![Critical appraisal and synthesis of information
A. Summarize
C. Synthesize
[means to combine separate elements from several
sources on the same question/research topic to form a
whole and connect different authors]
B. Analysis and Evaluation
[means to assess the state of existing knowledge on a topic
by comparing and contrasting studies and by doing critical
appraisal of their strength and weaknesses ]
Compose the writing:
Present A, B, C then relate to your current study
(appropriate referencing)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/literaturereview27thjuly2021finalrevised-210910100403/75/Literature-Review-in-Research-13-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDr Sandeep Gupta
Literature Review in Research
The document outlines the importance and process of conducting a literature review in research, emphasizing it as both a process of critical analysis and an outcome that contributes to a thesis. It describes the various categories of literature sources (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and the steps to develop a literature review, including formulating a research question and synthesizing information. Ultimately, the literature review serves to build upon existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and provide a foundation for further inquiry.
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Literature Review in Research
- 1. Literature Review in Research Prof.(Dr.) Sandeep Kumar Gupta MD Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, HIMS, Varanasi
- 2. What is RESEARCH????? • Re ---------------- Search • Re means (once more, afresh, anew) OR (back; with return to a previous state) • Search means (look thorough or go over thoroughly to look for something) OR (examine to find anything concealed) Research is an Scientific and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS
- 3. Scientific research mustfollow a step by step approach • Research is known to be a systematic study that follows – a definite set of procedures and steps. • It is crucial to follow – definite set of steps when conducting one’s research
- 4. Three stages atwhich a review of the literature is needed Plan Research Write 1. An early review 2. Review during the period of your research. 3. Review at the stage of preparing your final report Introduction Method Result Discussion ROLi
- 5. A process aswell as an outcome! • A literature review is a process as well as an outcome! • Literature review as a process: critical analysis of relevant research on your topic. • It is a crucial and formative stage of your thesis journey. • Literature review as an outcome: appears in the final draft of your thesis • as part of your introduction or as a separate chapter. The literature review begin before a research problem is finalized and continues until the report in finished.
- 6. What is LiteratureReview?
- 7. Unlike other animalsthat must start a new with each generation, – Man builds upon the accumulated and recorded knowledge of the past. • Man is the only animal that can take advantage of knowledge – which has been preserved or accumulated through the centuries. – Practically all human knowledge can be found in books and libraries • His constant adding to the vast store knowledge – makes possible progress in all areas of human endeavour. • Human knowledge has three phases: preservation, transmission and advancement. According to W.R. Borg
- 8. Literature Definition - Literature(research) “... a collection of all scholarly writing on a topic”. These writing can be in the form of scholarly Peer reviewed articles Conference proceedings Dissertations Books, And other sources alike Preferably the literature which has been through a peer review process
- 9. A primary sourceis a firsthand report of research results written by the individual( s) who actually conducted the research A secondary source is a description or summary of another person’s work written by someone who did not participate in the research Compendia of research findings from primary or secondary sources e.g. textbook or reference volumes These different categories represent the flow of information from the original sources. Information generally flows from primary to secondary to tertiary sources. Flow of information Flow of information The literature sources can be broadly categorized into three, viz., primary (published and unpublished), secondary and tertiary.
- 10. The literature sources •Primary – original research Experimental (an intervention is made or variables are manipulated) • Randomized Controlled Trials • Controlled trials Observational (no intervention or variables are manipulated) • Cohort studies • Case-control studies • Case reports • Secondary – reviews of original research Meta-analysis Systematic reviews Practice guidelines Reviews Decision analysis Consensus reports Editorial, commentary A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or problem But Secondary sources should not be overused
- 11. Literature search shouldbe started with: A. Primary data B. Secondary data C. Tertiary data D. Some other data Best way: Start with Secondary sources and then choose a few primary sources for more details and a more specific research question. Easy way: Start with a primary article to easily come up with a tentative research question and then search the literature to come up with specific questions.
- 12. What is Review? Bloom’sTaxomony: Cognitive Domain (1956) as revised by Anderson & Krathwohl (2001)
- 13. Critical appraisal andsynthesis of information A. Summarize C. Synthesize [means to combine separate elements from several sources on the same question/research topic to form a whole and connect different authors] B. Analysis and Evaluation [means to assess the state of existing knowledge on a topic by comparing and contrasting studies and by doing critical appraisal of their strength and weaknesses ] Compose the writing: Present A, B, C then relate to your current study (appropriate referencing)
- 14. 5C of literaturereview Critique Compare Contrast Combine Connect 5C
- 15. Avoid Plagiarism • DONOT copy and paste ANYTHING! • If you are using anyone else’s ideas, – they need to be in your words or in quotation – author must ALWAYS get cited in your reference • ALWAYS CITE source
- 16. Promotes Critical Thinking… Movefrom Description to Analysis! Description – reproducing information • Summarising texts - accepting details, results etc. Analysis – deconstructing information to: • Challenge assumptions; perspectives • Show limitations in studies, exceptions to cases • Highlight under-examined aspects of research Literature Review…. Your literature review, when completed should provide you with a clear picture of what you will do and how you will do it
- 17. A literature reviewis NOT . . .
