Myanmar Press Council (Interim) Media Code of Conduct in English and Burmese

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jrefrmEkdifiHpme,fZif;aumifpD(,m,D)
Myanmar Press Council (Interim)
owif;rD'D,musihf0wf
Media Code of Conduct

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Myanmar Press Council (Interim) and Media Code of Conduct
Myanmar Press Council (Interim) was founded in September 17, 2012 at Chartrium
Hotel,Yangon with 29 founding members. The founding ceremony was officially
recognized by the presence of Union Minister of the Ministry of Information, HE.
UAung Kyi. During the day, the founding members voted to choose U Khin Maung
Aye as a Chairman, U Soe Thein (Maung Wun Tha) as Vice-Chairman, U Kyaw
Minn Swe as Secretary and Daw Nang Kalyar Win as Joint-Secretary. The future
action points were also discussed and decided by the 29 members of Interim Press
Council. (Note - U Ko Ko Gyi from the 88 Generations Peace and Open Society
refused to accept the Council’s position and voluntarily resigned in the beginning of
the founding day. Later on, the Vice-Chairman U Soe Thein passed away and his
position was later replaced by U Khin Maung Lay (Phoe Thaukkyar) until nowa-
days.Again, another Council member U Kyaw Zaw Naing deceased and the Council
has 26 acting members at the moment).
Since January 1, 2014, Myanmar Press Council (Interim) started to implement ‘the
Programme on the Developing Code of Conducts for Myanmar Journalists’ in close
collaboration with the International Media Support (IMS).According to the action
plan of the programme, Myanmar Press Council (Interim) initiated a series of
consultative workshops with the journalists nationwide, in order to properly consult
withthembeforefinalizingintotheNationalConsensusDocumentoftheMediaCode
of Conduct or Draft Journalists’Ethics.Altogether eight Consultative Workshops
wereorganizedineightmajorcities,Magway,Taunggyi,Mandalay,Monywa,Sittwe,
Bago, Pathein and Mawlamyine, in order that all States and Regions were reasonably
reflected. Based on the feedbacks and recommendations from these Consultative
Workshops, this Media Code of Conduct was developed and edited as a final version.
Myanmar Press Council (Interim)
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jrefrmowif;pmq&mrsm; owif;rD'D,musifh0wf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; pDrHudef;udk 2014
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atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJYygonf/
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Contents
- Introduction 5
- RightsofIndividualsandRoleofCouncil 7
- DutyofMediaOutlets 8
- The Programme Code 9
1. Accuracy,balanceandfairness 9
2. Politicsandelections 10
3. Leaked and restricted content and the protection of sources 11
4. Identificationandattributionofcontent 11
5. Privacyandthepublicinterest 12
6. Grief,bereavementanddistress 12
7. Harassment,pursuitandcovertrecording 12
8. Subterfuge 13
9. Interviews 14
10. Discrimination 15
11. Religion 15
12. Stronglanguage 16
13. Theinvolvementofchildren 16
14. Victimsofsexualcrimes 16
15. Portrayalofsexualconduct 17
16 Portrayalofviolenceinbroadcasting 17
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rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
- ed'gef; 5
- wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ykdifcGihfrsm;ESifh aumifpDtcef;u@ 7
- rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; 8
- rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qkdif&m usihf0wfrsm; 9
1/ wdusrI? bufrvkdufrIESifh rQwrI 9
2/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm; 10
3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowfowif; 11
tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh owif;&if;jrpfukd umuG,fjcif;
4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd 11
cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESihftrsKd;tpm;tvkduftnTef;jyKjcif;
5/ ukd,fa&;vGwfvyfcGihfESihf trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm; 12
6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuJGjcif;? aoqkH;jcif;ESihf ab;'ku©a&mufjcif; 12
7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,da`E´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf 12
&,ljcif;ESihf acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;
8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnhfpm;jcif; 13
9/ tifwmAsL;jcif; 14
10/ cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; 15
11/ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI 15
12/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;tokH;tEIef; 16
13/ uav;oli,frsm; 16
14/ vdifqkdif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif; cH&olrsm; 16
15/ vdifqkdif&m tjyKtrlrsm;ukd o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif; 17
16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTihfrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf 17
aoG;xGufoH,kdrIrsm;ukd wifjyjcif;
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17. Schedulingconsiderations,‘labelling’andon-airwarnings 17
inbroadcasting
18. Crimeandanti-socialbehaviour 18
19. Kidnappingandhi-jacking 18
20. Demonstrationsandcivilunrest 18
21. Relationswiththepoliceandotherauthorities 19
22. Paymentincriminalcases 19
23. Advertising,product-placementand‘undueprominence’ 19
24. Competitions 20
25. Personalinterestandinfluence 20
26. Financialjournalism 21
27. Other considerations of content and treatment for broadcasters 21
28. NOTES 22
1.Children 22
2. The Public Interest 22
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17/ ½kyfoHvTihftpDtpOfrsm; a&;qJGjcif;?tpDtpOfrsm; 17
acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh rxkwfvTihfrD BuKdwiftoday;aMunmjcif;
18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESihf zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm; 18
19/ jyefay;qJGjcif;ESihf tykdifpD;jcif; 18
20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESihf jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm; 18
21/ &JwyfzJGU? tjcm;tmPmykdif tzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESihf qufqHa&; 19
22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif; 19
23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnhfoGif;jyojcif;ESihf 19
aMumfjimr[kwfaom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuRHnTef;qkdjcif;
24/ NyKdifqkdifjcif; 20
25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESihfMoZmvTrf;rkd;rIrsm; 20
26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI 21
27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTihfolrsm;ESihfywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mykdif;ESihf 21
pDpOfwifqufrItykdif;wGif apmihfxdef;oihfonfrsm;
28/ rSwfcsuf 22
(1) uav;oli,f 22
(2) trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm; 22
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Myanmar Press Council
Media Code of Conduct
INTRODUCTION
ThisCodeofConducthasbeenadoptedbytheInterimMediaCouncilofMyanmar
as a statement of the standards to which all media outlets should abide. It takes as
itsstartingpointtherighttofreedomofexpressionasenshrinedinArticle19ofthe
1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states:
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;
this right includes the freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Thisrightisnot,however,onlyaboutfreedomtospeak:itisalsoabouttherightsof
readers,listenersandviewersandinvolvescertainresponsibilities.Irresponsibleor
unethicalconductputsmediafreedomsatrisk.Asaresult,themediahaveadutyto
maintainhighprofessionalstandards.Theresponsibilitiesofthemediainademocracy
includedutiesofaccuracyandbalance,fairnessandrespectforothers,andensuring
the right of people to receive information. This Code sets the standard for those
responsibilities,protectingtherightsoftheindividualandthepublic’srighttoknow,
as well as media freedom.
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vufcHem;axmifol tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tcsKdUaom wm0ef,lrIrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;
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ponfwdkYtwGuf pHEIef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
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Democracy is, critically, not about agreement: it is about how we handle
disagreement.Norisdemocracysimplytheruleofthemajority,althoughthewillof
the majority as expressed in elections is one of its essential elements. Democracy
rests on an environment in which, in the course of public debate, all voices are
properly and fairly represented and the interests and views of minorities are
safeguarded.ThisCodesupportsthisprincipleofdemocraticpluralismandtherole
ofthemediaingivingeffecttoit.
Whileresponsiblegovernments,politiciansandmediaworkersshouldsharea
common aim – the best interests of society – their roles are different. In a healthy
democratic society, the relationship between politicians and free media is likely,
quite properly, to be wary, questioning and sceptical, rather than close, cosy and
complimentary.ThisCodeenablesthemediatooperatefreelyandatarm’s-length
fromgovernmentandconfirmsthelegitimatedutyofthemediainademocracyof
disclosure in the public interest and the holding to account of public and private
institutionsandindividuals.
ThisCodesetsoutthestandardsadoptedbytheInterimMediaCouncilregarding
editorialmattersandmattersrelatingtothecontentofwhatispublishedorbroadcast
inthemedia(mediacontent).Itisthecornerstoneofthesystemofself-regulationto
which the Council is committed and thus contains a set of standards against which
toassesscomplaintsfromthepublicandothersaboutmediabehaviour.Itappliesto
media outlets – journals, newspapers, radio and television, as well as to online
content providers who voluntarily submit themselves to it – rather than individual
journalists,butitisofcourseindividualjournaliststhatmustensurerespectforit.It
appliestoallcategoriesofmediacontent,includingadvertisements.
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vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; jynfolrsm;tay: oufa&mufapaom vkyfudkifaqmif&GufrIrsm;tm;vHk;
owif;xkwfjyefay;a&;wdkYudkvnf; þvrf;ñTefu taxmuftul ay;rnfjzpfonf/
owif;rD'D,musifh0wfvrf;ñTefonf owif;wnf;jzwfrIESifh rD'D,mrsm;wGif yHkESdyf
xkwfvTifhonfh taMumif;t&mydkif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; aumifpDu vufcHusifhoHk;rnfh
pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk jy|mef;owfrSwfay;onf/ aumifpDonf rD'D,mavmu rdrdbmom
xdef;csKyf^xdef;n§drIpepfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0ef&Sd&m rD'D,mrsm; vkyfudkif
aqmif&GufrIESifh ywfoufNyD; uefYuGufwdkifMum;rIrsm;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf
þvrf;ñTefu pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk jy|mef;ay;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þusihf0wfvrf;ñTefonf
owif;pm? *sme,f? a&'D,dkESifh ½kyfjrifoHMum;rStp? aMumfjimtqHk; rD'D,myHkpHrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh
oufqdkiftusKH;0ifrI&Sdonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/
6

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This Code is published as a document in the public domain, accessible to all.
ThisCodeshouldbehonourednotonlyinaformalisticmannerbutinawaythat
giveseffecttoitsfullmeaning.Itshouldneitherbeinterpretedinanundulynarrow
mannerwhichrendersitineffectivenorsobroadlythatitunnecessarilyundermines
freedom of expression or publication in the public interest. It is in the nature of the
media that such a Code cannot provide a complete or final guide in all cases.
TheCouncilwillinterpretthisCodeinthelightofallthecircumstancesofany
case and so as best to give effect to its underlying principles. While the Council is
willingtogivegeneralguidancetomediaoutletsontheCode,itwillnotcommentin
advanceonindividualcontent(i.e.programmesorarticles).
RIGHTS OFINDIVIDUALSAND ROLE OFCOUNCIL
Anyindividualwhobelievesthatamediaoutlethasfailedtorespectthestandards
set out in this Code of Conduct may lodge a complaint with the Media Council.
Theymayalsopursueacomplaintdirectlywiththemediaoutlet.
TheMediaCouncilshallreviewcarefully,andinatimelyfashion,allcomplaints
that raise a serious issue as to a possible breach of this Code. It shall provide the
concerned media outlet with a copy of any such complaint, and provide both the
complainant and the concerned media outlet with an opportunity to make
representations.TheMediaCouncilshalldisseminatepubliclyandtransparentlya
statementofitsfindingsafterinvestigatinganycomplaint,whichshallindicatewhether
or not it has found a breach of the Code.
7

