Maximum power point tracking algorithms for solar(pv) systems

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
ALGORITHMS FOR SOLAR(PV) SYSTEMS
PROF.(DR.) PRAVATKUMAR ROUT, EEE DEPARTMENT
BUDDHADEVASAHOO (RESEARCHSCHOLAR),EE DEPARTMENT
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY,BHUBANESWAR,INDIA
Course: Distribution Generation and Smart Grid

COURSE OFFERED
INTRODUCTION
OF SOLAR (PV)
SYSTEM AND IT’S
TYPES
01
NEED OF CHARGE
CONTROLLER
AND BASICS OF
CONTROLLER
02
BUCK /
BOOST
CONVERTER
03
TYPES OF MPPT
CONTROLLER
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
04
EXAMPLES OF
GRID
INTEGRATION
AND RELATED
QUESTIONS
05
2

SOLAR POWER SECTOR
• India lies in a sunny tropical belt (high insolation) total approximate
potential annually over 5000 trillion kwh
• Over 70% of India's householdsexperience significant power cuts
every year
• National solar mission and other generation based incentives (GBI)
are available through ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE)
• JNNSM have a mission to install 20 GW solar PV plant by 2022
• Cost of PV module, land scarcity and technological barrier is a main
restriction.
• Current cost of production is 12/kwh and expected cost is 6/kwh by
2022
3

TYPES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM
Solar PV System
Grid
Connected PV
1.1. Large scale
production
2.(Without Battery)
3.2. With Battery
(Smart Grid
concept)
Off Grid PV
System
1.Without Battery
(PV water pump)
2.With Battery
(For house and
industries)
Hybrid PV
System
1.Wind-PV hybrid
system
2.PV-Diesel hybrid
System
PV based
Utilities
1. Solar Lamp, Solar
mobile charger etc.
4

NEED OF CHARGE CONTROLLER AND MPPT
• Battery is a costly device and must be managed properly.
• It is found if proper care is taken then life of battery increase
significantly
• A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added
to or drawn from electric batteries
• Charge controller take care of battery under voltage and over
voltage condition
• MPPT (maximum power point tracker) is a electronic device which
maximize PV module output under varying operating condition
5

SINGLE DIODE MODEL
• In single diode model a current source is parallel to a diode and a shunt
resistance and a series resistance is connected in the circuit.
• On the output port output voltage for a PV cell (𝑉𝑃𝑉) is obtained. The
single diode model output current equation (𝐼 𝑃𝑉) becomes
𝐼 𝑃ℎ=Photo current, 𝐼0= Reverse saturation current, 𝛼= Diode ideality factor
𝑅 𝑆= Series resistance,𝑅 𝑃=Parallel resistance, 𝑁𝑐= number of series or parallel
connected cell, 𝑉𝑡ℎ=
𝐾𝑇
𝑞
= thermal voltage, K= Boltzmann Constant, T=
Temperature coefficient, q= Electron charge, 𝐼 𝑑 = diode current
𝐼 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑃ℎ − 𝐼0[ exp
𝑉𝑃𝑉 + 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 𝑅 𝑆
𝛼𝑁𝑐 𝑉𝑡ℎ
− 1 −
𝑅 𝑃
6

SINGLE DIODE MODEL CONT.
• Single diode model takes into account different properties of solar cell. Such as ‘𝑅 𝑆’
accounts for voltage drops and internal losses .
• Due to the ﬂow of current, ‘𝑅 𝑃’ accounts for the leakage current to ground when diode is
reverse biased.
Demerits and Solutions:
• There is one disadvantage with single diode model i.e., it neglects recombination effect of
diode which makes it less accurate. Therefore, a double diode model come into picture
to account for the recombination effect and provide more accurate result than single
diode model.
7

