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Masonry Part 2 F 09
This document discusses various types of masonry walls, including reinforced, composite, and cavity walls. It describes anchoring and tying techniques used to join wythes of masonry and supports. Methods for adding reinforcement like grout, rebar, and post-tensioning bars are presented. The document also covers flashing, insulation, expansion/control joints, and potential issues like efflorescence and spalling.
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Masonry Part 2 F 09
- 1. Masonry Loadbearing Wall…….NOT!MasonryLoadbearing Wall…….NOT!
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- 4. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage& Ties Fig. 10.1
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- 6. GroutGrout • A “highperformance” mortarA “high performance” mortar • High slump easier to flowHigh slump easier to flow • Reinforcing in cells and betweenReinforcing in cells and between wythes of masonrywythes of masonry • For adhesion (epoxy grout)For adhesion (epoxy grout) • For bearing (under concrete andFor bearing (under concrete and steel columns) to level andsteel columns) to level and transfer loadstransfer loads
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- 9. Post-tensioning : threadedhigh- strength bars joined with threaded couplers. At the base the bar is anchored to a threaded insert epoxied into a drilled hole in the concrete foundation. At the top, the bar passes through a steel plate. the nut at the top end of the bar is tightened, the masonry wall is placed in greater compression..
- 10. • Composite WallsCompositeWalls • More economicMore economic • Multiple wythesMultiple wythes • Stone/brick on exteriorStone/brick on exterior • CMU (back-up) on interiorCMU (back-up) on interior • Joined together with reinforcingJoined together with reinforcing • Grout or mortar between wythesGrout or mortar between wythes
- 11. • Cavity WallsCavityWalls • Exterior wallsExterior walls • Two wythesTwo wythes • Inner wythe for structural supportInner wythe for structural support • Outer wythe for veneerOuter wythe for veneer • Resists moisture and heat transferResists moisture and heat transfer • Wythes separated byWythes separated by airspaceairspace • Insulation & DrainageInsulation & Drainage • Wythes joined with masonryWythes joined with masonry tiesties
- 12. Reinforced Masonry WallsReinforcedMasonry Walls
- 13. Monadnock building,Monadnock building, 18911891 Lastunreinforced masonry load bearing highrise structure built based on traditional “rules” 215 ft high 16 story 6 ft thick wall at base Interior cast iron frame Very small ground floor spaces
- 14. Texas School BookDepositoryTexas School Book Depository Loadbearing brick masonry walls Internal timber columns and beams Type 3 – Ordinary Construction
- 15. Vertical reinforcement requiredtoVertical reinforcement required to resist loadsresist loads
- 16. Structural bondStructural bond beamssupportbeams support floor and rooffloor and roof
- 17. Detail of 16inch structural bondDetail of 16 inch structural bond beambeam
- 18. Exterior CMU bearingwall and steel joistExterior CMU bearing wall and steel joist
- 19. Detail: Steel joistbears on bond beam,Detail: Steel joist bears on bond beam, end inserted into void in wallend inserted into void in wall
- 20. Floor joists supportedonFloor joists supported on reinforced concrete bond beamreinforced concrete bond beam
- 21. Location of reinforcementin CMULocation of reinforcement in CMU wallwall
- 22. Interior CMU bearingwall and hollow-coreInterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core slabslab
- 23. Detail: hollow-core floorslab @ CMU wallDetail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU wall
- 24. Exterior CMU bearingwall and hollow-coreExterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core slabslab
- 25. Exterior CMU bearingwall and wood lightExterior CMU bearing wall and wood light frameframe
- 26. Effects of modularityon dimensionsEffects of modularity on dimensions
- 27. Sloped coping attop of wallSloped coping at top of wall
- 28. Applications for masonrywallsApplications for masonry walls
- 29. Masonry Wall TypesMasonryWall Types • Reinforced WallsReinforced Walls • Composite WallsComposite Walls • Cavity WallsCavity Walls
