Methodology and types of methods

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English Language
Teaching
Methodology
Methodology Approach Method Curriculum/
Syllabus Technique

Principles of
Language
Learning
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The Grammar Translation
Method
(1) Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of
the target language.
(2) Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words.
(3) Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are
given.
(4) Grammar provides the rules for putting words together, and
instruction often focuses on the form
and inflection of words.

(5) Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early.
(6) Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated
as exercises in in grammatical
analysis.
(7) Often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected
sentences from the target language
into the mother tongue.
(8) Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.

Typical Techniques
(1) Translation of a Literary Passage
(Translating target language to native language)
(2) Reading Comprehension Questions
(Finding information in a passage, making inferences and relating
to personal experience)
(3) Antonyms/Synonyms
(Finding antonyms and synonyms for words or sets of words).

(4) Cognates
(Learning spelling/sound patterns that correspond between L1 and the
target language)
(5) Deductive Application of Rule
(Understanding grammar rules and their exceptions, then applying them to
new examples)
(6) Fill-in-the-blanks
(Filling in gaps in sentences with new words or items of a particular
grammar type).
(7) Memorization
(Memorizing vocabulary lists, grammatical rules and grammatical
paradigms)
(8) Use Words in Sentences
(Students create sentences to illustrate they know the meaning and use of
new words)
(9) Composition
(Students write about a topic using the target language)

The Direct Method
(1) Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the
target language.
(2) Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.
(3) Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully traded
progression organized around
question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and
students in small, intensive classes.

(4) Grammar is taught inductively.
(5) New teaching points are taught through modeling and
practice.
(6) Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration,
objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary
is taught by association of ideas.
(7) Both speech and listening comprehension are taught.
(8) Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.

Typical Techniques
1) Reading Aloud
(Reading sections of passages, plays or dialogues out loud)
(2) Question and Answer Exercise
(Asking questions in the target language and having students
answer in full sentences)
(3) Student Self-Correction
(Teacher facilitates opportunities for students to self correct
using follow-up questions, tone, etc)

4) Conversation Practice
(Teacher asks students and students ask students questions using the target
language)
(5) Fill-in-the-blank Exercise
(Items use target language only and inductive rather than explicit grammar rules)
(6) Dictation
(Teacher reads passage aloud various amount of times at various tempos, students
writing down
what they hear)
(7) Paragraph Writing
(Students write paragraphs in their own words using the target language and various
models)

The Audiolingual Method
New material is presented in dialogue form
There is a dependence on mimicry, memorizing of set phrases
and overlearning.
Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis
and taught one at a time
Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.
There is a little or no grammatical explanation. Grammar is taught by
inductive analogy rather than explanation.
Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context

The Audiolingual Method
There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.
Great importance is attached to pronunciation.
Very little use of the mother tongue by
teachers is permitted.
Successful responses are immediately reinforced.
There is great effort to get students to
produce error-free utterances.
There is a tendency to manipulate language
and disregard content.

Typical Techniques
1)Dialog Memorization
(Students memorize an opening dialog using mimicry and applied role-playing)
(2) Backward Build-up (Expansion Drill)
(Teacher breaks a line into several parts, students repeat each part starting at the
end of the
sentence and "expanding" backwards through the sentence, adding each part in
sequence)
(3) Repitition Drill
(Students repeat teacher's model as quickly and accurately as possible)
(4) Chain Drill
(Students ask and answer each other one-by-one in a circular chain around the
classroom )
(5) Single Slot Substitution Drill
• (Teacher states a line from the dialog, then uses a word or a phrase as a "cue"
that students, when
• repeating the line, must substitute into the sentence in the correct place)

(6) Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
(Same as the Single Slot drill, except that there are multiple cues to be substituted into the line)
(7) Transformation Drill
(Teacher provides a sentence that must be turned into something else, for example a question to be
turned into a statement, an active sentence to be turned into a negative statement, etc)
(8) Question-and-answer Drill
(Students should answer or ask questions very quickly)
(9) Use of Minimal Pairs
(Using contrastive analysis, teacher selects a pair of words that sound identical except for a single
sound that typically poses difficulty for the learners - students are to pronounce and differentiate the
two words)
(10) Complete the Dialogue
(Selected words are erased from a line in the dialog - students must find and insert)
(11) Grammar Games
(Various games designed to practice a grammar point in context, using lots of repetition)

Community Language
Learning
1) Students are to be considered as "learner-clients" and the teacher
as a "teacher-councelor".
(2) A relationship of mutual trust and support is considered essential
to the learning process.
(3) Students are permitted to use their native language, and are
provided with translations from the
teacher which they then attempt to apply.

4) Grammar and vocabulary are taught inductively.
(5) "Chunks" of target language produced by the students are recorded and
later listened to - they
are also transcribed with native language equivalents to become texts the
students work with.
(6) Students apply the target language independently and without translation
when they feel inclined/
confident enough to do so.
(7) Students are encouraged to express not only how they feel about the
language, but how they feel
about the learning process, to which the teacher expresses empathy and
understanding.
(8) A variety of activities can be included (for example, focusing on a particular
grammar or
pronunciation point, or creating new sentences based on the
recordings/transcripts).