DOUBLE DIODE MODEL
• In double diode model a current source is parallel to two diode (𝐷1, and 𝐷2)
, a shunt resistance (𝑅 𝑃) and a series resistance (𝑅 𝑠) is connected in the
circuit.
𝐼 𝑃ℎ=Photo current, 𝐼0= Reverse saturation current, 𝛼= Diode ideality factor
𝑅 𝑆= Series resistance,𝑅 𝑃=Parallel resistance, 𝑁𝑐= number of series or parallel
connected cell, 𝑉𝑡ℎ =
𝐾𝑇
𝑞
= thermal voltage, K= Boltzmann Constant, T=
Temperature coefficient, q= Electron charge, 𝐼 𝑑 = diode current
• On the output port output voltage for a PV cell (𝑉𝑃𝑉) is obtained. The single
diode model output current equation (𝐼 𝑃𝑉) becomes
𝐼 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑃ℎ − 𝐼01[ exp
− 1 − 𝐼02[ exp
− 1 −
𝑅 𝑃 8

DOUBLE DIODE MODEL CONT.
• The two diode model represents the photovoltaic cell more accurately than the single diode
models. Two new variables are introduced (𝐼02) and ( 𝛼2) and this increases the complexity
drastically.
• The single and two diode model show similar results at stc, but differ closer to 𝑉𝑜𝑐 and with
low irradiance phenomena and provide better accuracy for the IV curve.
• Double diode model is more complicated and more accurate than the single diode model. It
gives more physical credible value for the internal parameters which could reﬂate phenomena
occurring inside the solar wafer.
• According to the Figure of the model , the double diode equivalent circuit of a PV cell is a
current source in parallel with two diodes considering two lumped resistances which are the
shunt resistance and the series resistance. 9

SOLAR ARRAY PARAMETERS
• VOC = OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE: – This is the maximum voltage that the array provides when
the terminals are not connected to any load (an open circuit condition). This value is much
higher than Vmpp which relates to the operation of the PV array which is fixed by the load.
This value depends upon the number of PV panels connected together in series.
• ISC = SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT – The maximum current provided by the PV array when the
output connectors are shorted together (a short circuit condition). This value is much higher
than imp which relates to the normal operating circuit current.
• MPP = MAXIMUM POWER POINT – This relates to the point where the power supplied by the
array that is connected to the load (batteries, inverters) is at its maximum value, where MPP =
imp x vmp. The maximum power point of a photovoltaic array is measured in watts (W) or
peak watts (wp).
10

SOLAR ARRAY PARAMETERS CONT.
• FF = fill factor – The fill factor is the relationship between the maximum power that the
array can actually provide under normal operating conditions and the product of the
open-circuit voltage times the short-circuit current, ( Voc x Isc ) this fill factor value gives
an idea of the quality of the array and the closer the fill factor is to 1 (unity), the more
power the array can provide. Typical values are between 0.7 and 0.8.
• %Eff = percent efficiency – The efficiency of a photovoltaic array is the ratio between the
maximum electrical power that the array can produce compared to the amount of solar
irradiance hitting the array. The efficiency of a typical solar array is normally low at
around 10-12%, depending on the type of cells (monocrystalline, polycrystalline,
amorphous or thin film) being used.
11

SOLAR ARRAY PARAMETERS
• VOC = OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE: – This is the maximum voltage that the array provides when
the terminals are not connected to any load (an open circuit condition). This value is much
higher than Vmpp which relates to the operation of the PV array which is fixed by the load.
This value depends upon the number of PV panels connected together in series.
• ISC = SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT – The maximum current provided by the PV array when the
output connectors are shorted together (a short circuit condition). This value is much higher
than imp which relates to the normal operating circuit current.
• MPP = MAXIMUM POWER POINT – This relates to the point where the power supplied by the
array that is connected to the load (batteries, inverters) is at its maximum value, where MPP =
imp x vmp. The maximum power point of a photovoltaic array is measured in watts (W) or
peak watts (wp).
12