13
þowif;rD'D,musifh0wf vrf;ñTefonf trsm;jynfolESihf oufqdkifonfhtwGuf
rnfolrqdk Munfh½IavhvmEdkifap&rnf/
vrf;ñTefudk wnfqJOya'rsm;t& w&m;0if pnf;rsOf;pHEIef;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfvufcH
&rnfhtjyif vrf;nTef teuft"dyÜm,fudkvnf; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY zGifhqdktoHk;jyK&rnf/
þusihf0wfvrf;nTefrsm;udk usOf;ajrmif;pGm zGihfqdkjcif;ESihf tvGefus,fjyefYpGm zGifhqdkjcif;
wdkYaMumifh wpfoD;yk*¾v vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tm; tav;*½krjyKjcif;ESifh trsm;jynfol
tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymMum;cGifh? xkwfa0jzefYcsdcGifhrsm;tm; rvdktyfbJ
zdESdyfydwfyifjcif;rsm; rjzpfap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ owif;rD'D,mrsm; oabmobm0aMumifh
,ckusifh0wfvrf;nTefyg tcsufrsm;onf tjiif;yGm;rIudpötm;vHk;ESifhywfoufí NyD;jynfhpHkaom
vrf;ñTefrIjzpfrnf[k wpfxpfcs rrSwf,lEdkifay/
aumifpDonf tjiif;yGm;rIwdkif;wGif þusifh0wfvrf;ñTef tajccHrlrsm;udk taumif;qHk;
xif[yfap&eftwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&m&Sdaom tajctaetm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkoHk;oyf
pOf;pm;NyD;rS t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&rnf/ aumifpDonf þusihf0wfvrf;nTefESifh ywfoufNyD;
owif;rD'D,mXmersm;udk &Sif;vif;tMuHjyKrIrsm; ay;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; owif;rD'D,mrsm;
rnfonfh a&;om;? xkwfvTifhrIudkrQ wifBudKrSwfcsuf wpfpHkwpf&may;rnf r[kwfyg/
wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh aumifpD tcef;u@wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh aumifpD tcef;u@wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh aumifpD tcef;u@wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh aumifpD tcef;u@wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm; tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh aumifpD tcef;u@
rD'D,mXmewpfcku þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefwGif azmfjyxm;aom usifh0wfpHEIef;rsm;udk
vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif; r&Sd[k ,lqygu wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;onf rD'D,maumifpDxHodkY
ueYfuGufwdkifMum;Edkifonf/ odkYr[kwftqdkyg rD'D,mXmeodkYvnf; wdkuf½dkuf apm'uwuf
uefYuGufcsufudk ydkYEdkifonf/
þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefudk csKd;azmufonf[k ,lq&aom ta&;BuD; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf
wdkifwef;csufrsm;tm;vHk;udk aumifpDu *½kwpdkuf tcsdefudkuf avhvmoHk;oyfNyD; wdkifMum;
cH&ol rD'D,mXmeodkYvnf; wdkifMum;pm rdwåLay;ydkYrnfjzpfonf/ wdkifMum;olESifh twdkifcHrD'D,m
ESpfckpvHk;udkvnf; wdkifMum;rIESifh ywfoufNyD; udk,fpm;jyK&Sif;vif;&ef aumifpDu
tcGihfta&;rsm; ay;&rnf/ aumifpDonf wdkifMum;rIrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;NyD;aemuf usifh0wf
csKd;azmufjcif; &Sd ^r&Sd[laom ppfaq;awGU&Sdcsufudk trsm;jynfol od&Sd&ef yGifhvif;
jrifompGmjzifh xkwfjyefaMunm&rnf/
7

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Where the Media Council finds that there has been a breach of this Code, it shall
firstattempttonegotiateamutuallyacceptableresolutionbetweenthecomplainant
and the concerned media outlet. In terms of remedies, the Council may warn the
concernedmediaoutletandmayrequireittoundertakeoneormoreofthefollowing
actions:
· publish or broadcast a notice acknowledging that it has breached
the Code and how;
· apologisetothecomplainant;
· issueacorrectionoffactuallymistakenstatementsithadpreviously
published or broadcast;
· providearightofreplytothecomplainant;
· publishorbroadcastthedecisionoftheMediaCouncilfindinga
breach of the code in the concerned media outlet, with due
prominence,makingitclearthatitisadecisionoftheCouncil.
TheCouncilwillkeeptheCodeunderreviewandwill,fromtime-to-time,updateit
to reflect changing values and standards, after broad consultation with concerned
parties.
DUTYOFMEDIAOUTLETS
Itistheresponsibilityofmediaoutletsandtheireditorsandpublisherstoensurethat
this Code is implemented properly.They should take care to ensure it is observed
not only by all staff, whether or not they are journalists, but also by external actors
whocontributetotheircontent.Specifically,allmediaoutletsshouldensurethat:
Ø The content they publish or broadcast complies with the Code.
Ø Theyhaveadequatesystemsandproceduresinplacetofulfilthisrequirement.
8

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þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefcsufudk csKd;azmufonf[k azmfxkwfawGU&Sd&ygu aumifpDonf
yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh wdkifMum;olESifh wdkifMum;cH&ol rD'D,mXmewdkYtMum; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
vufcHEdkifrnfh oabmwlnDrI &&Sd&eftwGuf nd§EdIif;aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ xdkcsKd;azmufrIudk
ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf aumifpDu oufqdkif&m rD'D,mXmeudk owday;csuf xkwfjyefrnfhtjyif
atmufygwdkYteufrS wpfck odkYr[kwf trsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
(u) rD'D,mXmeonf þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefudk csKd;azmufaMumif;ESifh rnfokdYcsKd;azmufaMumif;
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;aom aMunmcsufxkwfjyefjcif; odkYr[kwf xkwfvTifhjcif;?
(c) rD'D,mXmetaejzifh epfemwdkifMum;oltm; 0efcsawmif;yefapjcif;?
(*) rD'D,mXmetm; ¤if;rSm;,Gif;jzefYcsdcJhaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnf
jyifqifay;onfh trSm;jyifqifcsuf xkwfjyefapjcif;?
(C) rD'D,mXmeudk wkHYjyefajz&Sif;&ef wkdifMum;olrsm;tm; tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;?
(i) rD'D,musifh0wfvrf;ñTefudk csKd;azmufaMumif; aumifpD ajz&Sif;qHk;jzwfcsufudk
oufqdkif&m rD'D,mXmewGif txift&Sm; xnfhoGif;yHkESdyfapjcif;ESifh xkwfvTifhapjcif;?
aumifpDonf þrD'D,musifh0wfrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfaeNyD;
ajymif;vJaeaom wefzdk;EIef;pHrsm;? pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifhtnD jyifqifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfygu
oufqdkifolrsm;ESifh us,fus,fjyefYjyefY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf jyifqifajymif;vJrnf jzpfonf/
rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rD'D,mXmersm; wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
rD'D,mXmersm;rS t,f'Dwmrsm;ESifh xkwfa0olrsm;onf þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefyg pHEIef;rsm;
tm;vHk;udk aumif;rGefpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ *sme,fvpfrsm;ESifh
rD'D,mXme&Sd tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;tjyif rD'D,mxkwfa0jzefYcsda&;wGif wpfpHkwpf&m
yg0ifywfoufaom jyifyyk*d¾Kvftm;vHk;udkvnf; þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefudk aumif;pGmem;vnf
oabmaygufaeap&ef aqmif&Gufay;xm;&rnf/ rD'D,mXmersm;onf txl;ojzifh atmufyg
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; &Sdaeonf/
(u) yHkESdyfazmfjyaom odkYr[kwf xkwfvTifhaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;onf
usifh0wfvrf;ñTefESifh udkufnDrI &Sd&rnf/
(c) xdkvdktyfcsufudk aumif;rGefpGm jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifrnfh pepfrsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;rsm; &Sdae&rnf/
8

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Ø Personnelinvolvedinproducing,acquiringandschedulingmediacontent,
including independent producers, are aware of and understand the Code.
Ø Thereisaprocedurewherebystaffandotherslistedabovecanseekguidance
on the Code from a senior editor at the media or a manager designated for
thispurpose.
Ø Theyhaveinplaceinternalproceduresfordealing,promptly,fullyandfairly,
withanycomplaintsfromreaders,listenersorviewers.Allcomplaintsmade
directly to a media outlet, and the outlet’s responses, must be retained by
the outlet for a year and made available to the Media Council on request.
Ø TheyfullyrespectanyremedialordermadebytheMediaCouncilbasedon
a decision that they have breached the Code and co-operate swiftly and
fullywiththeMediaCouncilintheresolutionofanycomplaints.
THE PROGRAMME CODE
1 Accuracy, balance and fairness
1.1 Mediaoutletshaveadutytobebalanced,impartialandfairinthetreatment
ofnewsandcurrentaffairs.Thisimpliesthatmediaoutletsreportandinterpret
news and current affairs honestly, and take care not publish or broadcast
content which is inaccurate or distorted, or which may mislead or confuse
readers, viewers or listeners.
1.2 Ifasignificantinaccurate,misleadingordistortedstatementispublishedor
broadcast, it should be corrected promptly, with due prominence and as
closeaspossibleintermsofplaceandtimetotheoriginalstatementand,if
appropriate,arightofreplyshouldbegiventoanyindividualororganisation
directlyaffectedbytheinaccuracy.
9

