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Measles, Rubella, and Mumps EPIDEMIOLOGYpptx
- 1. MEASLES, RUBELLA, AND MUMPS DR H A L A B A S H I R H A S H M I
- 2. LAYOUT • Introduction • EPIDEMIOLOGY, •CLINICAL FEATURES • COMPLICATIONS • PREVENTION • Conclusion
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Contagious ViralDiseases • Measles, rubella, and mumps are highly contagious • Global distribution and significant public health impact • Clinical Features • Distinct symptoms for each disease • Common symptoms include fever and rash • Complications • Can lead to severe health issues • Potential for long-term effects • Prevention Strategies • Vaccination is key • Control Measures
- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MEASLES • MeaslesEndemicity and Epidemics • Endemic worldwide, causing epidemics when 40% of children are susceptible • Introduction into naive populations can infect over 90% of individuals • Prevalence in Different Regions • Rare in industrialized countries • Common in developing regions due to inadequate vaccine coverage • Challenges to Measles Elimination • Weak immunization systems • High infectivity • Inaccessible populations • Progress in Measles Control • WHO Targets and Strategic Plans
- 5. AGENT AND HOST FACTORS •Agent Characteristics • Measles virus is a single serotype RNA paramyxovirus • Highly infectious during prodromal and rash phases • Communicability spans approximately 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset • Infection confers lifelong immunity • Host Factors • Primarily affects children aged 6 months to 3 years in developing countries • Affects older children in developed countries • Immunity is lifelong after infection or vaccination • Malnutrition increases severity and mortality • Malnourished children excrete virus longer, increasing transmission risk
- 6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND TRANSMISSION • EnvironmentalFactors • Measles can spread year-round • Peaks in dry seasons in tropics • Peaks in winter in temperate climates • Indoor crowding increases spread • Higher population density lowers average age of infection • Poor socio-economic conditions contribute to spread • Transmission • Occurs via respiratory droplets • Possibly spreads through conjunctiva • Incubation period of about 10 days to fever onset • 14 days to rash appearance
- 7. PRODROMAL AND ERUPTIVE PHASES •Prodromal Stage • Occurs from day 10 to 14 post-infection • Symptoms include fever, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis • Koplik's spots on buccal mucosa are pathognomonic • Eruptive Phase • Dusky-red maculopapular rash starts behind ears • Rash spreads over 2-3 days, fades over weeks • Possible brownish discoloration as rash fades • Virus present in secretions and blood during early rash • Fever declines as rash appears
- 8. COMPLICATION OF MEASLES • CommonComplications • Diarrhea • Pneumonia, leading cause of measles deaths • Otitis media • Neurological Complications • Encephalitis • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), fatal within 1-3 years • Pregnancy Risks • Increased risk of spontaneous abortion • Premature delivery • No link to congenital abnormalities • Severe Cases
- 9. VACCINATION AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN • LiveAttenuated Vaccines • Safe and effective • Administered subcutaneously at 9 months • Early vaccination at 6 months during outbreaks • Induces both humoral and cellular immunity • Lasts likely for life • Vaccine Reactions • Mild reactions may occur • Severe adverse effects are rare • Contraindications • Vaccination Strategies • Immunoglobulin
- 10. CLINICAL FEATURES OF MEASLES •Post-Measles Stage • Weakness and weight loss • Increased susceptibility to secondary infections • Possible growth retardation • Prevention and Control • Outbreak Control • Isolation of cases for 7 days post-rash • Immunization of contacts within 2 days • Prompt vaccination at outbreak onset
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- 12. OVERVIEW OF RUBELLA • GeneralCharacteristics • Mild childhood infection • Low-grade fever • Lymphadenopathy • Maculopapular rash lasting about 3 days • Teratogenic Potential • Severe birth defects when contracted during early pregnancy • Causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) • Global Occurrence • Occurs worldwide • Epidemics every 6-8 years in non-immunized populations