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS OR SOLAR MODULES
13

ROLE OF A BYPASS DIODE?
• The presence of the bypass diode limits the voltage across the bad solar cell in
its reverse bias to pass a certain current.
• The bypass diode conducts, thereby allowing the current from the good solar
cells to flow in the external circuit.
• The maximum reverse over voltage across the bad cell is reduced to about a
single diode drop so that larger voltage differences cannot arise in the reverse-
current direction across the cell, thus limiting the current and preventing over
heating due to less power being dissipated.
• Ideally, we would have a bypass diode for each individual PV cell, but in
practice there would be one bypass diode for a number of cells. 14

DIFFERENT DIODE TERMINOLOGY
• When the diodes are used to block the flow of electric current from
other parts of an electrical solar circuit, these types of silicon diodes are
generally called blocking diodes.
• Bypass diodes are used in parallel with either a single or a number of
photovoltaic solar cells to prevent the current(s) flowing from good, well-
exposed to sunlight PV cells overheating and burning out weak or
partially shaded PV cells by providing a current path around the bad cell.
• Difference between two diodes: Bypass diodes are usually connected in
“parallel” with a PV cell or panel to shunt the current around it, whereas
blocking diodes are connected in “series” with the PV panels to prevent
current flowing back into them. Blocking diodes are therefore different
then bypass diodes although in most cases the diode is physically the
same, but they are installed differently and serve a different purpose. 15

I-V AND P-V CHARACTERISTICS
• A PV module can be modelled as a current source that is depended on
the solar irradiance and temperature.
• The complex relationship between the temperature and irradiance results
in a non-linear current-voltage characteristics.
• A typical I-V and P-V curve for the variations of irradiance and
temperature.
• The MPP is not a fixed point; it fluctuates continuously as the
temperature or the irradiance does.
• Due to this dynamics, the controller needs to track the MPP by
updating the duty cycle of the converter to every control sample.
• A quicker response of the from the controller ( to match the MPP) will
result in better extraction of the PV energy and vice versa.
16

IMPORTANCE BATTERY
• The cell is the basic electrochemical unit in a battery, consisting of a set of
positive and negative plates divided
• By separators, immersed in an electrolyte solution andenclosed in a case.
• Nominal cell voltage is 2.1 V for lead acid battery.
• Primary function of battery in PV system:
1. Energy storage and autonomy
2. Voltage and current stabilization
3. Supply surge current
17

BATTERY PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE
• Battery capacity (ah): it is the maximum charge storage capacity of a battery.
• Battery voltage (v): it is the terminal voltage of battery under no load
condition
• Depth of discharge (DoD): this is a measure of how much energy has been
withdraw from a battery.
• Battery life cycle: it is defined as number of complete charge-discharge cycle
that battery can perform before it nominal capacity fall below 80% of initial
value.
• FACTOR AFFECTING BATTERY PERFORMANCE
• Operating voltage range
• Magnitude of battery discharge current
• Battery temperature during discharge
• Choice of battery for particular application
18

IMPORTANCE OF CONVERTER
Topologies of DC-DC
Converter
Isolated
Type Converter
Fly-back Half bridge Full bridge
Non-isolated
Type converter
Buck-boost SEPIC CUK
19

BASICS OF CONVERTER
• It consist of switch which operate continuously to maintain output
voltage.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1
𝑇
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1
𝑇
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑛
0
+ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝑇
20

BUCK/ BOOST CONVERTER
• BUCK CONVERTER:
Used for step-down of DC voltage
Output voltage : 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝐷
• BOOST CONVERTER:
Used for step-up of DC voltage
Output voltage : 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
1 − 𝐷
∗ 𝐷
21

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
• Buck-boost converters make possible to efficiently convert a DC
voltage to either low or high voltage.
• It is useful for PV maximum power point tracking
• It can be obtained by cascade connection of buck and boost
converter
• Output voltage:
• The basic principle of the buck–boost operation
1. While in the on-state, the input voltage source is directly
connected to the inductor (L). This results in accumulating energy
in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to the output load.
2. While in the off-state, the inductor is connected to the output
load and capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C and R.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑉𝑠
1 − 𝐷
∗ 𝐷
22

