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Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manures
- 1. Methods of preparationof bulky and concentrated manures - Composting techniques - Aerobic and anaerobic (Bangalore & Coimbatore method) enriched FYM and vermicompost K. Maheshwaran, Asst. Prof. (SS&AC) Sethu Bhaskara Agricultural College & Research Foundation SAC 301 Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management (2+1)
- 5. Bulky Organic Manures Farmyard manures It is an agricultural by product. It is the well decomposed mixture of dung, urine, litter and left over feed materials Preparation of FYM The following method has been recommended by C.N. Acharya for preparing good quality of FYM and to avoid high nutrient loss Composting technology…
- 6. Trenches ofsuitable size, say 20-25' Length, 5-6' Breadth and 3-3.5' Depth Every morning the urine absorbed litter and dung should be mixed well and taken to the manure trench 3 feet length of the trench should be taken up for filling the refuse from the cattle shed Trench is filled to a height of 1.6-2.0 M above the ground, the top of the heap is made as dome shaped and plastered with cow dung and mixed with soil The manure can be made ready in about 3 months C.N.Acharya /Trench method
- 7. FYM shouldbe reinforced by addition of super phosphate @ 30 - 40 kg per trench It will reduce the loss of N as NH3 from FYM It will increase the percentage of P in manure, thus making it as a balanced one Reinforced FYM
- 8. Characteristics of FYM (a)Moisture content: 50- to 80 % (b) Nutrient content – Major and micro nutrients 0.5 – 1.5, 0.4 – 0.8 & 0.5 – 1.9 % of NPK (c) Residual effect of FYM – Slowly releasing Composting technology
- 9. Losses duringhandling Losses of dung Losses of urine Leaching losses Volatilization losses Composting period Challenges during FYM preparation
- 10. Composting isthe natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants Process of reducing refuses to a quickly utilizable condition for improving and maintaining soil fertility Micro organisms are involved in this process by aerobic and anaerobically Composting technology
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- 12. ADCO process- Hutchinson and Richards (1921) – England Activated compost process - Fowler and Redge (1922), IIS, Bangalore Indore Process - Howard andWard, IIPI, Indore Bangalore Method - C.N.Acharya, IIS, Bangalore Coimbatore Method - AC & RI Methods of compost making
- 13. This processwas introduced by Hutchinson and Richards in England in1921 In this method (NH4)2SO4 , KCl and lime are added along with the organic residues Not suitable to India because of drought, since frequent watering is required ADCO Process
- 14. Introduced byFlower and Redge in1922 at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore They used night soil, dung, urine, sewage and activated sludge as starter ie., the materials used for decomposing plant residues The starter contain vigorous microflora which helps in decomposition A starter culture is a microbiological culture which actually performs fermentation Activated compost process
- 15. This processwas discovered by Howard and Ward at the Indian Institute of Plant Industry, Indore The cow dung in small amounts is used as starter It is an anaerobic process and decomposition takes place in anaerobic condition Indore process
- 16. The compostingis preferably carried out in the trenches of 30 feet long and 14 feet breadth and 2 feet deep The farm wastes are spread on the trenches and cow dung is added on each layer When the trench is filled to a height of 1 feet above the ground level Top of the head is made as dome shaped and plastered with cow dung mixed with soil The turning of the heap is done at two weeks, four weeks and eight weeks for well decomposition The manure becomes ready after three months 1.0 % N, 0.5 % P and 3.0 % K Indore process
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- 18. The processwas devised by C. N. Acharya, as a result of his experiment at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Composting is done in trenches The starter used is night soil Refuse materials are garbage and street sewage The size of the trenches vary depending upon the availability of night soil and refuse material The depth of the trench is 3 ft. But length and breadth varies Bangalore process
- 19. Garbage isuniformly spread to a thickness of 9 to 10 inches (22.5 to 25 cm) at the bottom of the trench Later on night soil is spread or float on the garbage to a thickness of 3” Each layer of night soil should be immediately covered with refuse to about 9 inches thickness This can be repeated up to 1 – 1½ ft above the ground level During filling certain amount of aeration is there After one week time, the top layer of the garbage is covered with earth to a thickness of ½ -1” to eliminate the fly breeding and avoids smell nuisance altogether Bangalore process
- 20. Over thisa thin layer of 2 inches (5 cm) of farmyard manure is placed (or) mixed refuse or litter and dung, sand urine mixed earth brought from the cattle shed This is again covered on the top with a layer of earth to one-inch thickness High temperature is developed that will kill the pathogens and destroy the viability of weed seeds At the end of 7th day the whole heap is completely plastered The manure would be ready in about 8 to 9 month’s time if left undisturbed. No turning is given - First week aerobic afterwards anaerobic Bangalore process
- 21. Similar toBangalore method composting is done in trenches The waste materials are from farm refuse, dung slurry along with urine soaked earth Some times SSP, RP are also used The trenches filled up above ground level to a height of 1 – 1½ft A layer of waste is first laid in trench and then moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow dung in 2.5-5.0 liters of water After 3 months the manure is ready for application Coimbatore Method
- 23. Biochemical processduring which the complex organic wastes are converted into simple molecules, minerals and humus Done by the group of micro organisms like bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa Organic wastes --------------- CO2 + H2O + Humus + Minerals Vermicomposting … Microbes Decomposition
- 24. Excreta ofearthworms also known as black gold Rich in humus and nutrients Vermicomposting … • Contains water- soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient - rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner 1. Eisenia foetida 2. Eudrilus euginiae 3. Perionyx excavatus
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- 28. Agricultural waste Animal waste Urban solid waste Agroindustry Materials for preparation of vermicompost
- 29. Selection ofsuitable earthworm Selection of site for vermicompost production Containers for vermicompost production Containers for vermicompost production Putting the waste in the container Watering the vermibed Harvesting vermicompost Harvesting earthworm Storing and packing of vermicompost Production Methodology
- 30. 5 phases ofvermicomposting Phase 1 : Collection of wastes Phase 2 : Pre digestion of organic waste Phase 3 : Preparation of earthworm bed Phase 4 : Collection of earthworms Phase 5 : Storing the vermicompost Phase of vermicomposting
- 31. Nitrogen :0 1-1.6 % Phosphorus : 0.4 –1.4 % Potassium : 0.20 - 0.80 % Calcium : 2.5 - 3.4 % Zinc : 10 - 15.0 ppm Iron : 700 -1200 ppm Copper : 40 - 55.0 ppm Manganese : 300 - 500 ppm Organic carbon : 9.5 – 17.98 % Sodium : 0.06 – 0.30 % Ca &Mg : 22.67 to 47.60 meq /100g Composition of vermicompost
- 32. Vermiwash isa Brown colored liquid fertilizer, which is collected after water passes via a worm culture column It comprises a massive decomposer bacteria, mucus, vitamins, different bioavailable minerals, hormones, enzymes, different antimicrobial peptides Supply macro, micro nutrients, pest and diseases control Vermiwash
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