- 13. AGENT AND HOST FACTORS •Agent Characteristics • RNA togavirus with a single antigenic type • Infection sources include clinical and subclinical cases • Infants with congenital rubella shed virus for months • Infectivity Period • Spans about a week before to a week after rash • Host Factors • Primarily affects children aged 3-10 years • Many adults remain susceptible, including women of childbearing age • About 40% susceptible in India
- 14. CLINICAL FEATURES OF RUBELLA •Asymptomatic Cases • 50-65% of cases show no symptoms • Symptomatic Cases • Mild prodrome • Postauricular and cervical lymphadenopathy • Rapidly spreading, discrete pink rash lasting about 3 days • Complications • Rare occurrences • May include arthralgia and encephalitis
- 15. CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME Intrauterine Infection • Leadsto Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) Major Symptoms • Deafness • Cardiac defects • Cataracts • Other developmental abnormalities Risk Factors • Highest during the first trimester (85% of cases) • Lower in the second trimester • Rare after 20 weeks gestation Viral Shedding in Infants
- 16. PREVENTION OF RUBELLA • LiveAttenuated Rubella Vaccines • RA 27/3 strain induces strong immunity • Administered subcutaneously • Often part of combined vaccines (MMR) • Vaccination Contraindications • Not recommended during pregnancy • Avoid pregnancy for three months post-vaccination • Immunization Strategies • Protect women of childbearing age • Interrupt transmission through childhood vaccination
- 17. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RUBELLA • TransmissionMethods • Via respiratory droplets • Via aerosols • Vertical Transmission • Causes CRS26
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- 19. OVERVIEW OF MUMPS •Acute Viral Disease • Characterized by non-suppurative swelling of parotid glands • Can involve other organs • Global Endemic • Epidemic peaks every 2-5 years • Immunity • Natural infection confers lifelong immunity
- 20. AGENT AND HOST FACTORS •Agent Characteristics • RNA virus of the paramyxoviridae family • Single serotype • Both clinical and subclinical cases contribute to transmission • Infectivity Period • Peaks just before and at parotitis onset • Lasts about 4-6 days before symptoms • Continues for a week after symptoms • Host Factors • Mostly affects children aged 5-9 years • More severe disease in adults • Immunity is lifelong after infection
- 21. CLINICAL FEATURES OF MUMPS •30-40% of mumps infections are asymptomatic Asymptomatic Cases • Painful swelling of parotid glands • Earache and constitutional symptoms Symptomatic Cases • Orchitis, common in post-pubertal males • Oophoritis and pancreatitis • Meningitis and encephalitis • Sensorineural deafness Complications • Increased spontaneous abortion in early pregnancy Mumps in Pregnancy
- 22. PREVENTION OF MUMPS • LiveAttenuated Mumps Vaccines • Effective for children over 1 year • Administered as part of MMR or quadrivalent vaccines • Vaccination Schedule • Second dose recommended before school entry • Vaccine Strains • Some strains not recommended due to low effectiveness • Vaccination Strategies • Aim for high coverage and catch-up immunization • Goal is disease control or elimination • Contraindications • Not recommended for pregnant women
- 23. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MUMPS • TransmissionMethods • Primarily through droplets • Direct contact
- 24. CONCLUSION Epidemiology ofMeasles, Rubella, and Mumps • Global distribution and incidence rates • Transmission methods and risk factors Clinical Course of the Diseases • Symptoms and progression of measles • Symptoms and progression of rubella • Symptoms and progression of mumps Complications Associated with the Diseases • Potential severe outcomes of measles • Potential severe outcomes of rubella • Potential severe outcomes of mumps Prevention Strategies
- 25. TASK • COMPLETE ALL Epidemiologyof Measles, Rubella, and Mumps • Global distribution and incidence rates • Transmission methods and risk factors Clinical Course of the Diseases • Symptoms and progression of measles • Symptoms and progression of rubella • Symptoms and progression of mumps Complications Associated with the Diseases • Potential severe outcomes of measles • Potential severe outcomes of rubella • Potential severe outcomes of mumps Prevention Strategies
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Editor's Notes
- #1 This presentation was automatically generated by PowerPoint Copilot based on content found in this document: https://1drv.ms/w/c/0477DCCF61C7370C/EUsyYWw-smVOkwNZRTb1gnkBJWiZxVa4W0tstZuiaJ-46Q?e=cahYDg AI-generated content may be incorrect.