WHAT IS MPPT TECHNIQUE?
• Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just Power point tracking (PPT)) is
a technique used commonly with wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems to maximize power
extraction under all conditions.
• MPPT stands for maximum power point tracking, and it relates to the solar cell itself. Each solar cell
has a point at which the current (I) and voltage (V) output from the cell result in the maximum power
output of the cell.
• The MPP voltage range denotes the voltage range of an inverter in which the MPP tracker of an inverter
can set the maximum power point in order to operate the PV modules at maximum power. MPP is the
abbreviation for maximum power point. This is the point at which the product of current and voltage is
at a maximum.
• Voltage at maximum power(Vmpp) is the voltage at which maximum power is available from a
photovoltaic module. Most solar panel manufacturers will specify the panel voltage at maximum
power (Vmpp). This voltage is typically around 70 – 80% of the panel's open circuit voltage (voc).
23

BASICS OF MPPT
• First, the current and voltage of the PV array are sensed by a current and voltage
sensors, respectively.
• These values are fed into the MPPT block that computes the MPP at that particular
sampling cycle.
• Once found, the MPPT block delivers the reference values for the current (i*) and
voltage (v*).
• These are the values that need to be matched by converter; in most case, only one
variable is selected (usually voltage). Then, the measured power value is compared with
the present value of MPP. If there is difference between the two, the duty (d) of the
converter is adjusted in an effort to reduce the difference.
• The control may be carried out by a pi or hysteresis controller.
• In certain cases, the duty cycle (d) is determined directly, i.e. Without PI controller.
Once the measured equals the reference values, the maximum power from the array is
extracted .
24

PERTURBATION AND OBSERVATION
(P&O) TECHNIQUE
• The P&O algorithm is shown at the right hand side of the
contained.
• The PV voltage and current are measured initially and the
corresponding power, P is calculated.
• When the operating voltage of PV array is perturbed in a
precise direction and dp/dv>0, the perturbation moves the
operating point towardthe MPP.
• This technique continues to perturb the PV array voltage in
the same direction.
• If dp/dv<0, then the operating point is moved away
from the MPP and the P&O method makes the
perturbation direction reversed. 25

(P&O) TECHNIQUE CONT.
• The step size is dependent on the slope of the power–voltage curve and is
shown in the right side of the contained.
• The slope is obtained using the following Eq.
• Where
𝑑𝑃(𝑛)
𝑑𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛)
is actual derivative of power and voltage of PV, 𝑃(𝑛) is
actual power, 𝑃(𝑛 − 1) is previous power, 𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛) is actual voltage and
𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛 − 1) is previous voltage.
• If 𝑉𝑝𝑣 < 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 the operating point slides towards left and when 𝑉𝑝𝑣 >
𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 the operating point slides towards right of the curve shown in the
right side of the contained, where 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 is voltage at maximum power
point.
𝑑𝑃(𝑛)
𝑑𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛)
=
𝑃(𝑛) − 𝑃(𝑛 − 1)
𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛) − 𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑛 − 1)
26

(P&O) TECHNIQUE CONT.
• The benefit of the P&O method is that it is easy to implement.
• The limitations of this method are less response speed, oscillation around the MPP in
steady state condition and tracking deviation from the maximum operating point under
fast changing environmental condition. The accurate perturbation size is important to
provide good performance in both steady state and dynamic response.
• To overcome the above mentioned drawbacks of P&O, different improved P&O methods
were proposed by various authors. The improved P&O methods are:
1. Fixed/adaptive P&O
2. Variable step size P&O
3. Multivariable P&O
4. Variable perturbation size adaptive P&O
5. PSO based P&O. 27