Typical Techniques
(1) Tape Recording Student Conversation
(Students choose what they want to say, and their target
language production is recorded for later
listening/dissemination)
(2) Transcription
(Teacher produces a transcription of the tape-recorded
conversation with translations in the mother
language - this is then used for follow up activities or
analysis)

3) Reflection on Experience
(Teacher takes time during or after various activities to allow students to
express how they feel about
the language and the learning experience, and the teacher indicates
empathy/understanding)
(4) Reflective Listening
(Students listen to their own voices on the tape in a relaxed and reflective
environment)
(5) Human Computer
(Teacher is a "human computer" for the students to control - the teacher
stating anything in the
target language the student wants to practice, giving them the
opportunity to self correct)
(6) Small Group Tasks
(Students work in small groups to create new sentences using the
transcript, afterwards sharing
them with the rest of the class)

The Silent Way
Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates
rather
than remembers and repeats what is to be learnt.
Learning is facilitated by
accompanying (mediating) physical objects
Learning is facilitated by problem-solving
involving the material to be learned.

Typical Techniques
(1) Sound-Color Chart
(The teacher refers students to a color-coded wall chart
depicting individual sounds in the target
language - students use this to point out and build words
with correct pronunciation)
(2) Teacher's Silence
(Teacher is generally silent, only giving help when it is
absolutely necessary)
(3) Peer Correction
(Students encouraged to help each other in a cooperative
and not competitive spirit)

4) Rods
(Rods are used to trigger meaning, and to introduce or actively practice language. They can
symbolize whatever words are being taught and be manipulated directly or abstractly to create
sentences)
(5) Self-correction Gestures
(Teacher uses hands to indicate that something is incorrect or needs changing - eg. using fingers as
words then touching the finger/word that is in need of correction)
(6) Word Chart
(Words are depicted on charts, the sounds in each word corresponding in color to the Sound-Color
Chart described above - students use this to build sentences)
(7) Fidel Chart
(A chart that is color-coded according to the sound-color chart but includes the various English
spellings so that they can be directly related to actual sounds)
(8) Structured Feedback
(Students are invited to make observations about the day's lesson amd what they have learned)

Suggestopedia
(1) Learning is facilitated in an environment that is as comfortable as possible,
featuring soft
cushioned seating and dim lighting.
(2) "Peripheral" learning is encouraged through the presence in the learning
environment of posters
and decorations featuring the target language and various grammatical information.
(3) The teacher assumes a role of complete authority and control in the classroom.
(4) Self-perceived and psychological barriers to learners' potential to learn are
"desuggested".

(5) Students are encouraged to be child-like, take "mental trips with the teacher" and assume new
roles and names in the target language in order to become more "suggestible".
(6) Baroque music is played softly in the background to increase mental relaxation and potential to
take in and retain new material during the lesson.
(7) Students work from lengthy dialogs in the target language, with an accompanying translation into
the students' native language.
(8) Errors are tolerated, the emphasis being on content and not structure. Grammar and vocabulary
are presented and given treatment from the teacher, but not dwelt on.
(9) Homework is limited to students re-reading the dialog they are studying - once before they go to
sleep at night and once in the morning before they get up.
(10) Music, drama and "the Arts" are integrated into the learning process as often as possible.

Typical Techniques
(1) Classroom Set-up
(Emphasis is placed on creating a physical environment that does not "feel" like a
normal classroom,
and makes the students feel as relaxed and comfortable as possible)
(2) Peripheral Learning
(Students can absorb information "effortlessly" when it is perceived as part of the
environment, rather
than the material "to be attended to")
(3) Positive Suggestion
(Teachers appeal to students' consciousness and subconscious in order to better
orchestrate the
"suggestive" factors involved in the learning situation)
(4) Visualization
(Students are asked to close their eyes and visualize scenes and events, to help them
relax, facilitate
positive suggestion and encourage creativity from the students)

5) Choose a New Identity
(Students select a target language name and/or occupation that places them "inside" the language
language they are learning)
(6) Role-play
(Students pretend temporarily that they are somone else and perform a role using the target
language)
(7) First Concert
(Teacher does a slow, dramatic reading of the dialog synchronized in intonation with classical music)
(8) Second Concert
(Students put aside their scripts and the teacher reads at normal speed according to the content,
not
the accompanying pre-Classical or Baroque music - this typically ends the class for the day)
(9) Primary Activation
(Students "playfully" reread the target language out loud, as individuals or in groups)
(10) Secondary Activation
(Students engage in various activities designed to help the students learn the material and use it
more
spontaneously - activities include singing, dancing, dramatizations and games - "communicative
intent" and not "form" being the focus)

Total Physical Response
The teacher directs and students "act" in response – “The instructor is the director
of a stage play
in which the students are the actors“.
Listening and physical response skills are
emphasized over oral production.
The imperative mood is the most common language function employed,
even well into advanced levels. Interrogatives are also heavily used.
Humor is injected into the lessons to make
them more enjoyable for learners.
Students are not required to speak until they feel naturally
ready or confident enough to do so.
Grammar and vocabulary are emphasized
over other language areas.

