maxims of teaching physical science.pptx

maxims of teaching physical science.pptx

• 1.
  Maxims of teaching Dr.Shilna V. Assistant Professor, CUTEC, kozhikode
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  Maxims of teaching •They are general principles that guide teachers in making learning more effective and accessible for students • These maxims provide a framework for structuring lessons, presenting information, and engaging students in the learning process • They are essentially guidelines for effective instruction, helping teachers to deliver content in a way that aligns with how students learn best • They motivate students and make them active and co-operative • Different maxims of teaching are applied in different teaching situations
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  Importance of Maximsof teaching • Effective Lesson Planning: Maxims guide teachers in organizing lessons logically and sequentially • Student Engagement: By catering to different learning styles and starting with familiar concepts, maxims help keep students engaged • Enhanced Understanding: Maxims help students grasp new concepts more effectively by building upon their existing knowledge and understanding • Accessibility: Maxims help make learning more accessible to all students by considering their individual needs and learning styles • Improved Learning Outcomes: By facilitating better understanding and engagement, maxims contribute to improved learning outcomes
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  1. From toknown to unknown 2. From simple to complex 3. From concrete to abstract 4. From particular to general 5. From whole to part 6. From Analysis to Synthesis 7. From empirical to Rational 8. From Psychological to Logical 9. From Induction to Deduction Maxims of teaching
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  From to Knownto Unknown • Start with concepts students are already familiar with and gradually introduce new, related ideas • It suggests that teachers should connect new information to students' existing knowledge base to make learning more effective and meaningful • Application in Physical Science: • Introduce gravity using a common example like a falling apple before diving into Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and its equations • Begin teaching about electricity with simple circuits and batteries before explaining complex concepts like electromagnetism
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  From Simple toComplex • Break down complex topics into smaller, more manageable parts • It is a teaching principle that suggests presenting information to learners starting with basic and easy concepts before moving on to more advanced and difficult ones • This approach helps build a strong foundation of understanding and confidence, making it easier for learners to grasp more challenging material later on • Application in Physical Science: • When teaching about the solar system, start with the planets and their basic characteristics before moving on to concepts like orbital mechanics, gravitational forces, and celestial movements • Introduce basic concepts like atoms and molecules before delving into more intricate topics like chemical reactions and bonding
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  From Concrete toAbstract • Learning should begin with tangible, observable examples before progressing to more unseen examples • Engage students' senses with concrete objects or demonstrations(real world objects, visual aids before introducing abstract concepts • Application in Physical Science: • Use models and diagrams to demonstrate the structures of atoms and molecules • Show how light travels through a prism before discussing wave properties and the electromagnetic spectrum
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  From Particular toGeneral • Start with specific examples or observations and then move towards generalizations, laws, or principles • Application in Physical Science: • Have students experiment with different materials to determine their conductivity before introducing the general principles of conductors and insulators • Examine various examples of chemical reactions before defining the general types and principles of chemical changes
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  From Whole toPart • Present the overall context or a broad overview of a topic first, then break it down into its components • This approach, rooted in Gestalt psychology, emphasizes that understanding the big picture makes it easier to grasp the individual elements that make it up • Application in Science: • When studying the human body systems, provide an overview of the entire system (e.g., digestive system) before detailing the functions of individual organs • Introduce the concept of a balanced ecosystem before explaining the roles of different organisms and their interactions
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  From Analysis toSynthesis • Encourage students to break down a problem or concept into its parts (analysis) and then combine those parts to form a coherent understanding (synthesis) • This method helps students understand difficult concepts by first dissecting them and then integrating those parts into a comprehensive understanding • Application in Physical Science: • Guide students to analyze the forces acting on an object, then synthesize this information to predict its motion • Break down a complex chemical reaction into individual steps, then synthesize those steps to understand the overall reaction mechanism
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  From Empirical toRational • Start with knowledge gained through observation and experimentation (empirical) and move towards logical reasoning and theoretical understanding (rational) • Application in Physical Science: • To teach the concept of boiling water, a teacher might first have students heat water and observe it boiling (empirical). Then, the teacher would explain the scientific principles behind boiling, such as the kinetic energy of molecules and thermal agitation (rational) • Demonstrate the effects of magnetism, then use the concepts of magnetic fields and poles to explain the observed phenomena
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  From Psychological toLogical • Adapt teaching to the students' psychological readiness and interests before introducing the logical sequencing of scientific concepts • When teaching, a teacher should first consider how to make the subject matter appealing and understandable to the students (psychological) and then present it in a logical order (logical) • Application in Physical Science: • Use engaging stories and relatable examples to spark student interest before explaining abstract physical laws • Introduce concepts that align with students' existing knowledge and experiences to make the learning process more natural and engaging
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  From Induction toDeduction • Help students arrive at general conclusions from specific examples (induction) and then apply those generalizations to new situations (deduction) • Induction allows students to connect new information to what they already know, making it easier to grasp • Starting with examples can make learning more engaging and less abstract • Induction encourages students to analyze information and identify patterns, while deduction helps them apply those patterns in different situations • Application in Physical Science: • Through experiments, guide students to discover the relationship between heat and temperature (inductive reasoning), then use that understanding to solve problems involving heat transfer in different materials (deductive reasoning) • Observe how different elements react with oxygen, then generalize that elements combine with oxygen to form oxides