Download as PDF, PPTX
![16
J.
Michael
Pinneo,
michael@pinneo.org
Separation
between
linear
sources
[µm]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/e994385d-84b7-4f64-9d8d-ab51e077c6ba-150918234507-lva1-app6891/85/Lockheed-Martin-diamond-presentation-16-320.jpg)
![16
J.
Michael
Pinneo,
michael@pinneo.org
Separation
between
linear
sources
[µm]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/e994385d-84b7-4f64-9d8d-ab51e077c6ba-150918234507-lva1-app6891/75/Lockheed-Martin-diamond-presentation-16-2048.jpg)
More Related Content
Lockheed Martin diamond presentation
- 1. Lockheed-‐Martin Advanced Technology Center J. Michael Pinneo, Ph.D., J.D. September 24, 2009 1 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 2. Survey ! I. Diamond synthesis and properties ! II. Aerospace applications 2 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 3. CVD Diamond -‐ Synthesis ! Overall chemistry: deposition occurs in diamond metastability region, graphite stability region ! i. CxHy + H0 ! Cg+ Cd (mostly graphite) ! ii. Cg + H0 !!! CxHy ! iii. Cd + H0 -‐> CxHy (~1/400 ii.) ! Yields poly-‐ and single-‐crystal 3 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 4. CVD Diamond – Synthesis Methods ! Hot filament, plasmas, combustion, ... 4 VHF Plasma, 8” Combustion, 4” linear Microwave Plasma, 4” RF Plasma Torch DC Plasma Torch J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 5. CVD Diamond -‐ Varie7es Scale-up Experience Microwave Diamond CVD 30Kw, 915 MHz Plasma Scanning Deposition Diameter 14" Conformal 3-D Capability Thickness Uniformity <8% over 12" 5 Diamond on Si Wafers Diamond-‐coated BC wear blocks and Si3N4 ball bearing Diamond heat spreader prototype for microprocessor Diamond-‐coated Si3N4 fiber Diamond-‐coated Si3N4 dome (14” dia x 3.5” deep) J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 6. CVD Diamond – Thermal Proper7es ! Thermal conductivity @ 273°K: 8 – 25 W/cm-‐°K ! Thermal conductivity peak ~ 77°K: 60 W/cm-‐°K ! Thermal diffusivity: 1.16 cm2/sec ! Thermal conductivity is high even in nanocrystalline films ! Extremely useful in thermal management 6 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 7. CVD Diamond – Mechanical Proper7es ! Hardness: 10,000 kg/mm2 ! Modulus: 1,100 Gpa ! Poisson’s ratio: ~ 0.06 ! Thermal Expansion Coefficient: ~ 1 x 10-‐6/°C @ 273°K ! Coefficient of sliding friction (µ): 10-‐2 to 10-‐3 ! Sonic velocity: ~ 18 km/sec 7 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 8. CVD Diamond Op7cal Proper7es ! Transparent: 225 nm –> DC ! ~ 5µm – 6µm, intrinsic phonon absorption ! Refractive Index ~ 2.4 ! Emissivity @ 273°K ~ 0.04 8 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 9. CVD Diamond Electronic Proper7es ! Resistivity, intrinsic: > 1015 Ω-‐cm ! Resistivity, B-‐doped: 10-‐3 Ω-‐cm ! Dielectric constant: 5.7 ! Breakdown field: > 107 V/cm ! P and N dopants: B, B & D plasma 9 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 10. Aerospace Applica7ons Thermal Management 10 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 11. Heat Spreaders for Ac7ve Devices Device Cold Plate Diamond Heat Spreader! K = 12 W/cm-°K SiC Heat Spreader! K = 2.5 W/cm-°K T1 T2 Tr1 Tr2 Trn Q ∝ (T1 – T2) Q ∝ 1/(∑ Tr1…Trn) 11 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 12. Diamond Microprocessor Heat Spreaders ! IR image of processor temperature ! Diamond enabled 1.8x clock rate increase 12 Die Temperature w/ Copper Spreader Die Temperature w/ Diamond Spreader Copper Heat Spreader Diamond Heat Spreader J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 13. GaN HEMT 13 5 © 2005-2006 Group4 Labs, LLC. All Rights Reserved !""#$%&'%()*+#"%,+#-./+*+"#-)*/%0+1)2+3%&*%4#5 6(+*/-,%&'%,+#-%3&7"2+3%)3%(&*/%)*%2&89#")3&*%:)-,%-,+%3+9#"#-)&*%! #*0%:)0-,%&'%-,+%3&7"2+3; 4#5%+9)(#$+"3 <7=3-"#-+ d T0 = 23°C TP !T = TP–T0 zy !"#$%&'(%)*#'(+!$,-!,$# J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 14. Thermal Management Heat Spreaders, GaN HEMTs ! Attach 100µm diamond heat spreader to GaN device: ! 200% increased power cf. SiC heat spreader; ! 1000% increased power cf. Si heat spreader. Courtesy Group 4 Labs, and Jonathan Felbinger and Prof. Eastman, Cornell University. 14 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 15. ! 4” free-‐standing GaN wafer on diamond 15 Courtesy Group 4 Labs J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 16. 16 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected] Separation between linear sources [µm]