- 18. A literature reviewis not an annotated bibliography in which you summarize briefly each article that you have reviewed Annotated bibliography = precursor to a literature review Literature review = foundation for one’s research A summary of the what you have read is contained within the Annotated Bibliography, Literature review goes well beyond merely summarizing literature. Critical analysis and evaluation of specific topic of interest A synthesis of the relationship among different works
- 19. The Literature Review… ISNOT • A summary of existing literature • An annotated bibliography • A list of seemingly unrelated sources • An argument about the importance of your research • Simply a description of what others have published IS • An analysis of the state of existing knowledge on a topic by comparing studies • An evaluation of the strength and weaknesses of previous research • Synthesis of the relationship among different works • A synthesis of studies on any given topic • A critical analysis of a specific topic of interest
- 20. Purpose of LiteratureReview
- 21. Standing on theshoulders of giants • Review of literature is – like standing on the shoulder of the giants (previous scholars). • It is not only to see what they have done, – but it is to visualize beyond their visions
- 22. New research growsout of old According to W.R. Borg “The literature of any field forms the foundation upon which all future will be built.” • If we fail to build the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and naïve and • We will often duplicate the work that has already been done better by someone else” We can learn from and build on what others have done Your study should be a logical extension of past research Each research study is part of an existing body of knowledge
- 23. Find research gapfrom previous research or • certain areas that have not been studied fully You need to find out • what is missing from the previous studies • to explain what your study intends to do to fill the gap Purpose of Literature Review
- 24. Research is likebuilding a skyscraper You have to establish yourself on something existing. • Establish what is already known about a particular topic and • Prevents oneself from reproducing what is already known • Exposes gaps in the literature and helps you position your research • Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research • Locate your own research within the context of existing literature • Help to identify new areas where research is needed There is no point of reinventing the wheel!
- 25. The Literature ReviewProcess
- 26. 1. Develop the research question 2.Identify the Keywords 3. Identify the relevant literature source 4. Search the literature 5. Analysing and synthesizing the literature 6. Write the literature review Literature Review Process
- 27. 1. DEVELOPING YOURRESEARCH QUESTION • In order to begin your literature review, you must first define your research question • Creating a structured research question: PICO(S) • Populations • Interventions (or exposure) • Comparators • Outcomes • Study design
- 28. 2. Identifying thekey research terms (Keywords) • The keyword is the basic unit of any search • Compiling a list of keywords • Think about both general terms and very specific terms for broadening and narrowing your search • The use of index and/or thesaurus is also advisable to establish the useful terms
- 29. 3. Identifying therelevant sources Traditional paper sources (searched manually) Electronic sources: Searched using computer
- 30. 4. Search theliterature • Library – Books, journals, conference souvenir and conference proceedings • Electronic Resources – Journals : The Lancet, BMJ, Indian Pediatrics etc. – Databases : PubMed, Embase, Science direct etc. A database is an organized collection of data.
- 31. • Disorganization • Validityof information • Outdated websites • Lack of peer reviewed studies
- 32. • Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com/ •NLM Medline http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/medline.html • PubMed http://pubmed.gov/ • PubMed Central http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ • The Cochrane Library https://www.cochranelibrary.com/ • ScienceDirect https://www.sciencedirect.com/ • IndMed http://indmed.nic.in/ • Embase https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/embase-biomedical- research Access to Biomedical Database
- 33. Google-Scholar Many articleslook out- of-place compared to my intented meaning However, some of them do look what I actually meant What else I see ? Related articles Cited by
- 34. What is MEDLINE? •MEDLINE is the bibliographic database produced by the National Library of Medicine (USA) • It contains over 24 million references to journal articles • Gathered from 4,600 biomedical journals published in the United States and in 70 other countries • Dating back to 1950, with daily updates • Electronic version of Index Medicus, Index to Dental Literature, and the International Nursing Index.
- 35. Different routes toMEDLINE • The free one • PubMed: www.pubmed.gov
- 36.
- 37. Why we choosePubMed? • Freely available on the web • URL easy to remember • Quick and easy to search • For very recent articles • Clinical Queries – Search by Clinical Study Category • Links to publisher’s sites for full-text journals – Or, can order full-text journal articles
- 38. PubMed – AdditionalTools • Boolean Statements – AND, OR, NOT • MeSH – Stands for Medical Subject Headings – “controlled vocabulary list” of PubMed with more than 25,000 subject headings. – Used for indexing biomedical literature – 10-15 MeSH are assigned to each article in PubMed
- 39. BOOLEAN OPERATORS • AND(narrows the search by retrieving only records containing both keywords used in the search statement) • OR (broadens your search by retrieving either one or more of the keywords used in the search statement) • NOT (excludes records containing the second keyword in your search statement)
- 40. PERFORMING THE SEARCH– SEARCH TERMS AND Diabetes AND hypertension OR Diabetes OR hypertension NOT Diabetes NOT hypertension
- 41. Review Of Literature Tertiary Secondary Primary •Not only racking up points by listing as many articles as possible • Recognize relevant information, and synthesize and evaluate it • Your reader not only wants to know what literature exists, but also your informed evaluation of the literature. 5. Analysing and synthesizing the literature
- 42. 6. Writing theliterature review “Bad research but good writing may still convince readers; Good research but bad writing will never convince readers” Unknown author Critical Reading = Critical Writing
- 43. The narrative ofa good literature review General-to-Specific Order—(Also called the Funnel approach) Reader knows Reader doesn't know Introduce the field: broad focus End with gap analysis Hypothesis Focus on specific studies related to the topic
- 44. Gives a quickidea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme Contains your discussion of sources Conclude what you have drawn from reviewing literature
- 45. 5 minute Posttest Read the following statements and identify if they are true (T) or false (F). 1. T / F A literature review do not prevents duplication of work 2. T / F A literature review should always identify a need for further research. 3. T / F The order of literature review should be general to specific. 4. T / F A research question is important to guide research for a literature review. 5. T / F The keyword is the basic unit of any search. 6. T / F Literature review do not promotes critical thinking.
- 46. Answer key 1 ----F 2 ---- T 3 ---- T 4 ---- T 5 ---- T 6 ---- F