FIXED/ADAPTIVE P&O
• A reference signal was generated by a fixed perturb for outer
control loop. The perturb signal is either voltage or current
from PV array.
• This system operates according to the previous data.
• The drawback of fixed perturb is that the tracking is slower for
small perturb step whereas, tracking is quicker for large
perturb and hence oscillations were present.
• To overcome this difficulty modified fixed perturb is used.
• This method uses the duty ratio as the perturb step rather
than PV array current or voltage. As the selection of optimal
perturb step size is a challenging task, in most of the cases
the algorithm producesoscillations.
28

VERIABLE STEP SIZE P&O
• In this technique where duty cycle was adjusted according to
perturb size. In this technique the perturb changes the control
variables and compares the output PV power with the previous
perturb step.
• The change in duty cycle is obtained using the FollowingEq.
• where ∆𝑫 𝒌 is the change of duty ratio, α is the control
signal of the operating point movement towardMPP and β
is the sign of step dependent on perturbationdirection.
• This method operates under rapidly changing environment
and it achieves faster response.
∆𝐷 𝑘 = 𝛼𝛽(𝑃 𝑘 − 𝑃(𝑘 − 1))
29

MULTI VARIABLE P&O
• This method uses many perturb variables instead of one
variable. It is used to extract more power from PV.
• Initially this method works as a conventional P&O method to
track the MPP.
• If sign of perturb is changed, the conventional P&O cannot
support and the control is transferred to the multivariable
P&O for its operation.
• The system will manage the variables and perturbations
which lead to the best operating point in steady state
conditions.
• The drawback of the system is its complexity when compared
to conventionalmethod.
30

VARIABLE PERTURBATION SIZE
ADAPTIVE P&O
• This method is mainly used to track the maximum power under rapidly
changing condition. This method uses three algorithms:
Current perturbation, adaptive perturbation and variable perturbation as
shown in the right side of the contained.
• The current perturbation algorithm is used to boost up the tracking
performance by considering current as variable instead of voltage.
• The adaptive perturbation algorithm is used to make operating point near to
the MPP and follow the concept of a fractional short circuit current (Fscc)
method.
• It is mainly operated under rapidly changing irradiance. The variable
perturbation algorithm is mainly used to reduce the oscillation present
around MPP using a fine tuning method.
31

PSO BASEDP&O
• A combination of P&O and particle swarm
optimization (PSO) algorithms to track the MPP under
partial shading condition of the PV system is proposed.
• Initially the P&O algorithm is operating to track the
local maximum point (Lmp) and during partial shading
condition the PSO is used to track the global maximum
point (GP). The main drawback of PSO is its larger
iteration time.
• By combining P&O and PSO algorithm, the iteration
time has been reduced to track the MPP and also the
searching space of the PSO gets reduced.
32

INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE TECHNIQUE
• In this algorithm the PV array voltage gets modified based on the
instantaneous and Incremental Conductance value of PV module. As the
tracking of control variable is done rapidly it helps to overcome the
disadvantage of the P&O method which fails to track the peak control
variable under fast varying conditions.
• From the Figure, the PV characteristic equation is obtained as given Eq. (4).
• The slope of the PV array power curve is zero at the MPP, positive when the
operating point is on the left of MPP, and negative when the operating point
is on the right of MPP.
Buddhadeva Sahoo 33
33

𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒗
= 𝟎, 𝒂𝒕 𝑴𝑷𝑷 ,
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒗
> 𝟎, 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝑷𝑷 ,
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒗
< 𝟎, 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝑷𝑷 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅.
•
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒗
=
𝒅(𝑰𝒗)
𝒅𝒗
= 𝑰 +
𝒗𝒅(𝑰)
𝒅𝒗
=I+
∆𝑰
∆𝒗
• By analysing the above Eq. it is found that
•
∆𝑰
∆𝒗
= −
𝑰
𝑽
, at MPP
•
∆𝑰
∆𝒗
> −
𝑰
𝑽
, left of MPP
•
∆𝑰
∆𝒗
< −
𝑰
𝑽
, left of MPP
• The operating point tracks MPP by comparing the immediate Conductance (I/V) to the
incremental conductance (ΔI/ΔV) as explained in the below figure.
Buddhadeva Sahoo
34
34

