on the grounds of personal information (e.g. creditworthiness),
the
reason for this denial must be made known to the person10-
based on the
norms of truth and human rights.
confidentiality. This implies security and control of access to
the
information, of the right to use it, as well as the right to change
or add
any information (Fouty, 1993:290) - based on the norms of
freedom,
truth and human rights.

following
elements: the categories of information that must be regarded as
private
and personal, the levels of confidentiality (e.g. who has access
and use of
which information), a clear explanation of the purposes of the
use of the
information, and the description of the procedures to ensure the
accuracy
of this information - based on the norms of freedom, truth and
human
rights.
6. CONCLUSION
It can thus be concluded that the use of technology in the
processing of information,
poses important questions with regard to a person's right to
privacy. This right is
directly linked to the right to freedom and human autonomy.
These problems relate mainly to the accessibility of information
and the manipulation
thereof. This is of specific relevance to the information
professional who deals with

private and personal information. Practical guidelines in the
handling of these
problems can be formulated according to the norms of freedom,
truth and human
rights.
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Privacy under attack, but does anybody care?
By Bob Sullivan (2006)
msnbc.com
It's vanishing, but there's no consensus on what it is or what
should be done
Mario Tama / Getty Images file
Pedestrians walk beneath the unblinking eyes of a twin-lens

wireless video recorder attached to a lamp post on
Knickerbocker
Avenue April in Brooklyn, N.Y. Using federal grants, the New
York Police Department eventually plans to place 500 security
cameras
around the city.
Someday a stranger will read your e-mail, rummage through
your instant messages without your
permission or scan the Web sites you’ve visited — maybe even
find out that you read this story.
You might be spied in a lingerie store by a secret camera or
traced using a computer chip in your
car, your clothes or your skin. Perhaps someone will casually
glance through your credit card
purchases or cell phone bills, or a political consultant might
select you for special attention based
on personal data purchased from a vendor. In fact, it’s likely
some of these things have already
happened to you.
Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a
spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing
company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will
see you in a way you never intended to

be seen — the 21
st
century equivalent of being caught naked.
Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it’s important
to reveal yourself to friends, family
and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries
remain. The digital bread crumbs you
leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who
you are, where you are and what
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10913365
you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what
you think. Like it or not, increasingly
we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret.
The key question is: Does that matter? For many Americans,
the answer apparently is “no.”
When pollsters ask Americans about privacy, most say they are
concerned about losing it. An
MSNBC.com survey, which will be covered in detail on
Tuesday, found an overwhelming pessimism
about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel
their privacy is “slipping away, and

that bothers me.”
People do and don't care
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction
of Americans – 7 percent, according
to a recent survey by The Ponemon Institute – change any
behaviors in an effort to preserve their
privacy. Few people turn down a discount at toll booths to
avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can
track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket
loyalty cards. Carnegie Mellon
privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests
that reveal people will surrender
personal information like Social Security numbers just to get
their hands on a measly 50-cents-off
coupon.
But woe to the organization that loses a laptop computer
containing personal information. When
the Veterans Administration lost a laptop with 26.5 million
Social Security numbers on it, the agency
felt the lash of righteous indignation from the public and
lawmakers alike. So, too, did ChoicePoint,
LexisNexis, Bank of America, and other firms that reported in

the preceding months that millions of
identities had been placed at risk by the loss or theft of personal
data.
So privacy does matter – at least sometimes. But it’s like
health: When you have it, you don’t notice
it. Only when it’s gone do you wish you’d done more to protect
it. But protect what? Privacy is an
elusive concept. One person’s privacy is another person’s
suppression of free speech and another
person’s attack on free enterprise and marketing – distinctions
we will explore in detail on
Wednesday, when comparing privacy in Europe and the United
States.
Still, privacy is much more than an academic free speech
debate. The word does not appear in the
U.S. Constitution, yet the topic spawns endless constitutional
arguments. And it is a wide-ranging
subject, as much about terrorism as it is about junk mail.
Consider the recent headlines that have
dealt with just a few of its many aspects:
spy on employees and

journalists.
-laden instant messages –
a reminder that
digital communication lasts forever and that anonymous sources
can be unmasked
by clever bloggers from just a few electronic clues.
ent allegedly compiling a database of
telephone numbers
dialed by Americans, and eavesdropping on U.S. callers dialing
international calls
without obtaining court orders.
Privacy will remain in the headlines in the months to come, as
states implement the federal
government’s Real ID Act, which will effectively create a
national identification program by
requiring new high-tech standards for driver’s licenses and ID
cards. We'll examine the implications
of this new technological pressure point on privacy on
Thursday.
What is privacy?
Most Americans struggle when asked to define privacy. More
than 6,500 MSNBC readers tried to do