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(*) rD'D,mXmetwGif;rSjzpfap? jyifyrSjzpfap rD'D,mxkwfvkyfrI wpfckckudk xkwfa0jcif;?
&,ljcif;ESifh pDpOfjcif;wGif yg0ifoltm;vHk; þusifh0wfudk aumif;pGm em;vnf
oabmaygufNyD; jzpfae&rnf/
(C) txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom yk*¾dKvftm;vHk;onf usifh0wfvrf;ñTefESifh
ywfoufaom tMuHOmPfESifh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk tBuD;wef;t,f'Dwm odkYr[kwf
owfrSwf wm0efay;tyfxm;aom refae*smwpfOD;OD;xHrS &,lEdkif&ef
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk xm;&Sd&rnf/
(i) pmzwfol? em;qifolESifh ½Ipm;olrsm;xHrS a0zefwdkifMum;rIrsm; tm;vHk;udk
tcsdefrqdkif;bJ tjynfht0ESifh rQrQwwudkifwG,fajz&Sif;Edkifrnfh pepfwpfck
rD'D,mXmewkdif;wGif &Sd&efvdktyfonf/ rD'D,mXmeodkY ay;ydkYvmaom
wkdifMum;csufrsm;ESifh rD'D,mbufrS jyefvnfwkHYjyefajz&Sif;rIrsm; tm;vHk;udk
wpfESpfwdwd rSwfwrf;wif xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfNyD; aumifpDrS awmif;cHvmygu
xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk xkwfay;&rnf/
(p) wdkifMum;csufESifhywfoufonfh rD'D,maumifpD tNyD;owfajz&Sif;onfh
qHk;jzwfcsufudk rD'D,mXmersm;u tjynfht0 av;pm;vdkufem&rnf/
wdkifMum;csufudk ajz&Sif;onfh qHk;jzwfcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; rD'D,mXmersm;onf
aumifpDESifh tjynfht0? aESmifhaES;jcif; vHk;0r&SdbJ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnf/
rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;qdkif&m usifh0wfrsm;
1/ wdusrI? bufrvdkufrIESifh rQwrI1/ wdusrI? bufrvdkufrIESifh rQwrI1/ wdusrI? bufrvdkufrIESifh rQwrI1/ wdusrI? bufrvdkufrIESifh rQwrI1/ wdusrI? bufrvdkufrIESifh rQwrI
1.1? owif;rsm;? rsufarSmufjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; bufrvdkufbJ [efcsufnDnD
rQwpGm udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&rnf/ owif;ESifhrsufarSmufjzpfpOfrsm;tm; a&;om;wifjy
jcif;ESifh t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkjcif;udk ½dk;om;pGmaqmif&Guf&rnf/ rwdusaom? teufaumufvGJ
apaom? yHkzsufxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfvTifhjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
1.2? tu,fí rwdusaom? teufaumufvGJapaom? yHkzsufxm;aom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyrdyguvnf; tcsdefrqdkif;bJ jyifqifcsufxkwfjyef&rnf/ xdkodkY
jyifqifcsuf xkwfjyef&mwGifvnf; rlvazmfjycsufESifh teD;pyfqHk;ae&mwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm
tjrefqHk; jyifqifazmfjyay;&rnf/ xdkrwdusrIaMumifh xdcdkufEdkifaom vl^tzGJU tpnf;rsm;
tm;vHk;udkvnf; jyefvnfajz&Sif;wkHYjyef aqmif&GufcGifhay;&rnf/
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1.3 Broadcastersshouldnot‘editorialise’(thatis,expresspartisanviewswhich
may be taken as those of the broadcaster) while print media outlets should
limiteditorialisingtoexpliciteditorialcontent(i.e.thisshouldbeavoidedin
newsandcurrentaffairsreporting).
1.4 For content which appears in a regular pattern (i.e. a repeat broadcast or a
column in a newspaper), it is balance may be achieved across the series,
rather than in every individual programme or article. For other content,
balanceachievedoverareasonableperiodoftimeisacceptable.‘Authored’
content which presents an individual’s personal view should be clearly
identifiedassuch.
1.5 Mediaoutletsshouldreportfairlytheresultofanylegalactionbroughtagainst
themoranylegalorregulatoryjudgementmadeagainstthem.
2 Politics and elections
2.1 Mediaoutletsshouldaimtoreflectthediversityofpoliticalopinioninsociety
andtoenablefreeandopendebateonmattersofpublicconcern.Coverage
of the positions and views of political parties should broadly reflect their
representationinsociety,particularlyduringelectioncampaigns.
2.2 Content published or broadcast by or on behalf of political parties should
alwaysbeidentifiedassuch.
2.3 Mediaoutletsshouldnotallowactivepoliticians–includingindividualswho
have been elected or are running for an elected position or who are
employees or office bearers of political parties – to appear as newscasters,
interviewers or reporters in news programmes and, in other contexts, the
partyallegianceofactivepoliticiansshouldbeclearlyidentified.Thisobligation
isofparticularimportanceduringelections.
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1.3? ½kyf^oH xkwfvTifholrsm;onf rdrdtmabmfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xkwfvTifhrI rjyKoifh/
(ygwDpGJt,ltqrsm;udk xkwfvTifhol oabmxm;tjzpf ,lqapEdkifonfh tmabmfrsm;
rxnfh&/) yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;onf t,f'Dwmh tmabmfrsm;udk tuefYtowfjzifhom
aqmif&GufNyD; a&;oloabmxm;tjrifjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGmazmfjy&rnf/ owif;ESifh
rsufarSmufa&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;wGif a&;ol oabmxm;tjrifrsm; yg0ifjcif;udk
a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
1.4? a&;om;azmfjyxkwfvTifhavh&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wpfckcsif;pD^ tpDtpOfwpfckcsif;pDwGif
rQwrI&Sd&efxuf yHkrSefpOfqufrjywf azmfjyaomtpDtpOfrsm;^owif;rsm; (Oyrm- ½kyf^
oHvTifh tpDtpOfwpf&yf odkYr[kwf owif;pmwpfapmif yHkrSefu@ azmfjycsufwpf&yf)udk
jcHKiHkMunfhonfhhtcg rQw&efvdkonf/ tjcm;azmfjy^xkwfvTifhaomu@rsm;wGifvnf;
oifhavsmfaom tcsdefumvtwdkif;twm wpfcktwGif; jcHKMunfhygu rQwaeaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;ay;vQif vHkavmufonf/ pma&;q&m wpfoD;yk*¾v
tjrifudk xif[yfaom u@rsm;wGifvnf; pma&;oltmabmfomjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyay;&rnf/
1.5? rD'D,mXmersm;onf rdrdwkdYudk,fwkdif w&m;pGJjcif;cH&vQifyif xdkowif;udk rQwpGm
a&;om;xkwfvTifh&rnf/
2/ EdkifiHa&;ESifha&G;aumufyGJrsm;2/ EdkifiHa&;ESifha&G;aumufyGJrsm;2/ EdkifiHa&;ESifha&G;aumufyGJrsm;2/ EdkifiHa&;ESifha&G;aumufyGJrsm;2/ EdkifiHa&;ESifha&G;aumufyGJrsm;
2.1? rD'D,mXmersm;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rwluGJjym;pGm &Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;
t,ltqrsm;udk xif[yfazmfjyay;&rnfjzpfNyD; trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaom
udpö&yfrsm;udk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkEdkifap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ txl;ojzifh
a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fumvrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; &yfwnfcsufrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; t,l
tqrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; xdkygwDrsm; udk,fpm;jyKaqmif&GufaerIrsm;
xif[yfay:vGifap&ef us,fus,fjyefYjyefYazmfjyoifhonf/
2.2? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk,fwdkif odkYr[kwf ,if;wdkYudk,fpm; a&;om;xkwfvTifhaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; ygwDrsm; a&;om;xkwfvTifhcsufjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm
azmfjy&rnf/
2.3? EdkifiHa&;wGif vuf&Sdyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeolrsm; (a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ygwDwm0ef&Sdolrsm;)onf
owif;tpDtpOf xkwfvTifholrsm;? tifwmAsL;orm;rsm;ESifh owif;axmufrsm;tjzpf owif;
tpDtpOfrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyK&/ tjcm;aomu@rsm;wGif aqmif&Gufyguvnf;
,if;wdkY ygwDaemufcHrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyay;&rnf/
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3 Leaked and restricted content and the protection of sources
3.1 Wheremediaoutletsreceiveleakedofficialandothercontent,forexample
from politicians or civil servants, it is their professional duty to publish or
broadcast this content, where this is in the public interest and where they
are legally allowed to do so.This Code supports that duty.
3.2 Media outlets have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of
informationandtorespectconfidencesknowinglyandwillinglyacceptedin
the course of their work. This Code supports that obligation.
3.3 Incasesofnationalemergency,mediaoutletsmaywishtolimitdisclosure
of sensitive information in order to avoid danger to life (e.g. of armed-
servicespersonnelinwartime)ortopublicsafety.ThisCodesupportsmedia
outlets’righttomakesuchchoices.
3.4 Embargoesonthereleaseofcontentuntilacertaintimewhichareimposed
by the originator of that content (such as an embargo on a press release)
should be respected unless the originator makes the content public, after
whichmediaoutletsmayalsopublishorbroadcastit.
3.5 The laws of copyright and intellectual property should be observed,
recognising that these allow for extracts or quotations from works to be
carriedinthemediaaslongasattributionisgiven.
4 Identification and attribution of content
4.1 Media outlets should make a clear distinction between fact, comment and
speculation.Careshouldbetakenovertheuseofrecognisedmediafigures,
such as newscasters, in other programme contexts and especially in
advertisements.
4.2 Contentwhichhasbeenprovidedtomediaoutletsbygovernment,byother
officialsources,bycommercialconcerns,bycampaigningorganisationsor
bymembersofthepublicshould,subjecttotheobligationtoonconfidential
sources, be identified as such.
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3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh3/ aygufMum;vmaom taMumif;t&mrsm;? uefYowf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
owif;&if;jrpfudk umuG,fjcif;owif;&if;jrpfudk umuG,fjcif;owif;&if;jrpfudk umuG,fjcif;owif;&if;jrpfudk umuG,fjcif;owif;&if;jrpfudk umuG,fjcif;
3.1? rD'D,mXmewpfckonf aygufMum;vmaom Xmeqdkif&mESifh tjcm;owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; (Oyrm EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jynfolY0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tcsuftvufrsm;)ukd
trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaponf[k cdkifvHkygu vlod&SifMum; xkwfazmf&rnfh
ya&mfzuf&Sife,f wm0ef&Sdonf/ rD'D,musifh0wfu þwm0ef0wå&m;udk axmufcHonf/
3.2? rD'D,mXmersm;onf vQKdU0Suftyfaom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef
usifh0wft& wm0ef&SdNyD; rD'D,mvkyfief;pOfwpf&yfvHk;wGif xdkvQKdU0Sufcsufudk tod&Sd&Sd
av;pm;vdkufem&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkodkY umuG,fay;&ef wm0ef&SdrIudk þrD'D,musifh0wfu
axmufcHonf/
3.3? EdkifiHawmftqifh ta&;ay:tajctae usa&mufaomtcgrsm;wGif rD'D,mXmersm;
taejzifh touftEÅ&m,f&SdrI (Oyrm ppfumvtwGif; ppfa&;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk razmfjyjcif;)
odkYr[kwf jynfolvlxk touftdk;tdrfvHkjcHKa&;udk xdcdkufEdkifaom owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk razmfxkwfbJ uefYowfxm;Edkifonf/ rD'D,musifh0wfu rD'D,mrsm; xkdodkY rdrd
oabmtavsmuf a&G;cs,faqmif&GufrIudk todtrSwfjyKvufcHonf/
3.4? owif;xkwfjyef&ef tcsdefuefYowfxm;aom owif;rsm;udk vuf0,f&&Sd
xm;aomfvnf; rl&if;owif;xkwfjyefolu owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefa&mufrSom
xkwfjyef&rnf/
3.5? rlydkifcGifhOya'ESifh ÓPypönf;ydkifqdkifrI Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&rnf/
rlydkifcGifh&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rS aumufEkwfcsuf? udk;um;csufrsm;udkom rl&if;ydkif&SifodkY
ñTef;qdkNyD; xnfhoGif;azmfjycGifh&SdaMumif; od&Sd&rnf/
4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh4/ owif;rD'D,mwGifazmfjyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tñTef;jyKjcif;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tñTef;jyKjcif;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tñTef;jyKjcif;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tñTef;jyKjcif;trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tñTef;jyKjcif;
4.1? owif;rD'D,mXmersm;onf tcsuftvufrsm;? rSwfcsufpum;rsm;ESifh rSef;q
a[mudef;xkwfrIrsm;udk &Sif;vif;uGJjym;pGm azmfjy&rnf/ txl;ojzifh vlodrsm;aom owif;
aMunmolrsm;udk tjcm;aomtpDtpOfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;aMumfjimrsm;wGif toHk;jyKjcif;udk
owdjyKoifhonf/
4.2? owif;&if;jrpfudk vHkjcHKpGmxdef;odrf;&rnfqdkaom usihf0wfESifhrqefYusifvQif tpdk;&?
tjcm;w&m;0ifowif;&if;jrpfrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolrS
rD'D,mXmersm;odkY ay;ydkYvmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rnfonfht&if;tjrpfrS
&&Sdonfudk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxnfhoGif;&rnf/
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23
4.3 Where this is likely to play a positive role in the control or alleviation of
naturaldisasters,mediaoutletsmaywishtotransmitofficialannouncements,
instructions or advice; in this case, their nature and origin should be made
clear.
5 Privacy and the public interest
5.1 Thepublicationorbroadcastingofinformationabouttheprivateorfamily
lives of individuals without their consent is acceptable only where this is
justifiedinthepublicinterest.
5.2 Normally,consentshouldbeobtainedbeforearecordingorpictureistaken
of an individual in a private place, defined as a place where the individual
has a reasonable expectation of privacy. This is without prejudice to the
dissemination, in the public interest, of images of individuals where it is
impractical to obtain consent, for example in a crowded location. When
suchcontentisusedtoillustrateaspecificpoint,careshouldbetakennotto
associateanidentifiableindividualwithapotentiallydamagingimplication
(suchasamedicalstatisticoranextremepoliticalopinion).
6 Grief, bereavement and distress
6.1 Media workers should approach people in extreme distress or suffering
frompersonalgrieforshockwithsensitivityanddiscretion.Thisiswithout
prejudice to the right of media outlets to report on legal proceedings,
includinginvestigationsintocrimesandprocedurestakingplacebeforecourts
andotherbodieswiththepowertoimposelegallybindingremedies.
7 Harassment, pursuit and covert recording
7.1 Media outlets should not seek interviews or information by intimidation,
harassment or coercion.
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23
4.3? obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; usa&mufrIrsKd;uJhodkYaom tjzpfqdk;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí
rD'D,mrsm;taejzifh tjyKoabmaqmifaom tcef;u@wGifom &Sdoifhonf/ tpdk;&
w&m;0if aMunmcsufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;ESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk wpfqifhjzefYjzL;vdkygu
&if;jrpfESifh taMumif;t&mudk &Sif;vif;pGm xnfhoGif;azmfjy&rnf/
5/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;5/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;5/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;5/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;5/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;
5.1? trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufjzpfonf[k txift&Sm;jyEdkifvQif vlwpfOD;csif;ESifh
rdom;pkrsm; yk*¾vdub0qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ,if;wkdY oabmwl
cGifhjyKcsufrygbJ a&;om;azmfjyjcif; odkYr[kwf xkwfvTifhjcif;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
5.2? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; taejzifh udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdrnf[k aMumif;usKd;nDñGwfpGm
arQmfvifhEkdifaomae&mrsm;wGif vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; BudKwifcGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cHjcif;rjyKbJ
toH? AD'D,dkrSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh "mwfyHk½dkufjcif; rjyK&yg/ odkY&mwGif trsm;jynfol
tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfygu BudKwifcGifhjyKcsufawmif;cH&ef vufawGUwGif rjzpfEdkifaom
tajctaersm; (Oyrm - vltkyfMum;xJ)wGif cGifhjyKcsufrawmif;bJ rSwfwrf;wifEdkifonf/
xdk½kyfyHkrsm;udk taMumif;t&mwpf&yf ñTef;qdk&eftwGuf toHk;jyKaomtcgwGif
xif&Sm;olrsm;udk ¤if;wkYd *kPfoa&xdcdkufaprnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJazmfjyjcif;udk
owdjyK qifjcif&rnf/ (Oyrm-usef;rma&; csdKU,Gif;rIESifh tpGef;a&muf EkdifiHa&;
t,ltqqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ponf)
6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;? aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ab;'ku©a&mufjcif;6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;? aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ab;'ku©a&mufjcif;6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;? aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ab;'ku©a&mufjcif;6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;? aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ab;'ku©a&mufjcif;6/ 0rf;enf;aMuuGJjcif;? aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ab;'ku©a&mufjcif;
6.1? ab;'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;? 0rf;enf;aMuuGJaeolrsm;? yk*¾vxdcdkufemusifrIESifh
wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;rI MuHKawGYaeolrsm;udk csOf;uyf&mwGif pmemem;vnfrIESifh owdjyKqifjcif
&rnf/ odkYaomf owif;azmfjy&mwGif Oya'aMumif;&mjzpfpOfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHjcif; udpö&yfrsm;?
&mZ0wfrIrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf Oya't& twnfjzpfonfh
ajz&Sif;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ay;Edkifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk BudKwift[efY
twm; rjzpfap&/
7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,daÈ´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf&,ljcif;ESifh7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,daÈ´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf&,ljcif;ESifh7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,daÈ´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf&,ljcif;ESifh7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,daÈ´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf&,ljcif;ESifh7/ rSwfwrf;,l&mwGif um,daÈ´xdyg;jcif;? twif;tusyf&,ljcif;ESifh
acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;acsmif;ajrmif;&,ljcif;
7.1? yHkrSeftm;jzifh rD'D,mrsm;onf tifwmAsL;ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf rSwfwrf;rsm;
&,l&mwGif Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? rzG,fr&mjyKvkyfjcif;ESifh twif;tusyf zdtm;ay; aqmif&Gufjcif;
rjyK&/
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7.2 Mediaworkersshouldnot,unlessthisisjustifiedinthepublicinterest,use
deception,includingbyusingpeoplewhoareclosetotheindividualtoget
information from them orpersist in questioning, telephoning, pursuing or
photographingindividualsonceaskedtodesistorremainontheirproperty
when asked to leave, or follow people in these cases.
7.3 The use of covert technical recording tools, such as concealed cameras or
microphones,toobtaincovertrecordingsisnotlegitimateunlessthecontent
sogathered:isoflegitimatepublicinterest;isessentialtothecredibilityand
authorityofthepiece;andcouldnothavebeenobtainedorobtainedsafely
byanyotherlegitimatemeans;andthepracticehasbeenexplicitlyapproved
by a senior editor, provided that this latter requirement may be waived in
emergencysituations.
7.4 In set-up situations, such as ‘candid camera’ formats in television
entertainment,whereaspecificindividual’sbehaviourisrecordedwithout
theirknowledgeorpriorwarning,theirconsentshouldbesoughtbeforethe
contentistransmitted.Itsusewithouttheirpermissioncanbejustifiedonly
if this is necessary to make an important point of public interest, and this
should be approved at a senior editorial level.
7.5 Individualsshouldbetoldwhenatelephoneconversationisbeingrecorded
formediapurposes,exceptwhentheprovisionsforcovertrecordingapply.
8 Subterfuge
8.1 Media outlets should normally use straightforward means to obtain
information,identifyingthemselvesasjournalistsandtheirorganisation.The
useofafalseidentityorsimilartechniquesisjustifiedonlywheredisclosure
isinthepublicinterestandthecontentcouldnothavebeenobtainedbyany
othermeans.
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7.2? trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufjzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrmoufaojyEkdifjcif; r&Sdygu
vSnfhjzm;aomenf;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;? Oyrm um,uH&SifESifh eD;pyfaomolrsm;xH owif;
tvdkYiSm csOf;uyfjcif;? tajzr&rcsif; ar;cGef;ar;jref;jcif;? zkef;qufjcif;? aemufrS
vdkufjcif;wdkYwGif um,uH&Sifu jiif;qdkjcif; odkYr[kwf ydkifeuftwGif;rS xGufcGmoGm;&ef
awmif;qdkjcif; cH&NyD;aemuf qufvufaqmif&Gufjcif; rjyKvkyf&/ xdkodkYjzpfNyD;aemufwGifvnf;
xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;xHodkY xyfrHcsOf;uyfjcif; rjyKvkyfoifhay/
7.3? vQKdU0Sufuifr&mrsm;ESifh toHzrf;pufrsm;oHk;jcif;wdkY tygt0if vQdKU0Sufowif;
axmufvSrf;aom enf;ynmrsm;udk oHk;&mwGifvnf; xdkodkY&,laom tcsuftvufrSwfwrf;
onf trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;twGufjzpfaMumif; taotcsmoufaojyEdkifjcif;? owif;
w&m;0ifrIESifh cdkifvHkrSefuefrItwGuf tvGefta&;ygaom tcsuftvufjzpfjcif;? tjcm;aom
w&m;0ifenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh &&SdEdkif&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifjcif;paom tajctaersm;wGif tBuD;wef;
t,f'Dwmu wdus&Sif;vif;pGm oabmwlcGifhjyKrSom w&m;0ifaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif ta&;ay:tajctaersm;ü tBuD;wef;t,f'Dwm cGifhjyKcsufr,lbJ aqmif&GufEdkifjyD;
,if;odkYaqmif&Guf&aMumif;udk oufqkdif&mt,f'DwmxH vsifjrefpGm owif;ay;ydkY&rnf/
7.4? ½kyfoHowif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif tpDtpOfpwifr½dkuful;rD uifr&m prf;oyfwyfqifcsdefü
cGifhjyKcsufr,lbJ odkYr[kwf vltrsm; owdrrlrdbJ ½kduful;aomjzwfydkif;rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwf
vTifhrnfqdkygu cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHNyD;rS jyefvnfxkwfvTifh&rnf/ cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ xkwfvTifhrnf
qdkyguvnf; trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrm oufaojyEdkif&rnfhtjyif
tBuD;wef;t,f'Dwm oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufvnf; vdktyfonf/
7.5? tBuD;wef;t,f'Dwmu vQKdU0SuftoHzrf;&ef w&m;0if cGifhjyKaom tajctaersKd;rSty
w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fajymqdkrIrsm;udk toHzrf;,lrnfqdkygu owif;&if;jrpfrsm;xH BudKwif
today;&rnf/
8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnfhpm;jcif;8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnfhpm;jcif;8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnfhpm;jcif;8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnfhpm;jcif;8/ ta,mifaqmif? vSnfhpm;jcif;
8.1? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd &&Sd&eftwGuf rdrdrnfolrnf0gqdkonfESifh rnfonfh
tzGJUtpnf;udk udk,fpm;jyKaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyNyD; ½dk;ajzmifhpGm aqmif&Guf&rnf/
trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrmoufaojyEdkifNyD; tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
owif;&&SdEdkifjcif; r&Sdaom tajctaersKd;rSty trnfemr vSD;vTJajymqdkjcif;ESifh tjcm;
r½dk;ajzmifhaom enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;rjyK&/
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9 Interviews
9.1 Conventional interviews should be arranged, conducted and edited fairly
and honestly. Interviewees are entitled to know in advance the format and
subject(althoughnotnecessarilythedetailedcontent)oftheinterview,and
whether, for broadcasters, it will be live or recorded.
9.2 Ifaprospectiveintervieweeattemptstoimposeconditionsonaninterview
(forexamplebyrefusingtoappearwithotherinterviewees,byinsistingthat
thecontributionnotbeeditedorbydemandingalistofquestionsforvetting
inadvance),themediaoutletmaywithdrawtheinvitation.Anyconditions
which are accepted may be made clear to the audience.
9.3 Anyone has an absolute right to refuse to take part in a programme or
interview.Iftheydoso,theirrefusalshouldbedescribedtotheaudiencein
neutral terms (such as ‘declined our invitation’ or ‘was unavailable for
comment’).Themediaoutletmaypublishorbroadcasttheknownviewsof
a non-participant, provided this is done in a fair and balanced way.
9.4 The presentation and/or editing of an interview should not distort or
misrepresent the views of the interviewee, or suggest that he or she said
something he or she did not.
9.5 There should be sound public interest reasons for allowing an interviewee
to be presented anonymously.
9.6 ‘Doorstepping’, i.e. catching people unaware for an interview, should be
resorted to only when a direct approach has failed provided that where a
directapproachmightleadtothesuppressionofpublicinterestinformation
thisrequirementmaybewaived.
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9/ tifwmAsL;jcif;9/ tifwmAsL;jcif;9/ tifwmAsL;jcif;9/ tifwmAsL;jcif;9/ tifwmAsL;jcif;
9.1? orm;½dk;us tifwmAsL;rsm;udk pDpOfjcif;? ar;jref;jcif;ESifh wnf;jzwfjcif;wdkYudk
rQw? ½dk;ajzmifhpGm aqmif&Guf&rnf/ tifwmAsL; ajzqdkrnfholrsm;onfvnf; tifwmAsL;
tpDtpOfyHkpHESifh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk BudKwifodydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ (taMumif;t&m tao;pdwf
BudKwifajymxm;&ef rvdk/) ½kyfoHtifwmAsL; jzpfygu wdkuf½dkufxkwfvTifhrnf odkYr[kwf
rSwfwrf;wifrnfudk BudKwiftoday;xm;&rnf/
9.2? tu,fí tifwmAsL;cH&ef vsmxm;aomolu tifwmAsL;ESifhywfoufNyD;? vdkvm;
aomtcsufrsm; (tjcm;tifwmAsL;cH yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh twl,SOfwGJazmfjyjcif;udk BudKwifjiif;qdkjcif;?
wpfpHkwpf&m wnf;jzwfjcif;rjyK&ef awmif;qdkjcif;? ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fajzMum;&eftwGuf
BudKwifay;ydkY&ef awmif;qdkjcif;ponf)udk twif;tusyf awmif;qdkvmygu owif;rD'D,mXme
onf tifwmAsL;&ef urf;vSrf;csufudk ½kyfodrf;Ekdifonf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsmcJh
yguvnf; rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsmcJhaMumif; a&;om;xkwfvTifh&mwGif &Sif;vif;pGm
xnfhoGif;azmfjy&rnf/
9.3? rnfolrqdk rD'D,mtpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tifwmAsL;rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;udk jiif;qdk&ef
tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/ xdkodkYjiif;qdkaMumif;udkvnf; tjcm;t"dyÜm,fwpfpHkwpf&m oufa&mufjcif;
r&Sdaom toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifh rD'D,mwGif azmfjyEdkifonf/ (Oyrm-tifwmAsL; urf;vSrf;jcif;
udk jiif;qdkonf? rSwfcsufwpfpHkwpf&m ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg ponf)/ rD'D,mrsm;onf wdkuf½dkuf
tifwmAsL;xm;jcif; r&Sdolrsm; vlodxif&Sm; xkwfazmfajymMum;xm;NyD;jzpfaom rSwfcsuf
rsm;udk [efcsufnDrQwpGm xnfhoGif;azmfjyEdkifonf/
9.4? tifwmAsL;wifqufjcif;ESifh wnf;jzwfjcif;wdkYwGif tifwmAsL;ajzqdkol oabmxm;
&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk yHkzsufjcif; odkYr[kwf rrSefruef jyefvnfazmfjyjcif; rjyKvkyf&/
9.5? trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; cdkifvHkonfh taMumif;jycsufr&SdbJ tifwmAsL;
ajzqdkoludk trnfrazmfvdkoltjzpf ajzqdkcGifhrjyK&/
9.6? trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,l&mwGif
wdkuf½dkufcsOf;uyf&ef rjzpfEkdifjcif;? odkYr[kwf wdkuf½dkufcsOf;uyfygu taxmuftxm;
qHk;½IH;jcif;ESifh owif;xdefcsefjcif;wdkY jzpfEdkifaom tajctaersKd;rSty BudKwiftaMumif;rMum;bJ
a&Smifwcif tifwmAsL;ar;jref;jcif;udk a&SmifMuOf&rnf/
14