- 31. Anchorage & TiesAnchorage& Ties • Holds masonry to wallHolds masonry to wall • Ties wythes of masonryTies wythes of masonry • to one anotherto one another • To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel) • Must resist lateral loads but…..Must resist lateral loads but….. • Must allow for horizontal and vertical movementMust allow for horizontal and vertical movement • Usually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steelUsually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steel • Many different methods & types usedMany different methods & types used
- 32. Reinforcing & AnchorageReinforcing& Anchorage • Brick & Stone VeneerBrick & Stone Veneer AnchorageAnchorage • Anchor brick to “back-upAnchor brick to “back-up wallwall • Typically - galvanizedTypically - galvanized wirewire • Cast in joint, or “nailed” toCast in joint, or “nailed” to surfacesurface
- 34. FlashingFlashing Prevents and directsmoisture/water outPrevents and directs moisture/water out • ExternalExternal • To prevent moisture penetration atTo prevent moisture penetration at • Wall intersectionsWall intersections • Wall/roof intersectionsWall/roof intersections • Changes in materialChanges in material • InternalInternal • Directs moisture in the wall out throughDirects moisture in the wall out through weep holesweep holes
- 35. External FlashingExternal Flashing •TypesTypes • Cap flashing -Cap flashing - • To p o f wallsTo p o f walls • Edg e o f ro o fsEdg e o f ro o fs • Counter flashingCounter flashing • Wall/ ro o f inte rse ctio nWall/ ro o f inte rse ctio n • Ofte n two pie ce s - o ne in wall/ o ne attache dOfte n two pie ce s - o ne in wall/ o ne attache d
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- 37. FlashingFlashing Internal FlashingInternal Flashing •““Through Wall”Through Wall” oror Concealed FlashingConcealed Flashing • Continuous sheet ofContinuous sheet of Copper, plastic,Copper, plastic, rubber/bituminousrubber/bituminous • Attached to backup wallAttached to backup wall & run through to the& run through to the outside of the masonryoutside of the masonry • Collects waterCollects water • that has penetrated wallthat has penetrated wall • Allows it drainAllows it drain
- 38. Internal FlashingInternal Flashing •Drainage Through “Weeps”Drainage Through “Weeps” • Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.Placed 24 to 32 in o.c. • Rope, plastic, metal, raked or full head ventRope, plastic, metal, raked or full head vent • PlacementPlacement • Bottom of wall cavityBottom of wall cavity • Interruptions of cavityInterruptions of cavity • Over doors / windowsOver doors / windows • Window sillsWindow sills • Shelf anglesShelf angles
- 39. Flashing MaterialsFlashing Materials •CopperCopper (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar) • LeadLead (malleable)(malleable) • Lead Coated CopperLead Coated Copper • AluminumAluminum (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar) • MembranesMembranes • Bituminous and rubber membranes more popularBituminous and rubber membranes more popular • do not corrodedo not corrode • more flexiblemore flexible • easier to installeasier to install • Synthetic Rubber membranesSynthetic Rubber membranes
- 40. WeepingWeeping • WickWick • Ropelaid in the mortar jointRope laid in the mortar joint • Should be removedShould be removed after mortar sets upafter mortar sets up • TubeTube • 3/8” diameter tubes laid in3/8” diameter tubes laid in the mortar jointthe mortar joint • Can be removed or leftCan be removed or left in jointin joint • Raked Head JointRaked Head Joint • Mortar let out of the headMortar let out of the head jointjoint • Most effective weepMost effective weep jointjoint
- 41. Insulation in CMUcells Insulation in Cavity Insulation in CavityExternal Insulation
- 42. Expansion JointsExpansion Joints •Allows for movementAllows for movement • A complete separationA complete separation
- 43. Control JointsControl Joints •Controls movement for a single materialControls movement for a single material • Lines of weakness that cause cracking to occurLines of weakness that cause cracking to occur along that linealong that line • Concrete walksConcrete walks • SlabsSlabs