it in our survey. The nearest thing to consensus was this
sentiment, appropriately offered by an
anonymous reader: “Privacy is to be left alone.”
The phrase echoes a famous line penned in 1890 by soon-to-be
Supreme Court Justice William
Brandeis, the father of the American privacy movement and
author of “The Right to Privacy.” At the
time, however, Brandeis’ concern was tabloid journalism rather
than Internet cookies, surveillance
cameras, no-fly lists and Amazon book suggestions.
As privacy threats multiply, defending this right to be left alone
becomes more challenging. How do
you know when you are left alone enough? How do you say
when it’s been taken? How do you
measure what’s lost? What is the real cost to a person whose
Social Security number is in a data-
storage device left in the back seat of a taxi?
Perhaps a more important question, Acquisti says, is how do
consumers measure the consequences
of their privacy choices? In a standard business transaction,
consumers trade money for goods or

services. The costs and the benefits are clear. But add privacy
to the transaction, and there is really
no way to perform a cost-benefit analysis.
If a company offers $1 off a gallon of milk in exchange for a
name, address, and phone number, how
is the privacy equation calculated? The benefit of surrendering
the data is clear, but what is the
cost? It might be nothing. It might be an increase in junk mail.
It might be identity theft if a hacker
steals the data. Or it might end up being the turning point in a
divorce case. Did you buy milk for
your lactose-intolerant child? Perhaps you’re an unfit mother or
father.
Unassessable costs
“People can't make intelligent (privacy) choices,” Acquisti said.
“People realize there could be future
costs, but they decide not to focus on those costs. The simple
act of surrendering a telephone
number to a store clerk may seem innocuous — so much so that
many consumers do it with no
questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade

of silent events, as that data point
is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and
over again. Future attacks on your
privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to
purchase that phone number you
surrendered.
If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If
it's loaded with spam, it's
undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly
surrendered your e-mail to the wrong
Web site. Do you think your telephone number or address are
handled differently? A cottage
industry of small companies with names you've probably never
heard of — like Acxiom or Merlin —
buy and sell your personal information the way other
commodities like corn or cattle futures are
bartered.
You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if you've ever
ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin
is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of
unlisted phone numbers compiled
from various sources -- including pizza delivery companies.

These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from
simple actions make privacy issues
difficult to grasp, and grapple with.
Privacy’s nebulous nature is never more evident than when
Congress attempts to legislate solutions
to various perceived problems. Marc Rotenberg, who runs the
Electronic Privacy Information
Center and is called to testify whenever the House or Senate
debates privacy legislation, is often
cast as a liberal attacking free markets and free marketing and
standing opposite data collection
capitalists like ChoicePoint or the security experts at the
Department of Homeland Security. He
once whimsically referred to privacy advocates like himself as a
“data huggers.” Yet the “right to be
left alone” is a decidedly conservative -- even Libertarian --
principle. Many Americans would argue
their right to be left alone while holding a gun on their
doorstep.
In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big
Brother” -- the government is watching

you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues
don’t necessarily involve large faceless
institutions: A spouse takes a casual glance at her husband’s
Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail
over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text
message from the next seat on the bus.
‘Nothing to hide’
While very little of this is news to anyone – people are now
well aware there are video cameras
and Internet cookies everywhere – there is abundant evidence
that people live their lives ignorant
of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People
write e-mails and type instant
messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley
or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails
were a cornerstone of the Justice Department’s antitrust case
against Microsoft.
It took barely a day for a blogger to track down the identity of
the congressional page at the center
of the Foley controversy. The blogger didn’t just find the page’s
name and e-mail address; he found
a series of photographs of the page that had been left online.

Nor do college students heed
warnings that their MySpace pages laden with fraternity party
photos might one day cost them a
job. The roster of people who can’t be Googled shrinks every
day. And polls and studies have
repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy
concerns.
The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single
phrase: “I have nothing to hide.” If
you have nothing to hide, why shouldn’t the government be able
to peek at your phone records,
your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail?
It’s a powerful argument, one that
privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and
strategizing over.
It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when
they’re being watched. And it is also
impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more
than at any time in history.
That’s not necessarily a bad thing. Without an instant message
evidence trail, would anyone believe
a congressional page accusing Rep. Foley of making online
advances? And perhaps cameras really