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10 Discrimination
10.1 Media outlets should avoid any discriminatory, derogatory or patronising
reference to people’s race, colour, religion, sex, sexual orientation or
preference,age,physicalormentaldisabilityorillness.
10.2 Thecharacteristicslistedabove(race,colour,etc.)shouldnotbeidentified
inmediacontentexceptwherethisisdirectlyrelevantoraddssignificantly
to readers’, listeners’ or viewers’ understanding. Particular care should be
takenregardingreferencestovulnerableminorities.
10.3 Mediaoutletsarefreetoreportandcommentonallmattersofpublicinterest,
but they should take care not to encourage or promote racial, ethnic or
sectarian hatred or discord, including by one-sided reporting on ethnic
tensions.
11 Religion
11.1 Mediaoutletsshouldrespectthespecialplacewhichreligionsarelikelyto
hold in the lives of their adherents. Sensitive and balanced treatment of
religiousthemesisparticularlyimportantinamulti-faithsocietylikeMyanmar,
and media outlets should be aware of the offence which can be caused to
believersbycasual,gratuitousandexpletivereferencestoreligiousfigures.
11.2 Religious programmes which are broadcast on television or radio should
notproselytiseorattempttoinfluencetheaudiencebypreyingontheirfears,
bymakingclaimsaboutindividualsorgroupswhichcannotbesubstantiated,
orbydenigratingthereligiousbeliefsofothers.
15