Typical Techniques
Using Commands to Direct Behavior
(The use of commands requiring physical actions from
the students in response is the major teaching
technique)
Role Reversal
(Students direct the teacher and fellow learners)
Action Sequence
Teacher gives interconnected directions which create a sequence of actions [also called an
operation"] - as students progress in proficiency, more and more commands are added to the
action sequence

The Natural Approach
Preproduction –
Developing listening skills
Early Production – students struggle
with the language and make many errors
witch are corrected
Extending Production – promoting fluency
through a variety of activities

discussions
roleplays
games
activities
Group
work dialogues

The Communicative
Language Teaching
Approach

Basic Features of CLT
1) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.
(2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.
(3) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on the language but also
on
the learning process itself.
(4) An enhancement of the learner's own personal experiences as important contributing
elements to classroom learning.
(5) An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the
classroom.

The Communicative
Language Teaching
in Comparison
with
the Audiolingual Method

(1) CLT: Meaning is paramount.
ALM: Attends to structure and form
more than meaning.
(2) CLT: Dialogs, if used, center around
communicative functions and are not
normally memorized.
ALM: Demands more memorization of
structure-based dialogs.

(3) CLT: Contextualization is a basic premise.
ALM: Language items are not necessarily
contextualized.
(4) CLT: Language learning is learning to
communicate.
ALM: Language Learning is learning structures,
sounds or words.

(5) CLT: Effective communication is sought.
ALM: Mastery or "overlearning" is
sought.
(6) CLT: Drilling may occur, but
peripherially.
ALM: Drilling is a central technique.

(7) CLT: Comprehensible pronunciation is sought.
ALM: Native-speaker-like pronunciation is
sought.
(8) CLT: Any device which helps the learners is
accepted - varying according to their age,
interest, etc.
ALM: Grammatical explanation is avoided.

(9) CLT: Attempts to communicate may be
encouraged from the very beginning.
ALM: Communicative activities only come after a
long process of rigid drills and exrecises.
(10) CLT: Judicious use of native language is
accepted where feasible.
ALM: The use of the students' native language
is forbidden.

(11) CLT: Translation may be used where
students need or benefit from it.
ALM: Translation is forbidden at early
levels.
(12) CLT: Reading and writing can start from
the first day, if desired.
ALM: Reading and writing are deferred
until speech is mastered.

13) CLT: The target linguistic system will be
learned best through the process of struggling to
communicate.
ALM: The target linguistic system will be
learned through the overt teaching of the
patterns of
the system.
(14) CLT: Communicative competence is the
desired goal.
ALM: Linguistic competence is the desired
goal.

(15) CLT: Linguistic variation is a central concept in materials
and methods.
ALM: Varieties of language are recognized but not
emphasized.
(16) CLT: Sequencing is determined by any consideration of
content function, or meaning which
maintains interest.
ALM: The sequence of units is determined solely on
principles of linguistic complexity.

(17) CLT: Teachers help learners in any way that motivates
them to work with the language.
ALM: The teacher controls the learners and prevents
them from doing anything that conflicts with
the theory.
(18) CLT: Language is created by the individual often through
trial and error.
ALM: "Language is habit" so error must be prevented at
all costs.

(19) CLT: Fluency and acceptable language is the primary goal:
accuracy is judged not in the
abstract but in context.
ALM: Accuracy, in terms of formal correctness, is a primary
goal.
(20) CLT: Students are expected to interact with other people,
either in the flesh, through pair and
group work, or in their writings.
ALM: Students are expected to interact with the language
system, embodied in machines or
controlled materials.

(21) CLT: The teacher cannot know exactly what
language the students will use.
ALM: The teacher is expected to specify the
language that students are to use.
(22) CLT: Intrinsic motivation will spring from an
interest in what is being communicated by the
language.
ALM: Intrinsic motivation will spring from an
interest in the structure of the language.

Types of Learning
Associated with
The CLT
Approach
Interactive
learning
Learner-centered
Learning
Cooperative
Learning
Content-based
Learning
Task-based
Learning

The PPP Approach
to Communicative
Language
teaching
Presentation Practice Production

• -> Be a risk-taker and see errors as an essential,
positive part of the learning process;
• -> See peers (ie, your fellow teachers) as sources
of learning, who may or may not be "right";
• -> See learning as a cooperative and collaberative
exercise, not a competitive one;
• -> Try to take responsibility for your own learning,
set your own goals and develop strategies to
achieve them.

Methodology and types of methods

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