- #2 Agenda * Overview of Measles, Rubella, and Mumps * Measles * Epidemiology of Measles * Agent and Host Factors * Environmental Factors and Transmission * Prodromal and Eruptive Phases * Complications of Measles * Vaccination and Immunoglobulin * Clinical Features of Measles * Rubella (German Measles) * Overview of Rubella * Agent and Host Factors * Clinical Features of Rubella * Congenital Rubella Syndrome * Prevention of Rubella * Epidemiology of Rubella * Mumps * Overview of Mumps * Agent and Host Factors * Clinical Features of Mumps * Prevention of Mumps * Epidemiology of Mumps * Summary and Importance of Vaccination Programs
- #3 Measles, rubella, and mumps are contagious viral diseases with significant public health impact. They have distinct clinical features and can lead to severe complications. Vaccination is crucial for prevention, and control measures include monitoring and rapid response to outbreaks. Original Content: Measles, rubella (German measles), and mumps are contagious viral diseases with global distribution, significant public health impact, and preventable through vaccination. This document provides a detailed overview of their epidemiology, clinical features, complications, prevention strategies, and control measures.
- #4 Measles remains a global health issue, especially in developing regions due to inadequate vaccine coverage. Challenges include weak immunization systems and high infectivity. However, progress has been made with large-scale vaccination campaigns. WHO targets aim for high vaccine coverage and reduced mortality. Original Content: Measles is endemic worldwide and tends to cause epidemics when about 40% of children are susceptible. Introduction into a naive population can infect over 90% of individuals. Despite rarity in industrialized countries, it remains common in developing regions, primarily due to inadequate vaccine coverage. Challenges to elimination include weak immunization systems, high infectivity, inaccessible populations, vaccine refusal, changing epidemiology with increased adolescent and adult transmission, and resource gaps. Significant progress includes large-scale vaccination campaigns in China and India adopting two-dose strategies. Since 2001, measles deaths have declined from 733,000 to 122,000 by 2012. WHO targets for 2015 aimed at high vaccine coverage, reduced incidence, and mortality reduction by 95% compared to 2000 levels. The 2012-2020 Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan emphasizes high population immunity, surveillance, outbreak preparedness, public confidence, and research1 2 .
- #5 Measles is caused by a highly infectious RNA paramyxovirus. It primarily affects young children, with lifelong immunity after infection or vaccination. Malnutrition increases severity and transmission risk. Original Content: Epidemiology of Measles Agent: Measles virus is a single serotype RNA paramyxovirus, highly infectious during prodromal and rash phases, with communicability spanning approximately 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset. Infection confers lifelong immunity3 4 . Host Factors: Primarily affects children aged 6 months to 3 years in developing countries and older children in developed countries. Immunity is lifelong after infection or vaccination. Malnutrition greatly increases severity and mortality, with malnourished children excreting virus longer, increasing transmission risk5 6.
- #6 Measles spreads year-round, peaking in dry seasons in the tropics and winter in temperate climates. Higher population density and poor socio-economic conditions lower the average age of infection. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets and possibly conjunctiva, with an incubation period of about 10 days to fever onset and 14 days to rash. Original Content: Environmental Factors: Measles can spread year-round but peaks in dry seasons in tropics and winter in temperate climates due to indoor crowding. Higher population density and poor socio-economic conditions lower the average age of infection7 8. Transmission: Occurs via respiratory droplets and possibly conjunctiva, with an incubation period of about 10 days to fever onset and 14 days to rash9 10.
- #7 Measles has two main phases: the prodromal stage and the eruptive phase. The prodromal stage includes fever, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, and Koplik's spots. The eruptive phase features a dusky-red rash that starts behind the ears, spreads, and fades over weeks, with possible brownish discoloration. Original Content: Eruptive Phase: Dusky-red maculopapular rash starts behind ears and spreads over 2-3 days, fading over weeks with possible brownish discoloration. Virus is present in secretions and blood during early rash, and fever declines as rash appears13 14. Prodromal Stage: Lasts from day 10 to 14 post-infection, characterized by fever, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, and Koplik's spots on buccal mucosa, which are pathognomonic11 12.
