Lithosphere presentation

Lithosphere presentation

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  WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION
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  Name of TheGroup: Lithosphere NAME ID NO REG NO ZAHID HOSSAIN AGRJJ001/2016 05550 SHOAIB HOSSAIN AGRJJ002/2016 03498 NUSRAT JAHAN NUPUR AGRJJ003/2016 03476 MD. AMINUL HAQ AGRJJ004/2016 03383 FAHMIDA JAHAN MITU AGRJJ005/2016 03393 MD. HUMAYUN AL MAMUN AGRJJ006/2016 03398
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  INTRODUCTION Nitrogen is anessential, fundamental building block for life. It is the most plentiful element in the earth’s atmosphere, yet in its molecular form (N2), it is unusable by the vast majority of living organisms. It must be transformed, or fixed, into other forms, collectively known as reactive nitrogen, before it can be used by most plants and animals. Without an adequate supply of nitrogen, crops do not thrive and fail to reach their maximum production potential.
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  In many ecosystems,nitrogen is the limiting element for growth. However, when present in excess, reactive nitrogen causes a range of negative environmental effects, poses risks to human health and consequently can have negative economic and social consequences.
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  Why is NImportant? Everything that lives needs nitrogen: It is a vital component of all living cells, and without N, there would be no life as we know it. It’s the most abundant (78%) element in the Earth’s atmosphere. Nitrogen is a key component of chlorophyll, the compound used by plants to convert sunlight into sugars from water and carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis. The sugars are then stored and used for plant growth and development.
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  CONTINUED Nitrogen is neededto feed people: Currently, at least 50 percent of food produced worldwide is possible only through the use of commercial fertilizers containing N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Food grown with N fertilizers feeds 2 billion people.
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  Various Forms ofNitrogen Fertilizers  Nitro-chalk - It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate + lime  Nitram - Straight ammonium nitrate  Aqueous ammonia  Anhydrous ammonia
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  CONTINUED  Isobutylidene dirurea- Acts as quickly as ammonium nitrate, but it is inferior than it ammonium nitrate  Sulfur-coated urea - In which urea is converted to ammonia by nitrification. The organic fertilizer are more expensive than inorganic fertilizers.
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  A single nitrogen-containingmolecule can have a series of impacts on the environment because reactive nitrogen can so easily move among the different media of air, soil and water. In the air, it can contribute to higher levels of ozone in the lower atmosphere, causing respiratory ailments and damaging vegetation.
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  CONTINUED From the atmosphere,it generally falls to the surface in atmospheric deposition, generating a series of effects — corrosion of buildings, bridges and other humanmade structures, acidification of soils and water bodies, and inadvertent fertilization of trees and grasslands, creating unnatural growth rates, nutrient imbalances, and decreasing or altering biodiversity.
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  CONTINUED Reactive nitrogen alsopromotes eutrophication in coastal ecosystems, which can negatively impact fish stocks and biodiversity. Eventually, most reactive nitrogen is denitrified back to molecular nitrogen, but a portion is converted to nitrous oxide which contributes to both the greenhouse effect and to stratospheric ozone depletion.
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  CONTINUED Leaching out ofthe soils, reactive nitrogen can make groundwater and surface water unfit for human consumption. Coastal dead zones and fish kills due to severe eutrophication or hypoxia resulting from nitrate run-off and leaching into river systems Biodiversity loss in terrestrial, freshwater and coastal water systems due to eutrophication and acidification
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  CONTINUED  Groundwater pollutionby nitrates.  Freshwater pollution due to eutrophication and acidification.  Human health impacts resulting from the formation of aerosols and ground-level (tropospheric) ozone, a main component of smog, causing respiratory diseases.
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  CONTINUED  Reduced crop,forest and grassland productivity due to nitrogen deposition and over-fertilization, as well as ground-level ozone exposure  Global climate change and the depletion of stratospheric ozone, which protects life on Earth from harmful (UV) rays
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  RECOMMENDATIONS  Improved local,regional, and in some cases global assessments are needed of the environmental, economic and human health impacts of excesses and deficiencies of reactive nitrogen. These assessments should be comprehensive, integrating environmental, health and economic analyses. Improved monitoring of forms of nitrogen pollution moving through air, water and soil, as well as nitrogen in commercially traded commodities, is also needed for many regions of the world.
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  CONTINUED  Although betterassessments and monitoring programmes are needed, enough is known about excesses and deficiencies of reactive nitrogen in many regions to develop appropriate policy instruments to address many of these problems. All such policy instruments should have the flexibility to evolve as better assessments and as results from monitoring programmes become available.
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  CONTINUED Efforts are neededto improve awareness, both among the general public and among policy makers, of the scope and pervasiveness of the growing environmental, human health and economic impacts of too much or too little reactive nitrogen.
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  CONTINUED  Deeper analysis,more investment in monitoring, enhanced sharing of information, and more collaboration at different levels of government and between the public and private sectors are required to develop effective responses to both excesses and deficiencies of reactive nitrogen.
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  CONTINUED Policy responses toexcess reactive nitrogen must integrate the causes and effects that span several common regulatory domains. For example, policies intended to ameliorate the problem for water quality might exacerbate the problem for air quality. Likewise, upwind emissions may affect water quality far downwind and downstream. Because reactive nitrogen is actively traded in commodities and is readily mobile through air, water and soil, policy integration is needed, both geographically and across agencies that deal with air, water, soil, agriculture and commerce.
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  CONCLUSION The negative effectsof nitrogen fertilizers on the climate are undisputed. The production of nitrogen fertilizer uses a lot of energy, while fertilizing fields with nitrogen releases nitrous oxide – a gas that is 310 times more detrimental to the climate than carbon dioxide. A number of the policy efforts that have already been developed provide important examples of successes and failures. Addressing the problems that reactive nitrogen creates, whether present in excess or in deficiency, requires integrated action at local, national and regional levels.
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  CONTINUED But because theeffects of reactive nitrogen are not limited to simply air or soil or water, a policy to remedy one issue may inadvertently aggravate another. Thus, a comprehensive and coherent understanding of the issue, and of the status of related policy initiatives, is a pre-requisite for any effective action, regardless of scale.
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  THANKS TO ALL