Living world: Diversity of living organisms

Living world: Diversity of living organisms

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  Chapter 1 The LivingWorld Introduction: I. Biology is the science of______ and ________. The living world comprises an amazing diversity of living organisms. II. The biggest spin off of such studies was the recognition of the sharing of similarities among living organisms both __________ and ______? Ernst Mayr: 1. The Harvard University evolutionary biologist who has been called ‘The Darwin of the 20th century __________. 2. Mayr joined Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 1953 and retired in 1975, assuming the title _____________. 3. Mayr pioneered the currently accepted definition of ____. 4. Mayr was awarded the three prizes widely regarded as the triple crown of biology: the _____ Prize in 1983, the ________ Prize for Biology in 1994, and the ____ Prize in 1999. 1.1 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD 5. The number of species that are known and described range between ______This refers to biodiversity. 6. If you were to visit a dense forest, you would probably see a much _____ number and kinds of __________ in it. 7. There are also several organisms that you _______ see with your naked eye but they are all around you. 8. When we explore ____ areas, and even old ones, new organisms are __________ being identified. 9. There are millions of plants and animals in the world; we know the plants and animals in our own area by their ______. 10. The naming of living organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world. This process is called __________. 11. Obviously, nomenclature or naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we know to what organism the name is attached to. This is ______. 12. For plants, scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria, which are provided in ___________. 13. For animals, scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria, which are provided in __________. 14. Biologists follow universally accepted principles to provide scientific names to known organisms. Each name has two components __________ and _________. 15. The system of providing a name with two components is called _____________. 16. The system of providing a name with two components given by ________ is being practised by biologists all over the world.
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  17. The scientificname of mango is written as ________ . 18. Biological names are generally in ____ and written in_____ . 19. Biological names are _________ irrespective of their________ . 20. The first word in a biological name represents the ______ while the second component denotes the ___________. 21. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately_______ , or printed in _______ to indicate their Latin origin. 22. The first word denoting the genus starts with a ________ while the specific epithet starts with a_________ . 23. Name of the author appears after the_________ , i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by ________. 24. The process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters __________. 25. Dogs’, ‘Cats’, ‘Mammals’, ‘Wheat’, ‘Rice’, ‘Plants’, ‘Animals’, etc., are convenient categories we use to study organisms. The scientific term for these categories is ___. 26. Animals’ ‘mammals’, ‘dogs’ are all taxa – but you know that a dog is a _____ and mammals are _________. 27. Animals’, ‘mammals’ and ‘dogs’ represent taxa at _______ levels. 28. Based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is _________. 29. External and internal structure, along with the structure of cell, development process and _________ information of organisms are essential and forms the basis of ______ studies. 30. Characterisation, __________ , classification and ___________ are the processes that are basic to taxonomy. 31. In early days, human beings needed to find sources for their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. Hence, the earliest classifications were based on the __________. 32. Human beings were, since long, not only interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, but also the relationships among them. This branch of study was referred to as _________. 33. The word systematics is derived from the _______ word _______ which means systematic arrangement of organisms. 34. Who ____________ used Systema Naturae as the title of his publication. 35. The scope of systematics was later enlarged to include ______, _______ and ____. 36. Systematics also takes into account ___________ between organisms. 1.2 TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES: 37. Classification is not a single step process but involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a ________. 38. Since the category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called _____. 39. All categories together constitute the__________. 40. Each category referred as a____ in fact, represents a rank and commonly termed as ___. 41. Insects represent a group of organisms sharing common features like ___ of jointed legs.
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  42. Category furtherdenotes______ . Each rank or taxon, in fact, represents a ___. 43. These taxonomic groups/ categories are ________ and not merely__________. 44. Taxonomical studies of all known organisms have led to the development of common categories such as__,___,__,___,__,___,____. 45. All organisms, including those in the plant and animal kingdoms have ____ as the lowest category. 46. The basic requirement is the knowledge of characters of an individual or group of organisms. This helps in identifying _____ and ______ among the individuals of the same kind of organisms as well as of other kinds of organisms. 1.2.1 Species: 47. Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities as a_________ . 48. One should be able to distinguish one species from the other closely related species based on the distinct_________. 49. Let us consider Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Panthera leo (lion). In all the three names, indica, tuberosum and leo, represent the ____. 50. The first words Mangifera, Solanum and Panthera are _______ and represents another higher level of taxon or category. 51. Each genus may have one or more than one ______ representing different organisms, but having morphological similarities. 52. Panthera has specific epithets called _____, ____ and _________. 53. Solanum includes species like ______, ___ and_______. 54. Human beings belong to the ______ which is grouped in the genus_____ . 1.2.2 Genus: 55. Genus comprises a group of related __________ which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. 56. _____and ____ are two different species but both belong to the genus Solanum. 57. ___, ____, ______with several common features, are all species of the genus Panthera. 58. Panthera genus differs from another genus _______ which includes cats. 1.2.3 Family: 59. The next category__________ has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species. 60. Families are characterised on the basis of both _____ and ____ features of plant species. 61. Among plants for example, three different genera___, ___ and ___ are placed in the family Solanaceae. 62. Among animals for example, genus Panthera, comprising lion, tiger, leopard is put along with genus, Felis (cats) in the family _________. 63. If you observe the features of a cat and a dog, you will find some similarities and some differences as well. They are separated into two different families _____and _______. 1.2.4 Order:
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  64. Order beinga higher category is the assemblage of _____ which exhibit a few similar characters. 65. Plant families like, ______ and Solanaceae are included in the order _______ mainly based on the _________. 66. The animal order _______ includes families like Felidae and Canidae. 1.2.5 Class: 67. The Order ______ comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon is placed in class _____ along with order ______ that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog. 1.2.6 Phylum: 68. Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds along with mammals constitute the next higher category called___________. 69. Based on the common features like presence of _____ and______ , are included in phylum Chordata. 70. In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called __________. 1.2.7 Kingdom: 71. All animals belonging to various phyla are assigned to the highest category called __________ in the classification system of animals. 72. The Kingdom ______ on the other hand, is distinct, and comprises all plants from various divisions. 73. As we go higher from species to kingdom, the numbers of common characteristics are __. 74. Lower the taxa, more are the _____ that the members within the taxon share. 75. Higher the category, ____ is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level. 76. Homo sapiens are placed in the order of __________. 77. What is the family of Homo sapiens ________. 78. Homo sapiens are placed in the Phylum of _________. 79. What is scientific name of Wheat__________. 80. What is scientific name of House fly___________. 81. Mango are placed in the family of______. 82. Wheat plant placed in the family of _________. 83. Mango are placed in the order of______. 84. Wheat plant placed in the order of________. 85. Mango are placed in the class of______. 86. Wheat plant placed in the class of_________.
