Lipids best slide for lipids and their.pptx

INTRODUCTION
Fixed oils ,fats and waxes are also in a broader sense collectively called
LIPIDS. Lipids are large and diverse group of naturally occuring compounds
that are related by their solubility in non-polar organic solvents (chloroform,
acetone, benzene) and are generally insoluble in water.There is a great
structural variety among lipids and comprise of fixed oils, fats and waxes.
Definition:
“ Chemically Lipids can be defined as the esters of long-chains of fatty acids and
alcohols”
Fixed oils: Lipids are the ester of long-chain fatty acids & alcohol or of closely
related derivatives but in fixed oils fatty acid is unsaturated and liquid at room
temperature.
Example
1. Cotton seed oil ,2. Castor oil,3. Linseed oil
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 Fats
Lipids are the ester of long-chain fatty acids & alcohol or of
closely related derivatives but in fats fatty acid is saturated
and solid at room temperature. .
 Example
1.Wool fat
2. Coconut oil
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 If a substance is liquid at 15.5-16.5ºC it is called a fixed
oil if solid or semisolid at the above temperature, it is
called a fat.

 Waxes
Waxes are esters of long chains of fattyacids and alcohols.
Examples
 spermaceti
 beeswax
 carnuba wax
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Classification
 The classification is based on the ability to absorb oxygen
from the air.
Fixed oil may be:
1. Drying oil (more ability to absorb oxygen)
2. Semi-drying oil (less ability to absorb oxygen)
3. Non-drying oil (least ability to absorb oxygen)
Oxygen saturates the double bonds to form oxides that may be
polymerize to form hard film.
.
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 Drying oil:
When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form tough and
hard film ,these are usually used in paints and varnishes.s
Example: Linseed oil
 Non-Drying oil:
These oils neither go oxidation, nor form tough or hard film
Example: Olive oil
 Semi-Drying oil:When exposed to air,undergo little bit
oxidation and form tough and thin film
Example: Cottonseed oil

Difference Between Volatile Oil and Fixed Oil
 Volatile oils
 Also called as an essential oil.
 Volatile oil can evaporate when placed under room temperature
 They can be extracted easily by the distillation process
 There is no spot (no permanent stain) left after evaporation
 They are unable to undergo saponification.
 Mixtures of eleoptenes & stearoptenes are termed as volatile oils
 These are optically active.
 primary source is leaves,roots,in petals and bark.
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 Fixed Oils
 Also called as natural non-volatile oil.
 Fixed oils do not evaporate at room temperature
 They require some specific techniques for extraction.
 Some type of spot (permanent stain) left after evaporation
 Fixed oils can be easily saponified.
 Esters of higher fatty acids & glycerin are called as fixed oils.
 These are optically inactive.
 Their major source is seeds of the plant.
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Examples
1. CASTOR OIL
2. COTTON SEED OIL
3. OLIVE OIL
4. PEANUT OIL
5. SUNFLOWER OIL
6. CORN OIL
7. COCUNUT OIL
8. ALMOND OIL
9. LINSEED OIL
10. MUSTARD OIL
11. SESAME OIL
12. SOYA OIL
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1. CASTOR OIL
Botanical Origin
Ricinus communis
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Part Used
Oil obtained from the ripe seeds
Preparation
 Oil is obtained from castor seeds after removing the seed coats and
expressed at room temperature with 1-2 tons pressure per square inch till
about 30 % oil is obtained.
 The oil contains toxic principle RICIN (a toxalbumin) and enzyme
Lipase
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 Oil is refined by steaming which coagulates and precipitates
the RICIN and lipases becomes inactive.
 The oil is then filtered and used for medicinal purposes.
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CONSTITUENTS
Castor oil contains Glycerides of
 Ricinoleic acid (90%)
𝐶𝐻3( 2)5 ( ) 2 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂
𝑂𝐻
 Isoricinoleic acid
 Stearic acid
 Dihydroxy stearic acid
 Vitamin F (a hair growth vitamin)
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USES
 Mild Purgative
 Lubricating agent
 Excellent active principle in
a) Products for normal, damaged and delicate hairs,products
for the scalp
b) Body products
c) Face products for normal and dry skin
 Fungistatic
 As ointment base
 Emollient in preparation of lipsticks
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2. COTTON SEED OIL
 Botanical Origin
Gossypium herbaceum
 Family
Malvaceae
 Part Used
Dried ripe seeds
 Extraction
 Obtained by hot expression method
 Seeds are steamed and the pressed under 1500lb pressure to get 30% fixed
oil
 Oil is turbid which is refined by filtration
 Now decolorize it and bleached
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Constituents
Oil contains:
 Linoleic acid 45% -50%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Oleic acid 30%
 Myristic acid 3%
 Palmitic acid 20%
 Stearic acid 1%
 Arachidic acid 1%
Uses
1. Solvents for number of injections
2. Emollient
3. Low grade oil is used in manufacturing of soaps and lubricants
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3. OLIVE OIL
Botanical Origin
Olea europoea
Family
Oleaceae
Part Used
Ripe fruits
Extraction
 Oil is obtained by expression method
 Different or various grades of olive oil available:
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1) Extra virgin oil:Highest quality of olive oil with best
flavor, produced from first cold pressing of olives.
Heat/chemicals are not part of production.
2)Virgin oil: The oil produced from second pressing of
olives,it is light in color and flavor than extra virgin oil.
3) Pure olive oil:Blend of processed olive and and a small
quantity of extra virgin olive oil (95:5)
4) Light olive oil:Lowest quality of olive oil.Manufacturer
use chemicals and heat to remove impurities.Lighter in color
and favor than virgin olive oil,also least expensive.