- 17. GaN HEMT on Diamond ! Benefits: ! Higher output power ! Lower operating temperature ! Greater device density ! System Impact: ! Radar -‐> increased target acquisition distance ! Active ECM -‐> increased range, effectiveness ! Increased MTBF -‐> reduced maintenance $, time 17 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 18. Poten7al Applica7on ! F-‐35 thermal issues ! Fuel used as internal systems heat sink ! Low fuel near end of mission: ! Higher fuel temperature ! Lower ∆T in thermal transfer chain ! Increased avionics temperature 18 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 19. F-‐35 Thermal Issue ! Reduce overall thermal resistance between avionics and fuel ! Apply diamond to thermal transfer path: ! Device level: diamond heat spreaders ! Card/module level: diamond heat pipes & plates ! Heat exchangers: diamond or diamond/SiC composites 19 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 20. Op7cal Applica7ons ! Important properties ! Broadband transparency ! 225 nm -‐> DC ! Intrinsic phonon absorption ~ 5 µm – 6 µm ! Hardness ! Low loss tangent (< 10-‐4) 20 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 21. IR Op7cal Applica7ons Rain/dust impact damage on IR optic (F-‐15E) 21 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 22. IR Op7cal Applica7ons ! Erosion barrier for ZnS/ZnSe IR optics ! Hardness, IR transparency ! Can’t CVD direct on IR material, but chalcogenide “glue” works. ! AR coatings are available. VISIBLE 22 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 23. Op7cs: High Power Lasers ! Windows/Lenses ! High damage threshold ! Physically robust ! Solid State Lasers ! Increased output ! Reduced module volume Northrop-‐Grumman 100 Kw laser, Phase 3, JHPSSL Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) 23 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 24. Op7cs: HPM Windows ! DEW: high power microwave windows (HPMW) ! High K, low loss tangent, low TCE ! >1 Gw CW, > 10 Gw pulsed @ 90 GHz ! USAF BAA/Raytheon 2009 win to provide domestic source ! Current vendors: Europe, Asia ! >$100K each 24 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 25. Mechanical, Fric7on & Wear ! Important properties ! Low friction ! Hardness ! Modulus ! Corrosion resistance 25 F-‐15E Exhaust Flap Mechanism J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 26. Machining Opera7ons ! Diamond-‐coated tooling Increased tool life Higher machining speeds Better workpiece finish 26 Diamond – coated cutting tools courtesy of Crystallume, Inc. J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 27. Bearings and Seals ! Good coating and performance increases shown for diamond on Si3N4 ball bearings, BC wear shoes, and SiC pump seals. ! Diamond pump seals in commercial production by Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 27 Diamond-‐coated pump seals, courtesy of Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 28. Diamond as a MEMS Material ! Hardness & Modulus ! Low self-‐adhesion/stiction ! Hydrophobic ! Tolerate aggressive environments ! Surface can be functionalized to provide sensing capability 28 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected] Diamond RF MEMS Switch
- 29. Diamond for High Power Lasers ! Desirable properties: transparency, K, TCE, damage threshold ! Natural diamond laser demonstrated in 1985(1) ! Optically pumped (Ar ion laser) ! Lasing medium: H3 color center, 530 nm ! Tunable due to coupling with phonon energy levels ! Efficiency 13.5% ! Interesting, but natural diamonds too costly & rare 29 (1) Rand & DeShazer, Optical Letters, 1985 vol. 10 (10) pp. 481-‐483 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 30. Diamond for High Power Lasers ! What’s changed? ! Large, high quality single crystal diamonds by CVD ! R. Hemley’s group at Carnegie Institute(2) ! Microwave plasma CVD followed by HP or LP anneal ! Highly accessible with relatively simple equipment ! Cost-‐effective technology 30 (2) Recent advances in high-‐growth rate single-‐crystal CVD diamond, Qi Liang, et al., Diamond and Related Materials, 2009 vol. 18 (5-‐8) pp. 698-‐703 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 31. Diamond for High Power Lasers ! High efficiency diamond Raman laser(3) ! 1.2 watt output @ 573 nm, 532 nm pump ! Conversion efficiency 63.5% ! Slope efficiency 75% ! Peak photon conversion efficiency 91% ! Diode-‐pumped diamond Raman laser shown in 2005(4) 31 (3) Highly efficient diamond Raman laser, Mildren and Sabella, Optics Letters, 2009 vol. 34 (18) pp. 2811-‐2813 (4) Diode pumped diamond Raman microchip laser, Demidovich, et al., Conference on Lasers and Electro-‐Optics (CLEO) Europe, 2005, p. 251 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]
- 32. Diamond for Hypersonic Flight ! Challenge: extreme aeroheating of vehicle and control surfaces during endoatmospheric flight (≥ 2,500°C) ! Constrains thermal solutions to ablative materials ! Ablatives can substantially depart from nominal aerosurface design during flight ! Impact on vehicles: ! Increased control authority required ! Increased total divert energy needed ! Increases vehicle weight/size, reduces range ! Introduces weather (rain, dust) as launch limitation ! Resolution: robust, nonablative thermal coating J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected] 32
- 33. Diamond for Hypersonic Flight ! Critical info: diamond does not bulk graphitize at T > 2,200°C for hours ! Suggests: Anti-‐oxidation coating + thick diamond film could be useful as a robust, nonablative material for some hypersonic endoatmospheric missions. ! Oxidation barrier: Re/Ir – affordable because < 10µm ! Low diamond TCE – helps maintain antioxidation coating integrity ! Diamond hardness/modulus – better resistance to particle erosion (rain, dust) than ablatives J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected] 33
- 34. The End 34 J. Michael Pinneo, [email protected]