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- 45. • EfflorescenceEfflorescence • White“chalky”White “chalky” substance on the facesubstance on the face of masonryof masonry • Usually salts inUsually salts in masonry or mortar leftmasonry or mortar left from migratingfrom migrating moisturemoisture • Indicates thatIndicates that moisture is presentmoisture is present • Normal for newNormal for new constructionconstruction • In existingIn existing construction, it usuallyconstruction, it usually means a leakmeans a leak
- 47. • SpallingSpalling • Physicalfailure (breakage) of thePhysical failure (breakage) of the masonry material or mortarmasonry material or mortar • Deterioration from moisture in theDeterioration from moisture in the wallwall • Damage from freeze/thaw cyclesDamage from freeze/thaw cycles
- 48. • Tuck PointingTuckPointing • Partial removal of anPartial removal of an existing mortar jointexisting mortar joint and replacementand replacement with new mortarwith new mortar • For severelyFor severely damaged mortardamaged mortar jointsjoints • May be for aestheticMay be for aesthetic or functional reasonsor functional reasons • Mortar removed to aMortar removed to a third of the widththird of the width • New mortar put backNew mortar put back to seal jointto seal joint
- 49. Structural ShapesStructural Shapes WideFlangeWide Flange • Size RangeSize Range • Depth; 4” to 40”Depth; 4” to 40” • Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ftWeight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft • Uses - Beams & ColumnsUses - Beams & Columns • Proportions - ShapeProportions - Shape • Tall &Narrow - BeamsTall &Narrow - Beams • Square - Columns & PilesSquare - Columns & Piles
- 50. Wide Flange DesignationsWideFlange Designations W 12 X 26W 12 X 26 W = Wide Flange DesignationW = Wide Flange Designation 12 = Nominal Depth (inches)12 = Nominal Depth (inches) 26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot W12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:W12x26 - 12’-0” long weights: 12’ x 26#/lf = 312#12’ x 26#/lf = 312# Depth
- 51. Steel AnglesSteel Angles USESUSES ShortbeamsShort beams supporting light loadssupporting light loads EX - LintelsEX - Lintels ConnectorsConnectors Veneer / Skin SupportVeneer / Skin Support Edge support (edge angle)Edge support (edge angle) Diagonal bracingDiagonal bracing
- 52. Steel Angle DesignationsSteelAngle Designations L 4 X 4 X 1/2L 4 X 4 X 1/2 L = Angle DesignationL = Angle Designation 4 X 4 = Size of the legs4 X 4 = Size of the legs (inches)(inches) 1/2 = Thickness of the legs1/2 = Thickness of the legs (inches)(inches) NOTE: Legs can be equal or unequalNOTE: Legs can be equal or unequal Size Thickness
- 53. Channels (C Shaped)Channels(C Shaped) • UsesUses • Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc. • DesignationsDesignations C 9 X 13.4C 9 X 13.4 C = Channel DesignationC = Channel Designation 9 = Nominal Depth (inches)9 = Nominal Depth (inches) 13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.) Depth
- 54. Open Web SteelJoistsOpen Web Steel Joists • Mass produced steel trussesMass produced steel trusses • Common UsesCommon Uses • Floor SupportFloor Support • Roof SupportRoof Support • Joist Spacing Depends on;Joist Spacing Depends on; • LoadLoad • Span capability of deckSpan capability of deck • Typically 2 to 10 feetTypically 2 to 10 feet Spans; K-series (up to 60’), LH(Longspan) to 96’, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144’
- 55. Joist used forfloor support
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- 59. Joist Seat Weldedto Support Beam
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- 61. Edge Angles •Forms theSlab”Edge” •Anchorage of exterior “skin”
Editor's Notes
- #33 Joint Reinforcing PLACED IN THE “BED” JOINT TYPICALLY FOR CMU INCREASED WALL STRENGTH TWO TYPES - TYPICAL TYPICALLY - GALVANIZED WIRE OFTEN PLACED EVERY OTHER COURSE Ladder LOOKS LIKE A LADDER Truss LOOKS LIKE A TRUSS Brick & Stone Veneer Anchorage ANCHOR BRICK TO “BACK-UP WALL TYPICALLY - GALVANIZED WIRE CAST IN JOINT, OR “NAILED” TO SURFACE
- #50 Size Range Depth; 4” to 36” Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft Uses - Beams & Columns Proportions - Shape Tall &Narrow - Beams Square - Columns & Piles
- #52 USES Short “beams” supporting light loads EX - Lintels Connectors Diagonal bracing
- #55 “Mass” produced steel trusses SERIES OF SMALL ANGLES, ROD, ETC. Common Uses Floor Support Roof Support Joist Spacing Depends on; Load Span capability of decking Typically 2 to 10 feet