Constituents
It contains glycerides of the following fatty acids:
Oleic acid 55-83%
3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Linoleic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
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Uses
1. Olive oil has demulcent, emollient and laxative properties.
2. It is used as a vehicle for oily parenteral preparations.
3. It is also used in the preparation of lubricants, plasters,
textiles, soaps, and in cosmetics
4. Rich in vitamen E,Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
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4.PEANUT OIL
Botanical Origin
Arachis hypogaea
Family
Leguminosae
Part Used
Dried ripe seeds
Extraction
By expression method
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Constituents
Peanut oil contains:
 Linoleic acid 13-18%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
 Oleic acid 50-65%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Palmitic acid 10%
 Stearic acid
 Arachidic acid
 Arachidonic acid
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Uses
1. Solvent for IM injection
2.Valuable lubricant
3. Food oil
4.Anti-oxidant
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5.SUNFLOWER OIL
Botanical origin
Helianthus annuus
Family
Compositae
Part used
Ripe seeds
Extraction
 Obtained by expression method
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Constituents
Palmitic acid 5%
Stearic acid 6%
Oleic acid 30%
Linoleic acid 59%
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Uses
1. Used as cooking oil due to high level of polyunsaturated fats
2. Used in cosmetic preparations due to its emollient effects.
3. Rich in vitamin E and low in saturated fats,thus helps in
lowering chance of cardiovascular diseases.
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6.CORN OIL / MAIZE OIL
Botanical Origin
Zea mays
Family
Graminae
Part Used
Grains or seeds
Constituents
 𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
 Oleic acid 37% 3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 Palmitic acid 10% 3( 2)14
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Stearic acid 3% 3( 2)16
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USES
1. As the oil consist of higher contents of unsaturated fatty
acids , it is regarded as of value in diet designed to limit
blood cholesterol level in patients with
hypercholesterolemia.
2. It is used in place of other vegetable oils , in
pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.
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7. COCUNUT OIL
Botanical Origin
Cocos nucifera
Family
Palmae
Extraction
Coconut oil is obtained by expression or solvent extraction
from the dried solid parts of the endosperm of cocos
nucifera.
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Constituents
 Saturated Fatty acids 80-85%
 Lauric acid 50%
 Capric acid 8%
 Caprylic acid 9%
 Myristic acid 30% 3( 2)12
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USES
It is widely used as edible fats in confectionaries, cosmetics and
pharmaceutically in oitment bases.
Natural skin moisturizer
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8. ALMOND OIL
Botanical Origin
Prunus amygdalis
Dulcis variety: sweet
Amara variety: bitter
Family
Rosaceae
Part Used
Ripe seeds
Extraction
Obtained by expressing the seeds of Prunus amygdalis
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Constituents
Seeds contain:
Fixed oil 40-45%
Proteins & mucilage 20%
Oil contains:
 Linoleic acid 17%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
 Oleic acid 77% 3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 Myristic acid 1% 3( 2)12
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 Uses
1. Emollient
2. Mild laxative
3.Vehicle for oily injections
4.An ingredient in cosmetics
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9. LINSEED OIL( Flax seed),alsi
Botanical Origin
Linum usitatissimum
Family
Linaceae
Extraction
Linseed oil is obtained by expression of linseeds
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CONSTITUENTS
Fixed oil 30-40%
Linseed oil composed of the glycerides of the following fatty acids:
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
 Oleic acid 10-18%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Linolenic acid 36-50%
𝐶𝐻3 2 = 2 = 2 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶
𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Myristic acid 3( 2)12
 Palmitic acid 3( 2)14
 Stearic acid 5-11% 3( 2)16
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USES
 It is used as demulcent
 In the form of poultices for gouty and rheumatic swellings
 Linseed oil has emollient, expectorant, diuretic, and laxative
properties and it is utilized externally in lotions and
liniments.
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10. MUSTARD OIL (Sarso ka tel)
Botanical Origin
Brassica nigra
Family
Cruciferae
Part Used
Ripe seeds
Extraction:
Oil is obtained by the expression of seeds
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Constituents
 Erusic acid 42%
3( 2)7 = ( 2)11
 Oleic acid 18%
3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 lenoleic acid 15%
 Myristic acid (0.5-10%) 3( 2)12
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USES
1. Edible oil
2. Hair treatment
3. Rubifacient
4. Infant massage oil
5. Cosmetics like soap, shampoo etc
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11.SESAME OIL (Til)
Botanical Origin
Sesamum indicum
Family
Pedaliaceae
Part Used
Ripe seeds
Extraction
Obtained by expression method
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Seeds contain:
Fixed oil 45%
Oil contains:
 Linoleic acid 45%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
 Oleic acid 45% 3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
Stability of oil is due to phenolic compounds which is Sesamol
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 Uses
1. Solvent for IM injections
2. Demulcent & emollient
3. Laxative
4.Anti-oxidant
5. Decrease cholesterol level
6. Headache pain and anxiety
7. Hair treatment and body massage
8. SESAMOLIN contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of the
oil is an effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides.
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12. SOYBEAN OIL
Botanical Origin
Glycine max
Family
Leguminosae
Part Used
Ripe seeds
Extraction
Obtained by expression method
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Miss Hira Ijaz
 Constituents
Soybean oil contains:
 Linoleic acid 50%
3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂
𝐻
 Oleic acid 30% 3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 Linolenic acid 7%
3 2 = 2 = 2 = (
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻
2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Palmitic acid 3( 2)14
 Stearic acid 14% 3( 2)16
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Miss Hira Ijaz
USES
1 Extensively used as varnishes
2. Plant sterols, chemicals derived from soybean oil, are used to lower
total cholesteroland “bad” low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
3. Specially processed soybean oil is used to treat osteoarthritis.
4. Some people apply soybean oil directly to the skin to repel
mosquitoes and other insects.
5. Soybean oil is also used as a nutritional supplement in intravenous
feedings.
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FATS & RELATED COMPOUNDS
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1. LANOLIN (WOOL FAT)
Lanolin is the fat like purified secretions of the sebaceous glands
which is deposited into the wool fibers of sheep
Zoological Origin
Ovis aries
Family
Bovidae
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Miss Hira Ijaz
CONSTITUENTS
Major constituents are;
 Cholesterol
 Isocholesterol
Glycerides of different fatty acids:
 Lanopalmitic acid
 Lanoceric acid
 Carnaubic acid
 Oleic acid 3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 Myristic acid 3( 2)12
 Other F.A in minor quantities.
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Miss Hira Ijaz
USES:
1.As emollient
2.Wool fat is rapidly absorbed through skin and helps in
increasing the absorption of active ingredients incorporated
in the ointment.
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2.THEOBROMA OIL(COCOA BUTTER)
 Botanical Origin
Theobroma cocoa
Theobroma cacao
Family
Sterculiaceae
Part Used:
 Roasted seeds
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Miss Hira Ijaz
CONSTITUENTS
It contains the glycerides of the following fatty acids;
 Linoleic acid 2%
𝐶𝐻3( 2)4 = 2 = ( 2)7
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶
𝑂𝑂𝐻
 Oleic acid 37%
3( 2)7 = ( 2)7
 Palmitic acid 26% 3( 2)14
 Stearic acid 34% 3( 2)16
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Miss Hira Ijaz
Uses:
1. Pharmaceutically used as suppositories base.
2. Emollient in cosmetics, soaps & lotions
3. Used as lubricant
4. Natural anti-oxidant product
5. In petroleum jelly
6. Used in manufacturing of chocolates, candies & biscuits.
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Miss Hira Ijaz
1.SPERMACETI
 Zoological Origin:
Physeter macrocephalus
 Family:
Physeteridae
 Part Used:
Wax like substance obtained from the head of sperm whale
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Constituents
 Cetyl laurate
 Cetyl myristate 3( 2)12 16 33
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶 𝐻
 Cetyl palmitate 3( 2)14 16 33
 Cetyl stearate 3( 2)16 16 33
Uses:
1.As an ingredient in cold cream & cosmetics.
2. Emollient & protective property.
3.As emulsifier
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2. BEE’S WAX
 Zoological Origin:
Apis mellifera
 Family:
Apidae
 Part Used:
Wax obtained from honey comb of the bee.
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Miss Hira Ijaz
Constituents:
 Myricyl palmitate (80%) 3( 2)14 30 61
 Myricyl stearate 3( 2)16 30 61
 Cerotic acid (wax acid)
Uses:
1. In preparation of yellow ointment & plasters.
2. Used in cosmetics.
3. Used commercially in a number of polishes & candles
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3. CARNAUBA WAX
Botanical Origin:
Copernicia prunifera
Family:
Arecaceae (Palm)
Part Used:
Wax obtained from leaves
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Constituents:
Carnaubic acid
Cerotic acid
Melissyl cerotate
Uses:
1. Manufacturing of candles
2.Wax varnishes
3. Leather, furniture polishes
4. Shoe polishes
5. Lipsticks
6. Emollient property
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4. JOJOBA OIL
Botanical Origin:
Simmondsia chinensis
Family:
Buxaceae
Part Used:
Liquid wax obtained from the seeds
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CONSTITUENTS
Fatty acids present in Jojoba oil are.
 Palmitoleic acid
 Stearic acid
 Oleic acid
 Arachidic acid
 Docosenoic acid,
 Eicosenoic acid
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Miss Hira Ijaz
Uses:
1. It possesses emollient property & is used as pharmaceutical
aid.
2. Preparation of cosmetics, skin care & hair care preparations.
3. Manufacturing of lip balm.
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Lipids best slide for lipids and their.pptx

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