- #8 Measles can lead to complications like diarrhea, pneumonia, and otitis media. Severe neurological issues include encephalitis and SSPE. During pregnancy, it raises risks of abortion and premature delivery. Vitamin A is advised for severe cases to prevent eye issues. Original Content: Complications Common complications include diarrhea, pneumonia (the leading cause of measles deaths), and otitis media. Neurological complications such as encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are rarer but severe, with SSPE being fatal within 1-3 years after onset. Measles during pregnancy increases risks of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery but is not linked to congenital abnormalities. Vitamin A treatment is recommended in severe cases to prevent ocular complications16 17 .
- #9 Live attenuated vaccines are safe and effective, usually given subcutaneously at 9 months. Early vaccination at 6 months is possible during outbreaks but requires a second dose. Vaccines induce lifelong immunity. Mild reactions may occur, severe ones are rare. Contraindications include pregnancy and severe immunosuppression. Immunoglobulin is used for post-exposure prophylaxis within 3-4 days, but is less common now due to vaccine availability. Original Content: Vaccination: Live attenuated vaccines are safe and effective, usually administered subcutaneously at 9 months. Early vaccination (6 months) is possible during outbreaks but requires a second dose after 9 months. Vaccine induces both humoral and cellular immunity lasting likely for life. Mild vaccine reactions may occur, but severe adverse effects are rare. Contraindications include pregnancy and severe immunosuppression. Vaccination strategies include routine immunization and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs)18 19 . Immunoglobulin: Used for post-exposure prophylaxis within 3-4 days of exposure, now less common due to vaccine availability20.
- #10 Post-measles stage involves weakness, weight loss, and increased risk of secondary infections. Growth retardation may also occur. Prevention includes isolating cases for 7 days post-rash, immunizing contacts within 2 days, and prompt vaccination at outbreak onset. Original Content: Clinical Features Post-Measles Stage: Weakness, weight loss, increased susceptibility to secondary infections, and possible growth retardation15. Prevention and Control Outbreak Control: Isolation of cases for 7 days post-rash, immunization of contacts within 2 days, and prompt vaccination at outbreak onset21.
- #12 Rubella, also known as German Measles, is a mild childhood infection characterized by low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and a rash lasting about 3 days. It poses a significant risk during early pregnancy, leading to congenital rubella syndrome with severe birth defects. The disease is prevalent worldwide, with epidemics occurring every 6-8 years in non-immunized populations. Original Content: Rubella (German Measles) Rubella is a generally mild childhood infection with low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash lasting about 3 days. It is notable for its teratogenic potential when contracted during early pregnancy, causing congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) with severe birth defects. The disease occurs worldwide with epidemics every 6-8 years in non-immunized populations22 23.
- #13 Rubella is an RNA togavirus with a single antigenic type. It spreads through clinical and subclinical cases, with infants shedding the virus for months. Infectivity lasts about a week before and after the rash. It mainly affects children aged 3-10 years, with many adults, including women of childbearing age, remaining susceptible. In India, about 40% are susceptible. Original Content: Agent: RNA togavirus with a single antigenic type. Infection sources include clinical and subclinical cases, with infants with congenital rubella shedding virus for months. Infectivity spans about a week before to a week after rash24. Host Factors: Primarily affects children aged 3-10 years; many adults remain susceptible, including women of childbearing age, with about 40% susceptible in India25.
- #14 This condition is often asymptomatic in 50-65% of cases. When symptoms do appear, they include mild prodrome, lymphadenopathy, and a pink rash lasting about 3 days. Rare complications may include arthralgia and encephalitis. Original Content: Clinical Features Often asymptomatic (50-65%). When symptomatic, features include mild prodrome, postauricular and cervical lymphadenopathy, and a rapidly spreading, discrete pink rash lasting about 3 days. Complications are rare but may include arthralgia and encephalitis27.
- #15 Congenital Rubella Syndrome results from intrauterine infection, causing deafness, cardiac defects, cataracts, and other abnormalities. The risk is highest in the first trimester, lower in the second, and rare after 20 weeks. Infants may shed the virus for 12-18 months. Original Content: Congenital Rubella Syndrome CRS results from intrauterine infection, marked by deafness, cardiac defects, cataracts, and other developmental abnormalities. Risk is highest during the first trimester (85% of cases), lower in the second trimester, and rare after 20 weeks gestation. Viral shedding in infants may continue for 12-18 months post-birth28 29 .
