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LUNG CANCER LUNG CLINICAL MANIFESTATION TREATMENT
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, largely attributed to smoking, which accounts for about 85% of cases. Early detection through screening high-risk individuals can improve survival rates, while primary prevention strategies can reduce incidence. The document outlines the types, classifications, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and treatment options for lung cancer.
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LUNG CANCER LUNG CLINICAL MANIFESTATION TREATMENT
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- 2. Introduction Anatomicclassification of Tumors TNM Classification of Cancer Definition Epidemiology Etiology Types Pathophysiology Clinical manifestation Diagnostic evaluation Treatment Prevention CONTENT
- 3. Lung canceris the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. Screening high risk individuals has the potential to allow early detection and to dramatically improve survival rates. Primary prevention (such as tobacco control measures and reducing exposure to environmental risk factors) can reduce the incidence of lung cancer and save lives. WHO KEY FACTS
- 4. Cancer cells growand divide at an abnormally rapid rate, are poorly differentiated, and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology. The abnormality in cells can be progressive with a slow transition from normal cells to benign tumors to malignant tumors. INTRODUCTION
- 6. ANATOMIC CLASSIFICATION OFTUMORS SITE BENIGN MALIGNANT Epithelial tissue tumors Surface epithelium Glandular epithelium -oma Papilloma Adenoma -carcinoma Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Connective tissue tumors Fibrous tissue Cartilage Striated muscle Bone -oma Fibroma Chondroma Rhabdomyoma Osteoma -sarcoma Fibrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Osteosarcoma Nervous tissue tumors Meninges Nerve cells -oma Meningioma Ganglioneuroma -oma Meningeal sarcoma Neuroblastoma Hematopoietic tissue tumors Lymphoid tissue - - Hodkin’s lymphoma, non-hodkin’s lymphoma
- 8. TNM CLASSIFICATION OFCANCER TNM Classification system is used to determine the anatomic extent of the disease involvement according to three parameters: T : Tumor size and invasiveness N : Presence or absence of regional spread to the lymph nodes M : Metastasis to distant organ sites
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- 10. Lung cancer isa type of cancer that starts when abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in the lungs. It is a serious health issue that can cause severe harm and death. DEFINITION
- 11. Lung canceris the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Lung cancer is higher in female then in males due to smoking. In India, lung cancer accounts for 5.9% of all cancers and 8.1% of all cancer-related deaths. National cancer control program was launched in India: 1975 revised on 1984-85 under the Ministry and Family welfare India. EPIDEMIOLOGY
- 12. Cigarette smoking Genetic predisposition Old age people above 50 years Inhalation of asbestosis, pollutants Occupational exposure to toxins Air pollution Previous exposure to radiation Idiopathic Etiology
- 13. TYPES Non-small cell lungcancer (NSCLC) NSCLC is the more common type of lung cancer, comprising of approximately 80% of lung cancers. It is less aggressive than SCLC. If discovered early, surgery and/or radiation therapy, chemotherapy may offer a chance of cure. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) SCLC is fast-growing and rapidly spreads through the bloodstream and lymphatics to other parts of the body. It is often advanced at diagnosis. It is usually treated with chemotherapy alone or in combination with radiotherapy.
- 16. STAGES Stage s Characteristics I TUMOR ISSMALL AND LOCALISED TO LUNGS. NO LYMPH NODES INVOLVEMENT A B Tumor is less than 3 cm Tumor 3-5 cm and invading surrounding local areas II INCREASED TUMOR SIZE, SOME LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT A B Tumor 3-5 cm with invasion of lymph nodes on same side of chest or tumor 5-7 cm without lymph node involvement Tumor 5-7 cm involving the bronchus and lymph odes on same side of chest and tissue of other local organs or tumor less then 7 cm without lymph node involvement. III INCREASE SPREAD OF TUMOR A B Tumor spread to the nearby structures (chest wall, pleura or pericardial) and regional lymph nodes. Extensive Tumor involving heart, trachea, esophagus, mediastinum
- 17. Due to etiological factors Tumorarises from mutated epithelial cells Cell grows slowly about 8-10 years to reach 1 cm Smallest lesion detectable on x- ray Cancer can be visualize in segmental bronchi Metastasis PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 18. Persistent cough Sputum streaked with blood Hemoptysis Chest, shoulder, arm and back pain Dysnoea Unexplained weight loss CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- 20. 1. Smokers whoare currently smoking 2. Nonsmokers who formally smoked 3. Never smokers Assessment of the risk of lung cancer is now devided into 3 categories
- 21. Total exposureto tobacco smoke Measured by total number of cigarettes smoked in lifetime Age of smoking onset Depth of inhalation Tar and nicotine content RISK FOR DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER
- 22. Physical examination andhealth history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits, including smoking, and past jobs, illnesses, and treatments will also be taken. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- 23. CHEST X-RAY CT SCAN MRI SPUTUM CYTOLOGY THORACENTESIS PFT BONE SCAN BONE MARROW ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY
- 24. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA)biopsy of the lung:
- 25. Endoscopic ultrasound-guidedfine-needle aspiration biopsy. An endoscope that has an ultrasound probe and a biopsy needle is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. The probe bounces sound waves off body tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture) of the lymph nodes near the esophagus. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided
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- 27. If certaintissues, organs, or lymph nodes can’t be reached, a thoracotomy may be done. In this procedure, a larger incision is made between the ribs and the chest is opened. Thoracoscopy
- 28. Tissue samplesmay be taken from lymph nodes on the right side of the chest and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. In an anterior mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure), the incision is made beside the breastbone to remove tissue samples from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Mediastinoscopy
- 29. Lymph node biopsy:The removal of all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist views the lymph node tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. LYMPH NODE BIOPSY
- 30. A smallamount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into the patient's vein, and a scanner makes a picture of where the glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up more glucose than normal cells do. PET SCAN
- 32. Surgical therapy(pneumonectomy, lobectomy resection procedures) Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Targeted therapy TREATMENT MODALITIES
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