• In this algorithm the PV array voltage gets modified based on the
instantaneous and Incremental Conductance value of PV module. As the
tracking of control variable is done rapidly it helps to overcome the
disadvantage of the P&O method which fails to track the peak control
variable under fast varying conditions.
• From the Figure, the PV characteristic equation is obtained as given Eq. (4).
• The slope of the PV array power curve is zero at the MPP, positive when the
operating point is on the left of MPP, and negative when the operating point
is on the right of MPP.
Buddhadeva Sahoo 35
35

Buddhadeva Sahoo 36
36

INTELLIGENT MPPT TECHNIQUES
• In addition to earlier described MPPT methodologies, many researchers used soft
computing techniques in the control unit of MPPT to track the MPP with fast response
and reduced fluctuation. The techniquesare described in the following subsections.
• Fuzzy logic control based MPPT
• Neural network based MPPT
• ANFIS based MPPT
• FL–GA based MPPT
37

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL BASED MPPT
• Fuzzy logic controller is operated using membership functions instead of mathematical
model. It consists of three stages: fuzzification, inference mechanism, rule base table look
up and defuzzification as shown in figure.
• During fuzzification the input variables are converted into linguistics variables according to
the chosen membership function. In the inference stage the linguistics variables gets
manipulated based on the rule base which defines the behavior of the controller.
• In the defuzzification stage the FLC output is converted to a numerical variable from the
linguistic variable using membership function. FLC based MPPT has two inputs and one
output.
• The inputs are tracking error (E) and change in error (ΔE), as given below
38

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL BASED MPPT Contd.
• where n is the sampling time, p(n) is the immediate power of PV system and v(n) is the
immediate voltage. The output variable is the duty ratio which acts as an input to the
converter. These fuzzy logic controllers offers fast convergence, handles non linearity and
works with in precise inputs. However, it provides approximated outputs based on trial and
error approach.
∆𝐸 𝑛 = 𝐸 𝑛 − 𝐸 𝑛 − 1
𝐸 𝑛 =
𝑃 𝑛 −𝑃(𝑛−1)
𝑉 𝑛 −𝑉(𝑛−1)
39

NEURAL NETWORK BASED MPPT
• The neural networks (NN) are becoming popular for system identification and non linear
system modeling applications. This technique is used to solve the difficult problems using
parameterapproximations.
• NN consists of three layers: input, hidden, and output layers as shown in Figure. The
input layer consists of two neurons which are fed by the voltage and current variables from
the PV system. The output is a duty cycle which is used to drive the converters operated at
or near the MPP.
• The hidden layer is used to propagate the input signals to the output layer based on the
transfer function applied on it. The determination of number of neurons in the hidden
layer is not identified completely. For optimal solution, the number of hidden neurons is
chosen based on trial and error combination. Also different architectures use different types
of transfer function.
40

NEURAL NETWORK BASED MPPT Contd.
• From the literature it has been identified that tangent sigmoidal function is used in hidden
layer and pure linear function is used at output layer.
• The advantage of NN based MPPT is that, the trained network can provide accurate
MPP without requiring more knowledge about the PV parameters.
41

ANFIS BASED MPPT
• The hybrid method with the combination of fuzzy logic and neural networks is referred
as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS).
• In this system, the NN algorithm is operatedbased on internal data training, while fuzzy
logic algorithm is operatedbased on external data.
• The tracking error (E) and change in error (∆𝑬) are fed as input to neural network and
the NN output will act as an input to fuzzy system.
• The fuzzy system provides duty cycle as the output which is used to operate converter in
and around the MPP.
42

FL–GA BASED MPPT
• A hybrid method is proposed which uses the combination of fuzzy logic and genetic
algorithm (FL–GA).
• The proper selectionof GA parameters,membership functions, and fuzzy inference
rules will lead to increase in MPPT efficiency.
• The FL–GA controller output duty cycle is used to track the maximum power point
during rapidly changing irradiance conditions.
43