do cut down on crime.
http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/05/is_there_
a_good.html
No place to hide
But cameras accidentally catch innocents, too. Virginia Shelton,
46, her daughter, Shirley, 16; and a
friend, Jennifer Starkey, 17, were all arrested and charged with
murder in 2003 because of an out-
of-synch ATM camera. Their pictures were flashed in front of a
national audience and they spent
three weeks in a Maryland jail before it was discovered that the
camera was set to the wrong time.
“Better 10 guilty persons escape than one innocent person
suffer” is a phrase made famous by
British jurist William Blackstone, whose work is often cited as
the base of U.S. common law, and is
invoked by the U.S. Supreme Court when it wants to discuss a
legal point that predates the
Constitution.
It is not clear how the world of high-tech surveillance squares
with Blackstone’s ratio. What would

he say about a government that mines databases of telephone
calls for evidence that someone
might be about to commit a crime? What would an acceptable
error rate be? Rather than having
“nothing to hide,” author Robert O’Harrow declared two years
ago that Americans have “No Place
to Hide” in his book of the same name.
“More than ever before, the details about our lives are no longer
our own,” O’Harrow wrote. “They
belong to the companies that collect them, and the government
agencies that buy or demand them
in the name of keeping us safe.” That may be a trade-off we are
willing, even wise, to make. It
would be, O’Harrow said, “crazy not to use tech to keep us
safer.” The terrorists who flew planes
into the World Trade Center were on government watch lists,
and their attack was successful only
because technology wasn’t used efficiently.
Time to talk about it
But there is another point in the discussion about which there is
little disagreement: The debate
over how much privacy we are willing to give up never

occurred. When did consumers consent to
give their entire bill-paying histories to credit bureaus, their
address histories to a company like
ChoicePoint, or their face, flying habits and telephone records
to the federal government? It seems
our privacy has been slipping away -- 1s and 0s at a time --
while we were busy doing other things.
Our intent in this week-long series is to invite readers into such
a debate.
Some might consider the invitation posthumous, delivered only
after our privacy has died. Sun’s
founder and CEO Scott McNealy famously said in 1999 that
people “have no privacy – get over it.”
But privacy is not a currency. It is much more like health or
dignity or well-being; a source of anxiety
when weak and a source of quiet satisfaction when strong.
Perhaps it’s naïve in these dangerous
times to believe you can keep secrets anymore – your travels,
your e-mail, your purchasing history
is readily available to law enforcement officials and others. But
everyone has secrets they don’t
want everyone else to know, and it’s never too late to begin a

discussion about how Americans’
right to privacy can be protected.
A brief introduction to privacy issues
In the United States today, our individual privacy is being
eroded on a daily basis. This is a direct result of
the technologies that we use and those that are imposed upon
us. For example, I may elect to use a card
given to me by my grocery store. This card gives me discounts
on future products or gasoline based on
how much I spend each month at the store. However, the card
is also tracking my personal habits of
how often I shop, what products I purchase, and the data will be
used to target me with future
advertisements. I may have a Smart TV in my home, and this
television can record images from within
the home or capture what people are discussing in the home.
The television may also track what I
watch, and it can be used to target the household with specific
advertisements based on my viewing
habits. Similar technologies are also used on Smart Phones,
personal computers, and wireless devices

within our home.
Think about how many times your personal information is
captured each day as you work, shop, or
conduct leisure time activities. While walking down the street
in a big city or attending a large social
gathering at a football game, etc., your image is being captured
by local, state, and federal
governmental agencies. When you use a bank card, the
government is able to track you. When you use
a cell phone, the government is able to track you and capture
what was spoken during that phone
conversation. While some may point to the positive aspects of
this technology, we should all be
concerned about why the data is being collected, for how long it
is being stored, and why the
information is needed. This lesson reviews these concerns, and
asks what do we do to protect our
individual privacy.
One more item, that each of you should find interesting. For as
little at $19.95 anyone of us can obtain
a detailed report about any individual in the United States.
There are numerous services available to
find this information. The report you obtain will provide

information on their: criminal history, personal
information, marriage and divorce records, public phone
numbers, persons related to them, licenses
held by the individual, arrest records, speeding tickets, and
partnerships or business dealings. I find this
both interesting and scary. I hope you all enjoy this
assignment.
Dr. G.
This module illustrates a good number of issues related to how
technology is being used to erode our freedoms and reduce
individual privacy in the name of national security. At the end
of this lesson the student should be able to illustrate privacy
concerns in light of the technologies being used and offer
suggestions to balance individual privacy concerns and the need
for national security. Before viewing the material posted within
this module, please read the material in your textbook on pages
287-309. Then view the material contained within this folder.
Please submit a 5 page paper that illustrates the major issues
that you find relevant regarding this issue. Each student should
address the positive and negative consequences of these
technologies in helping to address national security issues and
how the technologies illustrated are eroding our freedoms.
Lastly, please illustrate what you do to protect yourself from
Internet hackers and those trying to compromise your Internet
safety. This assignment should include references in APA
style.

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