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10/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;10/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;10/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;10/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;10/ cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;
10.1? vlrsKd;? tom;ta&mif? udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI? vdif? vdifwdrf;ñTwfrI? touft&G,f?
udk,fum,ydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m roefpGrf;rI? emrusef;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;?
xdcdkufepfemapjcif;ESifh ESdrhfcsjcif; t"dyÜm,foufa&mufapaom rnfonfhtoHk;tEIef;? wifqufrI
rsKd;udkrQ rjyKvkyf&/
10.2? owif;wifjyrIwGif wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifjcif;? zwf½Iol? em;qif Munfh½Iolrsm;
taMumif;t&mtay: em;vnfrIudk xl;xl;uJuJ oufa&mufapjcif;&Sdaom tajctaersm;rSty
txuf(10.1)yg 0daoorsm;udk rD'D,mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rjyK&/ xdcdkufvG,faom
tkyfpkrsm;tm; txuf(10.1)yg 0daoo&nfñTef;csufrsm;jzifh wGJzufazmfjyrnfqkdygu
txl; *½kjyKoifhonf/
10.3? rD'D,mrsm;onf trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh qufpyfaom rnfonfhtaMumif;
t&mudkrqdk vGwfvyfpGm azmfjycGifhESifh a0zefoHk;oyfcGifh&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrsKd;a&;
y#dyu©rsm;ü bufwpfzufwnf;rS owif;a&;jcif;tygt0if vlrsKd;a&; odkYr[kwf tkyfpktcsif;csif;
trkef;w&m;rsm;ESifh oabmuGJvGJrIrsm;udk tm;ay;vIHYaqmfjcif; rjyKrdap&ef txl;owdjyK&rnf/
11/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI11/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI11/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI11/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI11/ udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI
11.1? rD'D,mrsm;onf udk;uG,f,HkMunfolrsm; oufqdkif&m bmomw&m;? t,l
toD;oD; ta&;ygrIudk aumif;pGmem;vnfav;pm;&rnf/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI
trsKd;pHkpGm &Sdaeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif bmoma&;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh
ywfoufNyD; em;vnfrI&Sd&SdESifh rQwaom a&;om;wifqufrIrsKd;rSm txl;ta&;wBuD; vdktyf
onf/ bmoma&;ESifhqdkifaom taMumif;t&m? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; r&nf&G,faom
trSm;rsm;? rvdktyfbJ wifpm;cdkif;EdIif;rIrsm;ESifh xdyg;rIrsm;onf udk;uG,f,HkMunfolrsm;udk
rnfodkYxdcdkufapmfum;rIrsm; jzpfaponfudk aumif;pGmem;vnf*½kjyK&rnf/
11.2? ½kyfoHESifh a&'D,dkrsm;wGif xkwfvTifhaom bmoma&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;onfvnf;
em,lolrsm;udk taMumufw&m;oHk;NyD; MoZmvTrf;&ef BudK;pm;jcif;? vufawGUoufaojy?
taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifaom obm0vGefwefcdk;xl;rsm;udk wpfOD;csif; odkYr[kwf
tkyfpkvdkuf&Ekdifrnf[k a<u;aMumf? a[majymjcif; odkYr[kwf tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;udk xdyg;?
ESdrfcsjcif;rsm; vHk;0r&Sdap&/
15

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12 Strong language
12.1 The gratuitous use of strong swearwords or obscene or blasphemous
language should be avoided. The dissemination of such terms is justified
onlywhereitisessentialtotheaudience’sunderstanding,includingbecause
it forms part of a direct quotation, or to the dramatic development of a
story.
13 The involvement of children
13.1 Children(seenotesfordefinition)shouldnotbeinterviewedintheabsence
of, or without the consent of, a parent or other adult responsible for the
child,unlessthisisjustifiedinthepublicinterest,includingbecausethechild
does not have a parent or guardian.
13.2 Children should not be approached or interviewed at school without the
permission of the headmaster or headmistress or concerned teacher.
13.3 The dissemination through the media without consent of content about a
child’s private life cannot be justified solely by the fame, prominence or
position of his or her parents.
13.4 Children should not be paid or otherwise compensated (for example by
giving a gift) to obtain content relating to the child’s welfare, and parents
and guardians should not be paid or otherwise compensated for content
abouttheirchildrenorwards,unlessthisisclearlyinthechild’sinterest.
14 Victims of sexual crimes
14.1 Victims of sexual crimes should not be identified, or content published or
broadcast from which their identity is likely to be inferred, and children
should not be identified where they are appearing as witnesses in sexual
offencecases,unlessthisispermittedbylawandcanalsobejustifiedinthe
publicinterest.
14.2 Reports of cases alleging sexual offences against a child may identify an
involvedadultbutmaynotidentifythechildorincludefactswhichimplya
closerelationshipbetweenanaccusedadultandachildvictim,unlessthisis
permitted by law and can also be justified in the public interest.
16

