LITERARY ELEMENTS, GENRES, AND TRADITIONS

LITERARY ELEMENTS, GENRES, AND TRADITIONS

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  Literary elements, genres, and traditions
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  1. Gabriel GarciaMarquez was one of the best-known contemporary writers of Latin America. Which of the following works did he authored? a. Wasted in Love b. The Beautiful Indifference c. The Stone Thrower d. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
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  2. It isa name given to the area of land between the Red Sea and the Gulf, from Israel in the west to Iran in the east. a. African Peninsula b. Middle East c. Southeast Asia d. North Asia
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  3. In theplot of a short story, it is referred to as the final outcome or untangling of events in the story. a. Falling Action b. Climax c. Denouement d. Introduction
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  4. It isa piece of writing, usually written from the author’s personal point of view; also, it is a variant of short non fiction? a. Essay b. Memoir c. Short Story d. Editorial Article
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  5. The poem“The Breath of Sparrows” by Jim Agustin talked about the death of Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist. From what African country does this first black head of state come from? a. Kenya b. Madagascar c. Egypt d. South Africa
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  Atlantis—A Lost Sonnet EavanBoland/ Ireland How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder that a whole city—arches, pillars, colonnades, not to mention vehicles and animals—had all one fine day gone under? I mean, I said to myself, the world was small then. Surely a great city must have been missed? I miss our old city — white pepper, white pudding, you and I meeting under fanlights and low skies to go home in it. Maybe what really happened is this: the old fable-makers searched hard for a word to convey that what is gone is gone forever and never found it. And so, in the best traditions of where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name and drowned it.
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  Eavan Boland Eavan Bolandwas born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1944. She is one of Ireland’s preeminent contemporary poets and the author of A Poet’s Dublin and A Women Without a Country, among others. Boland is currently working as a professor of English at Stanford University, where she directs the creative writing program. She lives in California with her husband, the author Kevin Casey, and their two daughters. In "Atlantis: A Lost Sonnet," Eavan Boland uses literary devices to illustrate and express her ideas. Literary devices are techniques a writer uses to produce a special effect in their writing.
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  Metaphor -is a figureof speech in which ideas, actions, or objects are described in non-literal terms. -In short, it’s when an author compares one thing to another. The two things being described usually share something in common but are unalike in all other respects. - “They gave their sorrow a name and drowned it.”
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  Symbolism -refers to theuse of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work to represent something else—typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs from its literal meaning. - The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses. - Atlantis - A feeling of needing something that is gone forever and never finding it again.
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  Hyperbole -is an exaggeratedstatement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader. -It is often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis -“The world was small then.”
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  Imagery - is afigure of speech where an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our senses (taste, smell, sight, touch, or hearing). - This device is often used to help the reader clearly visualize parts of the story by creating a strong mental picture. - “You and I meeting under fanlights and low skies.”
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  Elements of Short Story
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  Setting - The timeand location in which a story takes place is called the setting. - There are several aspects of a story's setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story.
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  a) place -geographical location. Where is the action of the story taking place? b) time - When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day, year, etc) c) weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc? d) social conditions - What is the daily life of the characters like? Does the story contain local color (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)? e) mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark and frightening?
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  Plot -The plot ishow the author arranges events to develop his basic idea; It is the sequence of events in a story or play. - The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end. The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting.
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  a) Introduction -The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. b) Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax). c) Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
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  d) Falling action- The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement). e) Denouement - This is the final outcome or the untangling of events in the story.
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  Conflict - Conflict isessential to a plot. Without conflict there is no plot. It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. - Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.
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  Character Can be definedas any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work.
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  Theme - The themein a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. - The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.
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  Essay -is a pieceof writing, usually from an author’s personal point of view. -The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, ‘to try’ or ‘to attempt’. The first author to describe his works as essays was the Frenchman Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592). -In general, an academic essay has three parts: introduction, body, conclusion.