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  87. House flyare placed in the class of______. 88. Man placed in the class of_________ 89. House fly are placed in the phylum of______. 90. Mango is placed in the division of_______. 91. Identify the (A)____ (B)_____(C)____ in the given image? SUMMARY: 92. The living world is rich in variety. ________ of plants and animals have been identified and described but a large number still remains unknown. 93. The very range of organisms in terms of size, colour, habitat, ______ and ______ features make us seek the defining characteristics of living organisms 94. In order to facilitate the study of kinds and diversity of organisms, biologists have evolved certain rules and principles for identification, _____ and _______ of organisms. 95. The taxonomic studies of various species of plants and animals are useful in _____, _____, ________and in general for knowing our bio-resources and their diversity. 96. Based on the resemblances and distinct differences, each organism is identified and assigned a correct ______ name comprising two words as per the binomial system of nomenclature. 97. There are many categories/ ranks and are generally referred to as ________. 98. All the taxonomic categories constitute a _________. 99. Biologists have evolved certain rules and principles for identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. The branch of dealing with these aspects is referred as _____. 100. The taxonomic unit ‘Phylum’ in the classification of animals is equivalent to which hierarchical level in classification of plants__________.
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  Key: I. life formsand living processes II. horizontally and vertically 1. Ernst mayr 2. Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus 3. Biological species 4. Balzan, International, Crafoord 5. 1.7-1.8 million 6. Greater, living organisms 7. Cannot 8. New, continuously 9. Local names 10. Nomenclature 11. Identification 12. International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) 13. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) 14. Generic name and specific epithet 15. Binomial nomenclature 16. Carolus Linnaeus 17. Mangifera indica Linn. 18. Latin, italics 19. Latinised, origin 20. Genus, specific epithet 21. Underlined, italics 22. Capital letter, small letter 23. Specific epithet, Linnaeus 24. Classification 25. Taxa 26. Mammal, animals. 27. Different 28. Taxonomy 29. Ecological, modern taxonomic 30. Identification, nomenclature 31. Uses of various organisms 32. Systematics 33. Latin, systema 34. Linnaeus 35. Identification, nomenclature, classification. 36. Evolutionary relationships 37. Rank or category 38. Taxonomic category 39. Taxonomic hierarchy 40. Unit of classification, taxon 41. Three pairs 42. Rank, unit of classification. 43. Distinct biological entities, morphological aggregates 44. Kingdom, phylum or division (for plants), class, order, family, genus and species 45. Species 46. Similarities, dissimilarities 47. Species 48. Morphological differences 49. Species or specific epithets 50. Genera 51. Specific epithets 52. leo, tigris, pardus 53. tuberosum , nigrum, melongena. 54. species, Homo 55. Species 56. Potato, Brinjal 57. Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris) 58. Felis 59. Family 60. Vegetative, reproductive
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  61. Solanum, Petunia,Datura 62. Felidae 63. Felidae, Canidae 64. Families 65. Convolvulaceae, Polymoniales, floral characters 66. Carnivora 67. Primata, Mammalia, Carnivora 68. Phylum 69. Notochord, dorsal hollow neural system 70. Division 71. Kingdom Animalia 72. Plantae 73. Decreasing 74. Characteristics 75. Greater 76. Primata 77. Hominidae 78. Chordata 79. Triticum aestivum 80. Musca domestica 81. Anacardiaceae 82. Poaceae 83. Sapindales 84. Poales 85. Dicotyledonae 86. Monocotyledonae 87. Insecta 88. Mammalia 89. Arthropoda 90. Angiospermae 91. Class, Order, Family 92. Millions 93. Physiological, morphological 94. Nomenclature, classification 95. Agriculture, forestry, industry 96. Scientific/biological 97. Taxonomic categories or taxa. 98. Taxonomic hierarchy 99. Taxonomy 100. Division