31
111112/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;toHk;tEIef;2/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;toHk;tEIef;2/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;toHk;tEIef;2/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;toHk;tEIef;2/ jyif;xefMurf;wrf;aom bmompum;toHk;tEIef;
12.1? ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom? npfnrf;aom? ,kwfnHhaom teuft"dyÜm,fxGufonfh
pum;vHk;rsm;tm; rvdktyfbJ oHk;pGJjcif;udk a&SmifMuOf&rnf/ pmzwfy&dowf odkYr[kwf
½kyfoHy&dowfrsm; em;vnfrIudk xl;uJpGm taxmuftyHh jzpfapaomtcgESifh
wdkuf½dkufajympum;wGif tpdwftydkif;taejzifh yg0ifaejcif; odkYr[kwf wifjyaeaom
Zmwfvrf; tESpfom&udk yHhydk;ulnDay;onf[k oufaojyEkdifaomtcgrsm;rSvGJí oHk;pGJjcif;
rjyK&/
13/ uav;oli,frsm;13/ uav;oli,frsm;13/ uav;oli,frsm;13/ uav;oli,frsm;13/ uav;oli,frsm;
13.1? uav;oli,frsm;udk rdb odkYr[kwf tkyfxdef;ol cGihfjyKcsufr&bJ odkYr[kwf
¤if;wdkY rsufarSmufr[kwfbJ tifwmAsL; rjyKvkyf&yg/ trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
txl;ta&;BuD;onfh tcgrsKd;rSvGJí odkYr[kwf uav;wGif rdba&m tkyfxdef;olyg
r&SdaomtcgrSvGJí þya&mfzuf&Sife,f usifh0wfvdktyfcsufudk a&SmifvTJjcif; rjyK&/
13.2? ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;^q&mrBuD; okdYr[kwf twef;ykdifq&m^rwpfOD;OD; cGifhjyKcsuf
r&bJ ausmif;y&d0kPftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;udk csOf;uyfjcif;? tifwmAsL;jcif; rjyK&yg/
13.3? uav;rdbrsm; xif&Sm;rI? vlodrsm;rIESifh &mxl;XmeEÅ&wdkYudk taMumif;jyKNyD;
uav;ukd,fa&;b0ESifh ywfoufonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjyjcif; rjyK&/
13.4? uav; b0ESifhqdkifaom taMumif;t&mrsm; azmfjy&eftwGuf uav;udk
tcaMu;aiGay;jcif; odkYr[kwf vufaqmifay;jcif;uJhodkYaom tjcm;rufvHk;rsm;ay;jcif;?
uav; odkYr[kwf tkyfxdef;cHtaMumif;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;udk tcaMu;aiG
ay;jcif; odkYr[kwf tjcm;rufvHk; wpfrsKd;rsKd;ay;jcif; rjyK&/
14/ vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;14/ vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;14/ vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;14/ vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;14/ vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;
14.1? vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;cH&aom "m;pmcHrsm;udk rnfolrnf0gazmfjyjcif;?
,if;wdkY rnfolrnf0gqdkonfudk od&SdEdkifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;azmfjyjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
Oya'aMumif;t& cGifhjyKcsuf&&SdNyD; trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;udkvnf; taxmuftyHHhay;
Edkifrnf[k oufaojyEdkifaom tcgrsKd;rSvGJí vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif oufaotjzpf
yg0ifaeaom uav;oli,frsm;udkvnf; rnfolrnf0g[k azmfjyjcif; rjyK&yg/
14.2? Oya'aMumif;t& cGifhjyKcsuf&&SdNyD; trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;udkvnf; taxmuf
tyHYay;Edkifrnf[k oufaojyEdkifaom tcgrsKd;rSvGJí uav;oli,frsm;ay: usL;vGefonf[k
pGyfpGJcH&aom vdifqdkif&m &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;udk rnfolrnf0g[k azmfjyjcif;
rjyK&/ t&G,fa&mufNyD; pGyfpGJcH&oludkrl azmfjyEdkifonf/ uav;ESifh pGyfpGJcH&olwdkYwGif
eD;uyfaom qufqHa&; &Sdyguvnf; azmfjyjcif; rjyK&yg/
16

33
15 Portrayal of sexual conduct
15.1 When reporting on or portraying sexual activity or conduct, media outlets
shouldbesensitivetothedangerofoffendingpublicdecencyorthefeelings
of the audience, especially before the watershed.
16 Portrayal of violence in broadcasting
16.1 Broadcasters should be able to justify the realistic portrayal of violence or
the threat of violence as being essential, in its content and intensity, to the
integrity of the programme. In other words, they should be able to show
that ‘sanitising’ or removing the violent content would undermine the
programme’scoherence,completenessand/orhonesty.Especialcareshould
be taken where there is a risk that portrayal of violence might fuel further
violence.
16.2 Detailed and/or prolonged depiction of violence should not be broadcast
through the media, particularly where the practices are capable of easy
imitation and involve articles or substances readily available to children,
suchasdomesticknivesorhouseholdchemicals.Similarrestrictionsapply
to the portrayal of suicide or attempted suicide.
17 Scheduling considerations, ‘labelling’ and on-air warnings in
broadcasting
17.1 Contentunsuitableforchildrenshouldnotbebroadcastattimeswhenlarge
numbers of children may be expected to be viewing or listening. The
‘watershed’timeafterwhichthisexpectationmaybeprogressivelyrelaxed
is 22:00. This provision also applies to trailers and promotions which are
broadcast before 22:00, regardless of when the actual programmes are to
be broadcast.
17

33
15/ vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;15/ vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;15/ vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;15/ vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;15/ vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;
15.1? vdifqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk wifjyjcif;? jyefvnf azmfjy
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif trsm;jynfol zwf½Iem;qifí tjrifrwifhw,fjcif;? Munfh½Iolrsm;
pdwfroufrom jzpfapjcif;rsm; rjzpfap&ef txl;owdjyK&rnf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyfjrifoHMum;
rsm;wGif Munfh½Ioltrsm;pk&Sdaeaom tcsdefrsm;twGif; xkwfvTifhjcif;rjyK&ef txl;owdjyK&rnf/
16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf aoG;xGufoH,dkrIrsm;udk16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf aoG;xGufoH,dkrIrsm;udk16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf aoG;xGufoH,dkrIrsm;udk16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf aoG;xGufoH,dkrIrsm;udk16/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESihf aoG;xGufoH,dkrIrsm;udk
wifjyjcif;wifjyjcif;wifjyjcif;wifjyjcif;wifjyjcif;
16.1? ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;onf tMurf;zufrIrsm; wu,fho½kyfrSef odkYr[kwf
Ncdrf;ajcmufrI (taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIrsm;)udk tpDtpOfwGif xnfhoGif;
wifjy&eftwGuf cdkifvHkaom taMumif;jycsufrsm; &Sd&rnf/ tpDtpOf NyD;jynfhpkHrI?
rSefuefrIESifh axmifhaphrIwdkYtwGuf vdktyfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ xdkodkY tao;pdwf
azmfjyjcif; rjyK&yg/ txl;ojzifh tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk o½kyfazmfwifjyjcif;u aemufqufwGJ
tMurf;zufrIrsm; jzpfay:ap&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifaom tajctaersm;udk txl;owdxm;&rnf/
16.2? tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk tao;pdwfyHkay:atmif azmfjyjcif;? tptqHk; o½kyfazmf
wifqufjcif;rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf/ txl;ojzifh azmfjyrnfhtMurf;zufrI yHkpHrsm;udk
tvG,fwul twkcdk;Ekdifaomtcg odkYr[kwf uav;oli,frsm; tvG,fwul vufvSrf;rDaom
rD;zdkacsmifoHk;"m;? tdrfoHk;"mwkypönf;rsm;paom ypönf;rsm;jzifh tMurf;zufrI usL;vGefaom
tcgrsKd;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/ tvm;wlyif rdrdudk,fudk tqHk;
pD&ifrIrsm;ESifh tqHk;pD&if&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udkvnf; tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif; rjyK&/
17/ ½kyfoHvTifh tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJjcif;? tpDtpOfrsm;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh17/ ½kyfoHvTifh tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJjcif;? tpDtpOfrsm;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh17/ ½kyfoHvTifh tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJjcif;? tpDtpOfrsm;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh17/ ½kyfoHvTifh tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJjcif;? tpDtpOfrsm;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh17/ ½kyfoHvTifh tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJjcif;? tpDtpOfrsm;acgif;pOfwyfjcif;ESifh
rxkwfvTifhrrxkwfvTifhrrxkwfvTifhrrxkwfvTifhrrxkwfvTifhrDDDDD BudKwiftoday;aMunmjcif;BudKwiftoday;aMunmjcif;BudKwiftoday;aMunmjcif;BudKwiftoday;aMunmjcif;BudKwiftoday;aMunmjcif;
17.1? uav;oli,frsm;ESifh roifhavsmfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk uav;oli,ftrsm;pk
Munfh½Icsdef? odkYr[kwf em;qifcsdef[k ,lq&aom tcsdefrsm;wGif xkwfvTifhjcif; rjyK&/
22;00 em&D aemufydkif; tcsdefrsm;wGifrl xdkuefYowfcsufudk avQmhaygh pOf;pm;avh&Sdonf/
jyornfh uefYowftpDtpOfESifh ywfoufaom erlemtydkif;rsm;ESifh jr§ifhwifa&;tpDtpOf
tydkif;rsm;udkvnf; 22;00 em&D rwdkifrDwGif jyojcif;rjyK&/
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17.2 Whereacquiredprogrammeshavebeengivenasuitabilityclassificationat
origin, this should be reviewed and edited for appropriateness in the
Myanmar context and then included in promotions and trailers and shown
beforeoratthebeginningoftransmissionoftheprogramme.Mediaoutlets
may also attach such classifications to their own programmes and to
unclassified acquired programmes. In all cases, an appropriate warning
shouldbebroadcastbeforeoratthebeginningofanyprogrammecontaining
contentwhichislikelytobedisturbingoroffensivetotheaveragevieweror
listener,orharmfultochildren,bearinginmindthenatureofthemediaoutlet,
thetimeoftransmissionandthelikelyaudience.
18 Crime and anti-social behaviour
18.1 Crimeandanti-socialbehaviour,especiallywhereitinvolvesviolence,should
not be glamorised or reported or portrayed in a manner which is likely to
encourageimitationorexperimentation.
18 .2 Relatives of people accused or convicted of crime should not normally be
identifiedunlessthisisdirectlyrelevant.
19 Kidnappingandhi-jacking
19.1 Noinformationshouldbepublishedorbroadcastwhichislikelytoendanger
lives in, or prejudice attempts to deal with, a kidnapping or a hi-jacking.
20 Demonstrations and civil unrest
20.1 Media outlets should be aware that media coverage can influence events
and that their presence at the scene of a demonstration or civil unrest may
be exploited by elements in the crowd.
18