- #16 Rubella vaccines, like the RA 27/3 strain, provide strong immunity and are often part of MMR vaccines. They are administered subcutaneously. Vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy, and women should avoid pregnancy for three months after vaccination. Immunization focuses on protecting women of childbearing age and childhood vaccination to interrupt transmission. Original Content: Prevention Live attenuated rubella vaccines, especially the RA 27/3 strain, induce strong immunity and are administered subcutaneously, typically as part of combined vaccines (MMR). Vaccination is contraindicated in pregnancy, and recipients are advised to avoid pregnancy for three months post-vaccination. Immunization strategies prioritize protecting women of childbearing age and interrupting transmission through childhood vaccination30 31 .
- #17 The epidemiology of the disease includes transmission through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Additionally, vertical transmission can lead to CRS26. Original Content: Epidemiology Transmission: Via respiratory droplets and aerosols, with vertical transmission causing CRS26.
- #19 Mumps is an acute viral disease causing swelling of the parotid glands and can affect other organs. It is globally endemic with epidemic peaks every 2-5 years. Natural infection provides lifelong immunity. Original Content: Mumps Mumps is an acute viral disease characterized by non-suppurative swelling of parotid glands and can involve other organs. It is endemic globally with epidemic peaks every 2-5 years. Natural infection confers lifelong immunity32 33.
- #20 The mumps virus is an RNA virus from the paramyxoviridae family. It has a single serotype and can be transmitted through both clinical and subclinical cases. Infectivity peaks around the onset of parotitis, lasting from 4-6 days before symptoms to a week after. It primarily affects children aged 5-9 years, with more severe cases in adults. Lifelong immunity follows infection. Original Content: Agent: RNA virus of the paramyxoviridae family with a single serotype. Both clinical and subclinical cases contribute to transmission. Infectivity peaks just before and at parotitis onset, lasting about 4-6 days before symptoms and a week after34. Host Factors: Mostly affects children aged 5-9 years, with more severe disease in adults. Immunity is lifelong after infection35.
- #21 Mumps infection can be asymptomatic in 30-40% of cases. Symptomatic cases involve painful parotid gland swelling, earache, and other symptoms. Complications include orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and deafness. Mumps in early pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion but has no known congenital malformations. Original Content: Clinical Features Mumps infection can be asymptomatic (30-40%). Symptomatic cases present with painful swelling of parotid glands, earache, and constitutional symptoms. Complications include orchitis (common in post-pubertal males), oophoritis, pancreatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural deafness. Mumps during early pregnancy is associated with increased spontaneous abortion but no known congenital malformations37 38 .
- #22 Live attenuated mumps vaccines are effective for children over 1 year and are often part of MMR or quadrivalent vaccines. A second dose is recommended before school entry. Some vaccine strains are less effective. Strategies aim for high coverage and catch-up immunization. Vaccination is not recommended for pregnant or immunocompromised individuals. Original Content: Prevention Live attenuated mumps vaccines (e.g., Jeryl-Lynn strain) are effective and recommended for children over 1 year, often administered as part of MMR or quadrivalent vaccines. A second dose is advised before school entry. Some vaccine strains are not recommended due to low effectiveness. Vaccination strategies aim for high coverage and catch-up immunization to achieve disease control or elimination. Vaccination is contraindicated in pregnancy and immunocompromised individuals39 40.
- #23 The epidemiology of this disease indicates that it is primarily transmitted through droplets and direct contact. Original Content: Epidemiology Transmission: Primarily droplet and direct contact36.
- #24 This overview covers the epidemiology, clinical course, complications, and prevention strategies for measles, rubella, and mumps. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination programs in controlling and potentially eradicating these diseases worldwide. Original Content: This comprehensive overview highlights the epidemiology, clinical course, complications, and prevention strategies for measles, rubella, and mumps, emphasizing the critical role of vaccination programs in controlling and potentially eradicating these infectious diseases worldwide1 22 .