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Manganese deposits of india
India is the 4th largest producer of manganese ore in the world, with Karnataka and Orissa having some of the largest deposits. Manganese ore occurs in various forms like massive, columnar, fibrous, botryoidal, and granular deposits. It is an important raw material used in steel production and also has various other industrial applications. The key manganese ore producing states in India are Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, which have deposits of different types including residual, sedimentary, hydrothermal, and metamorphosed ores.
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Manganese deposits of india
- 2. Introduction Mineralogy Origin of ManganeseOre Deposit Geological Distribution Classification Indian Distribution Mode of Occurrence Uses Conclusion Reference
- 3. Manganese (At. No.25, At. Wt. 54.9380) is the 12th most abundant element. Mn metal was discovered by a Swedish Chemist J. Gahn in 1774. It is a light metal, silvery grey metallic colour. Commercially exploitable deposits of manganese occur both on the continent and on the floors of present day marine and lacustrine basins. India is recognized as the 4th largest producer of Manganese ore in the world (2010) with about 5.6 million tonnes of production in a year.
- 4. Pyrolusite – MnO2 Psilomelane– Mn2O3.2H2O Braunite – Mn2O3 Wad - MnO Rhondocrosite – MnCO3 Rhodonite – MnSiO3 Hausmanite – Mn3O4 Polianite – MnO2
- 6. Hydrothermal Deposits: Formedby the magmatic hot aqueous solution. e.g.- Manganese deposits of Cuba, Philippines etc. Sedimentary Deposits: Formed by physico-chemical action, deposited from solution derived from the pre-existing manganese bearing minerals. e.g.- Manganese deposits of Russia, Nikopol, Tchialun etc. Residual Concentration Deposits: Formed by secondary concentration, removing gangue minerals from the pre-existing manganese deposits. e.g.- Manganese deposits of Bihar and Orissa of India (Lateralized deposits), Gold coast, Brazil, Egypt and Morocco.
- 7. Magmatic Deposits: Formedby the magma concentration forming manganese ore deposits usually associated with Kodurite rocks of Andhra Pradesh of India. Metamorphosed Deposits: Formed by the recrystallisation of pre- existing ore-deposits by temperature and pressure. e.g.- Gonditic deposits of Madhya Pradesh, India, Postmasburg of South Africa and Olympic Mountains of Washington, USA. Interaction of Processes: In some areas of the ocean, volcanogenic, biogenic and terrigenous sources, in conjunction, may supply the metal to the basinal water.
- 8. The Manganese OreDeposits of India are chiefly confined to pre- cambrian rocks of Peninsular India. Occurs within the rocks of Sausar Series, Aravalli Series(Delhi System) Champaner Series (Aravalli Series), Gangpur Series, Iron Ore Series, Khondalite Series and Dharwar System. Associated rocks of Manganese ore deposits are Gondites, Quartzites, Marbles, Mica-Schists, Phyllites, Limestones, Shales, Bonded Ferruginous Quartzites, Greenstones, Garnetiferrous Quartzites, Garnet Sillimanite Gneiss and Chlorite Schist.
- 9. Gonditic ores areformed from the metamorphosed Manganese sediments in association with Gondites. e.g. Manganese ores of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Koduritic ore are regarded as hybrid rocks formed by assimilation of manganese ore and manganese silicate rocks by an acid igneous magma. e.g. Manganese ores of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Lateritoid ores are formed by metasomatic replacement formed at the surface in association with Dharwarian rocks. e.g. Some deposits of Keonjhar (Orissa) and Sandur (Karnataka).
- 10. 1. Karnataka 2. Orissa 3.Maharashtra 4. Madhya Pradesh
- 11. Major Deposits: Shimoga,Chitradurga, Chikmagalur, Tumkur, Karwar, Bellary, North Kanara, Bijapur and Dharwar Districts. The Primary Manganese Ore Deposits are of Archaean Age. The ores are of Lateritoid type and the deposits are associated with limestones, schistose grits, and ochery-schists of the Shimoga- Chitradurga schist belt of Dharwar group. The Manganese minerals of the deposits are Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Wad and some Limonite. The Manganese ores contain 30-45% of Mn, 10-20% Iron (High) and 0.025% Phosphorous (low).
- 13. Major Manganese producingarea: Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Bolangir, Kalahandi & Koraput district. Smaller occurrences: Sambalpur, Rairakhol, Ganjam districts. Ore bodies occur as lenticular or irregular masses Pyrolusite is the main ore mineral with traces of cryptomelane. Koraput, Kalahandi & Bolangir districts: Khondalite suite of Eastern Ghats group. Sundargarh: Gonditic rocks Sambalpur: Laterites on the metasediments.
- 15. Major Manganese producingarea: Bhandara, Nagpur & Ratnagiri districts. Mn is present in three different rock types; Associated with Laterite in Satara district. Associated with Precambrian meta sediments in Nagpur. Those present in Kamthi rock formation of Yavatmal district. Ore bodies occur as reefs or lenticular pockets, parallel to the strike direction of enclosing rocks – Gondites, Manganiferous quartzite or Mica schist. Manganese: 45-48%, Silica: 2.5-7.5% and Phosphorus: 0.25-1.5%
- 17. Balaghat: associated withmetamorphosed Dharwar rocks, representing Gondite type of deposits. Following types are found: I. Lode deposits a). Hypogene or primary deposits. E.g. Braunite is the chief ore mineral b). Supergene or secondary deposits. E.g. Oxidised braunite deposits II. Detrital or Boulder ore deposits E.g. Boulders and pebbles of Manganese oxides. Mn: 51.2%, Fe: 4.95%, SiO2: 4.70%, P: 0.056%
- 19. Manganese makes upabout 1000 ppm (0.1%) of the Earth’s Crust making it the 12th most abundant element in the Crust. Sea water has only 10ppm Manganese and Atmosphere contains about 0.01 Mg/m3. Manganese Ore occurs in forms like: i) Massive, Columnar and Fibrous. e.g. Pyrolusite ii) Botryoidal, stalactitic, reniform and massive. e.g. Psilomelane iii) Massive Earth e.g. Wad. iv) Granular or Massive, e.g. Braunite Nodular deposits occurs as manganese nodules at the sea bottom.
- 20. The Manganese Oresof high purity is used in making Dry Cell Batteries and Chemicals. Mn ore is an important raw material in iron and steel metallurgy. The Sulphide of Manganese is used in manufacture of salts. Manganese salts are also used in photography, and in leather & match industries. Manganese-chloride is used in cotton textile as a bronze dye. Manganese ore is also used as driers for oils, varnish and as a decolouriser in glass industry, carbon monoxide gas masks etc.
- 21. India is recognizedas the 4th largest producer of Manganese ore in the world. The Manganese Ore Deposits of India are chiefly confined to pre- cambrian rocks of peninsular India. Karnataka(36.6%) has the main share of reserves, while Orissa continues to be the leading producer of Manganese in India contributing about 36% of the total production. Mining is mainly carried out by open cast, and to a limited extent by underground method. The underground mines are located in Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra operated by M/s. Manganese Ore India Ltd. in the public sector.
- 22. Books: Umeshwar Prasad,“Economic Geology” CBS Publishers & Distributers. Supriya Roy, “Manganese Deposits” Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd. A.K. Sen & P.K. Guha, “Handbook of Economic Geology” Modern Book Agency Pvt. Ltd. Website: • www.answer.com • www.preservearticles.com • www.geologydata.info/mn_deposits.htm • www.wikipedia.com