35
17.2? jyornfhtpDtpOfrsm;wGif Munfh½Ioludk uefYowfonfh tMuHjyKcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;
&rnfhtjyif erlemtykdif;rsm;? tpDtpOf jr§ifhwifa&;aMumfjimrsm;ESifh xyfqifhxkwfvTifhrIrsm;wGifyg
xdkuefYowf owday;csufudk xnfhoGif;&rnf/ tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; jrefrmvlrItzGJUtpnf;ESifh
oifhavsmfjcif; &Sd ^r&Sd oHk;oyfwnf;jzwf&rnf/ rD'D,mtcGJrsm;rS jyornfh tpDtpOfrsm;
wGifvnf; uefYowfowday;csufrsm; xnfhoGif;&rnfjzpfNyD; trsKd;tpm; rcGJEdkifyguvnf;
trsKd;tpm; cGJrxm;[laom owday;csuf xnfhoGif;&rnf/ ysrf;rQ Munfh½Iem;qifolrsm;udk
pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfaponfh? ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;onf[k rSwf,lEdkifaponfh odkYr[kwf
uav;oli,frsm;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyo&mwGif ,if;tpDtpOfESifh
ywfoufaom uefYowfowday;csufudk tpDtpOf rpcifjzpfap? tpDtpOf tpwGifjzpfap
xnfhoGif;jyo&rnf/ xdkYtjyif rD'D,m oabmobm0? xkwfvTifhrnfhtcsdefESifh yHkrSef
Munfh½IEdkifacs&Sdonfh y&dowfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD;rS xkwfvTifhrIrsm;ESifh uefYowfcsuf
owday;rIrsm;ukd xkwfjyef&rnf/
18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;18/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;
18.1? &mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrIpHEIef;rsm;ESifh zDvmjzpfaom tjyKtrlrsm;ESihfywfoufí
twkcdk;jcif; odkYr[kwf prf;oyfjyKvkyfMunfhjcif;udk tm;ay;&ma&mufaom qGJaqmifrI jzpfaponfh
a&;om;wifqufrIrsm;? owif;ay;ydkYrIrsm;ESifh o½kyfazmfwifqufrIrsm; a&SmifMuOf&rnf/
18.2? owif;wifqufrItwGuf wdkuf½dkufqufpyf ywfoufaom tajctaersKd;rS
vGJí &mZ0wfrIjzifh pGyfpGJcH&aom odkYr[kwf jypfrIxif&Sm;aMumif; pD&ifcsufcsrSwfjcif;
cH&olrsm; rdom;pkESifh aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh rnfolrnf0g trnfwyfNyD;
azmfjyjcif; rjyK&/
19/ jyefay;qGJjcif;ESifh tydkifpD;jcif;19/ jyefay;qGJjcif;ESifh tydkifpD;jcif;19/ jyefay;qGJjcif;ESifh tydkifpD;jcif;19/ jyefay;qGJjcif;ESifh tydkifpD;jcif;19/ jyefay;qGJjcif;ESifh tydkifpD;jcif;
19.1? jyefay;qGJrIESifh tydkifpD;rIrsm;twGif; "m;pmcHrsm;udk touftEÅ&m,f xdcdkuf
apEdkifaom odkYr[kwf aphpyfn§dEdIif;jcif;udk vrf;aMumif;vGJapEkdifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
wifjyjcif; rjyK&/
20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm;20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm;20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm;20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm;20/ qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rNidrfoufrIrsm;
20.1? txufyg tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;&mwGif rD'D,mrsm; MoZmvTrf;rI BuD;rm;onfudk
*½kjyK&rnfjzpfjyD; rD'D,mrsm;a&muf&Sdaejcif;udk tcGifhaumif;,lEdkifaomolrsm;vnf;
vltkyfxJwGif &Sdaeonfudk owdxm;&rnf/
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20.2 Livecoverageofdemonstrationsanddisturbancesshouldbeplacedincontext
and should, where these incidents involve sensitive matters, such as race
relations, be balanced in nature.
21 Relations with the police and other authorities
21.1 Media workers should not appear to act as direct agents of the police or
otherauthoritiessincethiscouldcallintoquestiontheireditorialindependence
or put the safety of their staff at risk.
21.2 ThisCodesupportstheprinciplethatcontentwhichhasnotbeenpublished
orbroadcastshouldnotbereleasedtotheauthoritiesexceptwhererequired
by law, including in response to a court order.
22 Payment in criminal cases
22.1 Payments should not be made, directly or indirectly, to individuals who
have been convicted of or have confessed to crimes, or to their associates
orrelatives,forinformationrelatedtothosecrimes.
22.2 Nopaymentorofferofpaymentshouldbemade,directlyorindirectly,for
informationtoanypersonexpectedtobeawitnessincriminalproceedings
untiltheproceedingsarebroughttoafinalconclusionbywhatevermeans.
22.3 Paymentsofthiskindmayveryexceptionallybeallowedwherethisisjustified
inthepublicinterestandwherethecontentcannotbeobtainedbyanyother
means.
23 Advertising, product-placement and ‘undue prominence’
23.1 Advertisementsshouldbeclearlydistinguishedfromothermediacontent,
normallybyavisualdeviceorajingle.
19