GRID INTEGRATED PANEL EXAMPLE
44

GRID INTEGRATED PANEL EXAMPLE
Buddhadeva Sahoo 4545

CONCLUSION
• A number of MPPT methods used for PV system have been presented here
along with their advantages and disadvantages.
• The basic PV cell design is reported along with the need of MPPT algorithm
in PV systems. Also the MPPT methods have been broadly grouped into
categories as: Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance, Intelligent
MPPT and partial shading based MPPT methods.
• The study explores the efficiency of the techniques used in MPPT, its response
time and the feasibility of implementation. From the review the authors find
there is a large scope of improvement in the hybrid MPPT algorithms using
various other Soft Computing techniques and evolutionary algorithms which
may provide better efficiencythan the present systems 46

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
• Why MPPT Technique is required for Solar PV system .
• What is the role of converter during PV power generation.
• Discuss different types of perturb and observe based MPPT techniques.
• What is the role of battery in PV powergeneration
• Discuss the important parameters are necessary to focus during PV-grid integration.
• Discuss VI and PV characteristicsof solar panel
• Differentiate betweenP&O and I&C MPPT method.
• Discuss different parameters of PV array.
• Discuss different types of power quality standards.
47

REFERENCES
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "A new topology with the
repetitive controller of a reduced switch seven-level cascaded inverter for a solar pv-battery based
microgrid." Engineering science and technology, an international journal 21.4 (2018): 639-653.
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "Repetitive control and
cascaded multilevel inverter with integrated hybrid active filter capability for wind energy conversion
system." Engineering science and technology, an international journal 22.3 (2019): 811-826.
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "Artificial neural network-
based pi-controlled reduced switch cascaded multilevel inverter operation in wind energy conversion
system with solid-state transformer." Iranian journal of science and technology, transactions of
electrical engineering 43.4 (2019): 1053-1073.
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "Application of mathematical
morphology for power quality improvement in microgrid." International transactions on electrical
energy systems(2020): e12329.
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "A novel sensorless current
shaping control approach for SVPWM inverter with voltage disturbance rejection in a dc grid–based
wind power generation system." Wind energy (2020). 48

REFERENCES
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat rout. "Integration of wind power
generation through an enhanced instantaneous power theory." IET energy systems integration
(2020).
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat kumar rout. "A novel control strategy
based on hybrid instantaneous theory decoupled approach for PQ improvement in PV systems
with energy storage devices and cascaded multi-level inverter." Sādhanā 45.1 (2020): 1-13.
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat rout. “Fuzzy logic based hybrid active
filter for compensating harmonic and reactive power in distribution generation.” International
journal of power electronics (2019)
• Sahoo, buddhadeva, sangram keshari routray, and pravat rout. "A robust control approach for
the integration of dc-grid based wind energy conversion system." IET energy systems integration
(2020).
• Singh, bhim, kamal al-haddad, and ambrish chandra. "A review of active filters for power
quality improvement." IEEE transactions on industrial electronics 46.5 (1999): 960-971. 49

REFERENCES
• Kamarzaman, nur atharah, and chee wei tan. "A comprehensive review of maximum power point
tracking algorithms for photovoltaic systems." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 37 (2014):
585-598.
• Bhatnagar, pallavee, and R. K. Nema. "Maximum power point tracking control techniques: state-
of-the-art in photovoltaic applications." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 23 (2013): 224-241.
• Reisi, ali reza, mohammad hassan moradi, and shahriar jamasb. "Classification and comparison of
maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic system: A review." Renewable and
sustainable energy reviews 19 (2013): 433-443.
• Anurag, anup, et al. "A review of maximum power-point tracking techniques for photovoltaic
systems." International journal of sustainable energy 35.5 (2016): 478-501.
• Ram, J. Prasanth, T. Sudhakar babu, and N. Rajasekar. "A comprehensive review on solar PV
maximum power point tracking techniques." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 67 (2017):
826-847. 50

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