37
20.2? qE´jyrIrsm;ESifh qlyltHk<urIrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf xkwfvTifhrnfqdkygu ,if;wdkY
aemufcHtaMumif;rsm;ESifhwuG xkwfvTifh&rnf/ txl;ojzifh vlrsKd;a&;udpörsm;uJhokYd txdt&S
rcHaom jyóem&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufygu owif;azmfjyyHkonf rQrQww&Sd&ef vdkonf/
21/ &JwyfzGJY? tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;21/ &JwyfzGJY? tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;21/ &JwyfzGJY? tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;21/ &JwyfzGJY? tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;21/ &JwyfzGJY? tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;
21.1? rD'D,mvkyfief; vkyfudkifolrsm;onf &JwyfzGJUESifh tjcm;tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
owif;ay;tjzpf aqmif&Gufjcif; rjyK&yg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf t,f'Dwmrsm; oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfrIESifh rD'D,mwm0efxrf;aqmifaeolrsm;twGuf tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEkdifajc&Sdaom
aMumifh jzpfonf/
21.2? w&m;½Hk;trdefYt& aqmif&Guf&aom tajctaersKd;rSvGJí yHkESdyfazmfjyjcif; odkYr[kwf
xkwfvTifhxm;jcif;r&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk vHkjcHKa&;tmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY vTJajymif;
ay;jcif; rjyK&/
22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif;22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif;22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif;22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif;22/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;wGif owif;0,f,ljcif;
22.1? &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefaMumif; pD&ifcsufusolrsm; odkYr[kwf ajzmifhcsufay;xm;olrsm;
odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkY vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap tcaMu;aiG
ay;í 0,f,ljcif; rjyK&/
22.2? &mZ0wftrItcif;rsm;wGif oufaojzpfEkdifaomolrsm;xHrS owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;ESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh trItqHk;owfpD&ifcsufcs rNyD;rcsif;
wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap 0,f,ljcif;? 0,f,l&ef urf;vSrf;jcif; rjyK&/
22.3? txl;>cif;csufjyKEdkifaom tajctaetcsKdUrSvGJí trsm;jynfoltusKd;twGuf
,if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vdktyfonf[k oufaojyEkdifNyD; tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh
&&efenf;vrf; r&SdaomtcgrsKd;rSty xdkodkY tcaMu;aiGay; 0,f,ljcif; rjyK&/
23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyojcif;ESifh aMumfjimr[kwfaom23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyojcif;ESifh aMumfjimr[kwfaom23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyojcif;ESifh aMumfjimr[kwfaom23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyojcif;ESifh aMumfjimr[kwfaom23/ aMumfjimjcif;? ukefypönf;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyojcif;ESifh aMumfjimr[kwfaom
tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuGßH ñTef;qdkjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuGßH ñTef;qdkjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuGßH ñTef;qdkjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuGßH ñTef;qdkjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tvGeftuGßH ñTef;qdkjcif;
23.1? aMumfjimrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom rD'D,mtcef;u@rsm;udk aumfvHcGJazmfjyjcif;?
wD;vHk;oHpOfwpfckjzifh trSwftom;jyKjcif;paom odomxif&Sm;onfh yHkpHwpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
tjriftm½Hk &Sif;vif;ap&ef cGJjcm;azmfjy&rnf/
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23.2 Advertising should normally be confined to paid-for advertising space or
time(‘commercialbreaks’).Productplacementwithinothermediacontent
in return for payment or other considerations is not acceptable. Where
referenceismadewithinprogrammesorarticlestocommercialproductsor
services, they should not be given greater prominence than is justified by
purelyeditorialconsiderations.
23.3 Advertising content should respect the principles of ‘legal, decent, honest
and truthful’.Advertisements should observe similar criteria to editorial
content in terms of taste, decency and social responsibility. It should not
disparage identifiable competitors or other products and any comparisons
should be based on facts which can be substantiated. Testimonials or
endorsements should be genuine and relate to the endorser’s personal
experience.
24 Competitions
24.1 Mediaoutletsshouldensurethat,asregardsmediacoverageofcompetitions,
thereisnocollusionbetweenthemediaoutletandcontestantswhichresults
in an advantage for any contestant over any other.
25 Personal interest and influence
25.1 People engaged in the media should not allow personal or family interests
toinfluencethemintheconductoftheirprofessionalduties.
25.2 They should not allow themselves to be influenced by any person through
anofferofpayment,giftorotheradvantage,orbyadvertisingorcommercial
considerations.
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39
23.2? aMumfjimrsm;udk yHkrSefowfrSwfay;avh&Sdonfh pmrsufESmae&mrsm;ESifh xkwfvTifhcsdef
rsm;rSvGJí usefae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;jcif;udk a&SmifMuOfoifhonf/ tjcm;aom rD'D,m
tcef;u@rsm;wGifvnf; ukefypönf;aMumfjimrsm; xnfhoGif;jcif;udk a&SmifMuOfoifhonf/
pD;yGm;jzpfxkwfvkyfa&mif;csaom ukefpnf? 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufívnf; tpDtpOftwGif;
ñTef;qdkwifjy&ef vdktyfygu t,f'Dwm vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk ausmfvGefjcif;r&SdbJ
tvGeftrif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmif tom;ay;azmfjyjcif; rjyK&/
23.3? aMumfjimaom ukefypönf;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;tm;vHk;onf w&m;0ifjcif;? aumif;rGef
qDavsmfjcif;? ½dk;ajzmifhjcif;ESifh t,HkMunfcHxdkufjcif;paom pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD jzpf&rnf/
y&dowfrsm; cHpm;&aom t&om? aumif;rGefjynfhpHkrIESifh vlrIwm0ef odrIqdkif&m aMumfjimrsm;
wGifvnf; t,f'DwmpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk tñTef;jyKoHk;pGJ&ef vdkonf/ tjcm;aom aps;uGuf
NydKifqdkifolrsm;ESifh xkwfukefrsm;tay:wGifvnf; uJh&JUjypfwifjcif;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
xdkYtjyif oufaotcdkiftvHk rjyEdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tm;udk;NyD; EdIif;,SOfazmfjyjcif;
rjyK&/ pD;yGm;jzpf ukefpnf? 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh oufaocHcsufrsm;? axmufcH
ajymqdkcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf tppftrSefjzpf&rnfhtjyif axmufcHol udk,fydkiftawGUtBuHK
tay:wGifom tajccHxm;&rnf/
24/ NydKifqdkifjcif;24/ NydKifqdkifjcif;24/ NydKifqdkifjcif;24/ NydKifqdkifjcif;24/ NydKifqdkifjcif;
24.1? rD'D,mXmersm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESihfywfoufaom ,SOfNydKifrIrsm;udk rQwpGm vTrf;jcHK
azmfjyoihfonf/ ,SOfNydKifolwpfOD;u tjcm;wpfOD;tay: tompD;&ap&ef rD'D,mESifh ,SOfjydKif
olrsm;tMum; ravsmfruef yl;aygif;BuHpnfrIrsKd; r&Sdap&/
25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh MoZmvTrf;rIrsm;25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh MoZmvTrf;rIrsm;25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh MoZmvTrf;rIrsm;25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh MoZmvTrf;rIrsm;25/ yk*¾vtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh MoZmvTrf;rIrsm;
25.1? owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rsm;wGif ya&mfzuf&Sife,f vkyfukdifaqmif&GufMuolrsm;onf
yk*¾v odkYr[kwf rdom;pk tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wkdYtay: MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif; cGifhrjyK&/
25.2? owif;rD'D,mvkyfief;rS ya&mfzuf&Sife,f aqmif&GufMuolrsm; udk,fwdkifuvnf;
tcaMu;aiG? wHpdk;vufaqmif? tusKd;cHpm;cGifh odkYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;aMumfjimrsm; xnfhoGif;rIESifh
tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;&v'frsm;udk tajccHNyD; MoZmvTrf;rdk;cHjcif; r&Sdap&efvnf; a&SmifMuOf
&rnf/
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26 Financialjournalism
26.1 Peopleengagedinthemediashouldnotusefinancialinformationreceived
intheirprofessionalcapacityfortheirownortheirfamilies’profit,orpassit
on to others, before it becomes publicly available.
26.2 Theyshouldnotcommentonfinancialholdingsinwhichtheyortheirfamilies
have an interest without disclosing that interest to their editor and, where
appropriate, to the audience.
26.3 Theyshouldnotbuyorsellfinancialholdingsaboutwhichtheyhavepublished
or broadcast recently or on which they are about to comment.
27 Other considerations of content and treatment for broadcasters
27.1 Subliminaltechniques(theuseofimagesand/orsoundsofveryshortduration,
of which the viewer or listener may not be consciously aware) should not
be used in any context. Care should also be taken over the use of strobe
lighteffects,whichcanaggravatecertainmedicalconditions.
27.2 If a programme features a hypnotist, he or she should not be shown
performing straight to camera. Demonstrations of exorcism or of occult
practicearenotpermittedinnewsandcurrentaffairsprogramming,except
wheretheyarethesubjectofalegitimateinvestigation.Otherprogrammes
containing such content should not be scheduled before the 22:00
‘watershed’.
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41
26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI26/ b@ma&;taMumif;t&mrsm; wifqufrI
26.1? owif;rD'D,mvkyfief; vkyfudkif&if; &&Sdaom b@ma&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk trsm;jynfolod&Sdatmif xkwfjyefjcif;rjyKrD rdrd odkYr[kwf rdom;pkyk*¾v tusKd;pD;yGm;
twGuf toHk;csjcif;? tjcm;olrsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfjcif; rjyK&/
26.2? rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif odkYr[kwf rdom;pk0ifrsm; ydkifqdkifywfoufrI&Sdaom b@maiG&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; owif;a&;om;rnfqdkygu xdkodkY qufpyfrI&SdaMumif;udk
t,f'DwmxHodkYjzpfap? vdktyfygu pmzwfy&dowfxHodkYjzpfap zGifh[today;&rnf/
26.3? owif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif ya&mfzuf&Sife,f aqmif&GufMuolrsm;onf qdkif&mrD'D,mwGif
rMumao;cifu owif;a&;om; xkwfvTifhazmfjyrI odkYr[kwf owif;cefYrSef; oHk;oyfcsuftjzpf
azmfjyrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh b@maiG&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; 0,f,ljcif;? a&mif;csjcif; rjyKoifh/
27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mydkif;ESifh pDpOfwifqufrI27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mydkif;ESifh pDpOfwifqufrI27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mydkif;ESifh pDpOfwifqufrI27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mydkif;ESifh pDpOfwifqufrI27/ ½kyfoHxkwfvTifholrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; taMumif;t&mydkif;ESifh pDpOfwifqufrI
tydkif;wGif apmifhxdef;oifhonfrsm;tydkif;wGif apmifhxdef;oifhonfrsm;tydkif;wGif apmifhxdef;oifhonfrsm;tydkif;wGif apmifhxdef;oifhonfrsm;tydkif;wGif apmifhxdef;oifhonfrsm;
27.1? Munfh½Iol em;qifolrsm; todpdwfudk ½IyfaxG;apEdkifonfh ½kyfyHkrsm;ESifh toHrsm;
toHk;jyKjcif;udk rnfonfhtpDtpOfwGifrQ toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ "mwfyHk? AD'D,dk vQyfjyuftvif;rsm;
onf vlYusef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapaomaMumifh txl;owdjyK oHk;pGJ&rnf/
27.2? tdyfarGUcsjcif;udk wifjyaom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tdyfarGUcsoltm; uifr&m
wnfhwnfhodkYMunfhNyD; aqmif&Gufjcif; rjyKap&/ rD'D,musifh0wfESifh Oya'aMumif;t&
pHkprf;azmfxkwfrIrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaom tajctaersKd;rSty tpdrf;o&JESifjcif;ESifh
tjcm; pkef;ua0arSmfqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;udk owif;ESifh rsufarSmufa&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;twGif;
xnfhoGif;jyojcif; rjyK&/ tjcm;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;rnfqdkyguvnf; 22;00 em&D
aemufydkif;tcsdefrsm;wGifom xnfhoGif;&rnf/
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28. NOTES
1.Children
Unless otherwise specified in this Code, children means individuals who are less
than 18 years old. People aged 18 and over are regarded as adults.
2. The Public Interest
AsindicatedinthisCode,insomecasesmediabehaviourwhichisotherwisein
breachofthisCodemaybejustifiedbyreferencetoanoverridingpublicinterest.In
such cases, the Council will undertake a balancing of the public interest and the
interestprotectedbytheCodestandard,toseewhichisdominant.Thelistoflegitimate
publicinterestsisnotclosed,butsomeleadingexamplesare:thedetection,exposure
or prevention of crime, corruption or serious impropriety; the protection of public
healthandsafety;preventingthepublicfrombeingmisledonanimportantmatter;
and satisfying an overriding public right to know. Revealing the private affairs of
publicfiguresislegitimatewherethisisrelevanttotheirperformancein,orfitness
for,theirpublicroles.
It may be noted that ‘in the public interest’ is not the same as ‘of interest to the
public’. Breach of this Code is not justified by mere curiosity. It is up to the media
outlettodemonstratethat,inallofthecircumstances,theirbehaviourwasjustified
byreferencetoalegitimateandoverridingpublicinterest.Incasesinvolvingchildren,
an exceptional public interest will be required to override the otherwise dominant
interestofthechild.
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43
28/ rSwfcsuf28/ rSwfcsuf28/ rSwfcsuf28/ rSwfcsuf28/ rSwfcsuf
1/ uav;oli,f1/ uav;oli,f1/ uav;oli,f1/ uav;oli,f1/ uav;oli,f
þowif;rD'D,musifh0wfvrf;ñTefwGif tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh jy|mef;xm;jcif;r&SdvQif touf
18 ESpf rjynfhao;oltm;vHk;udk uav;oli,fuav;oli,fuav;oli,fuav;oli,fuav;oli,f [k owfrSwfonf/ touf 18 ESpfESifh
txufudk t&G,fa&mufol[k owfrSwfonf/
2/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;2/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;2/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;2/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;2/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;
þowif;rD'D,musifh0wfvrf;ñTefwGif &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;csufrsm;tm; azmufzsufonf[k
owfrSwf,lqEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfaponf[k
ckdifvHkygu vufcH todtrSwfjyKEdkifonf/ þodkYaom tajctaersm;wGif aumifpDonf
trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh þvrf;ñTeft& umuG,f&ef &nfrSef;xm;aom
tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;tMum; csdefnd§oHk;oyfjyD; rnfonfhbufu tav;omonfudk qHk;jzwfrnf
jzpfonf/ trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;[k ac:qdkEdkifonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;pGm &Sdonfhteuf
&mZ0wfrI? t*wdvdkufpm;rI? qdk;&Gm;aom usifh0wfazmufzsufrIrsm;uJhodkY trIudpörsm;tm;
axmufvSrf;jcif;? azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh BudKwifumuG,fwm;qD;jcif;? trsm;jynfolusef;rma&;ESifh
vHkjcHKa&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;? trsm;jynfolwkdY a&vdkufvGJap&efBudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk
umuG,fwm;qD;jcif;ESifh trsm;jynfol owif;tcsuftvuf od&SdydkifcGifhudk jznfhqnf;
ay;jcif; ponfwkdYrSm xif&Sm;aomOyrmrsm; jzpfonf/ trsm;jynfolqdkif&m vkyfief;e,fy,f
wpfckckü xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olrsm; vkyfief;pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf;? usef;rma&;tajctae?
jynfolrsm;tMum;wGif&Sdaeaom ¤if;wdkY vuf&Sdtaetxm;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í a&;om;
azmfjyrIrsm;rSm w&m;0ifonf/
trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;qdkonfESifh trsm;jynfol pdwfyg0ifpm;rIwdkY rwlnDonfudk
owdjyKrdMu&rnf/ pyfpkvdkpdwf oufoufjzifh þusifh0wfvrf;ñTefyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk
rcsKd;azmuf&/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;onf rnfodkYaom tajctaersKd;wGifrqkd ¤if;wkdY
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rSefuefrQwaMumif;udk trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;tm; tajccHaMumif;ESifh
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Myanmar Press Council (Interim) Media Code of Conduct in English and Burmese

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Myanmar Press Council (Interim) Media Code of Conduct in English and Burmese