M.Florence Dayana Web Design-UNit 1

Name of the Staff : M.FLORENCE DAYANA M.C.A.,M.Phil.,(Ph.D).,
Head, Dept. of CA
Bon Secours College For Women
Thanjavur.
Class : III BCA A
Subject : Web Designing
Semester : V
Unit : 1
2/25/2019 1

Fundamentals:
•The Brief Introduction about Internet
•The World Wide Web
•Web browser
•WebServer
•URL
•MIME
•HTTP Protocol
•Web Programmers Tool Box
2/25/2019 3

 The Internet is a global network of computers, including
public, private, academic business and govt. networks of local
to global scope both large industrial-strength servers and the
personal computers in homes and businesses, all chained
together (with network cables or phone lines), and which all
speak a common "language".
 The Internet is seen as a global repository of "information“
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 For instance, when you send an email message from your
account at your ISP, the message does not go directly from one
machine to another but rather it hops from machine to machine
along the chain.
Each machine looks at the destination address in the
message, and passes the message along in the right direction.
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5

 Send e-mail messages.
 Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between
computers.
 Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists
and newsgroups.
 Surfing the web.
 Etc.,
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This information can be in many forms: text,
pictures, audio clips, Web pages, software, etc.
they are all kept as files on a server somewhere.
Your request for a particular "document" is bounced
from your computer to the one containing the file.
The document, then, is sent back along the chain to
your PC, and you then have the info you requested
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Common Types of area network are:
LAN - Local Area Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
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8

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WAN - Wide Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

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Other Types of Area Networks
(CAN)Campus Area
Network
(SAN)Storage Area
Network

Types of Internet Searches
Informational - Informational searchers are simply looking for
information. Be it a definition, product name or review, recipe, or
“how to” instructions.
Examples are:
“How to trim cat claws”
“Men’s shoe types”
Navigational – A navigational browser is searching for an official
website, person, or company.
Transactional – Transactional searchers are seeking something in
particular.
Examples are:
“Buy Nike track shoes”
“Frying pans for sale”
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The Advantages of Internet
1)Information
2)Communication
3)Entertainment
4) E-commerce
5) Formation of communities
6) Services
The Disadvantages of Internet
1)Spamming – unwanted E-mail
2)Theft of personal details
3) Pornography – unwanted videos, sex,
violence.
4)Virus 2/25/2019 12

 Many schools and businesses have direct access to the
Internet using special high-speed communication lines
and equipment.
 Students and employees can access through the
organization’s local area networks (LAN) or through
their own personal computers.
 Another way to access the Internet is through Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
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 An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company
that provides customers with Internet access.
Data may be transmitted using several
technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable
modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed
interconnects.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company
such as AT&T, Verizon, Comcast, or BrightHouse
that provides Internet access to companies,
families, and even mobile users.
ISPs use fiber-optics, satellite, copper wire, and
other forms to provide Internet access to its
customers..
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The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3,[commonly
known as the Web, or the "Information Superhighway"), is a
system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
internet.
The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an
information space where documents and other web resources are
identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by
hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.
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With a web browser,one can view web pages that may
contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia,and
navigate between them via hyperlinks.
The www was started at CERN(European Council for
Nuclear Research), a European research organization
near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-
Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau
proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "...
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In 1994, Berners lee founded the
w3c(consortium),which is the well standard making
body for royalty free softwares all over the world.
W3c consortium is a international community that
develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of
the Web
The world wide web became commercially viable
during 1996 – 98 when a large no. of dot com
companies used for placing their services.
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A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software
application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information
resources on the World Wide Web.
Mosaic was the first web browser in 1993.
personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer(MS
corporation), Mozilla Firefox ,Opera ,Netscape and so on.
A browser commonly used kind of user agent.
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Internet Explorer
Mozilla Firefox
Opera
Safari
Google Chrome
Konqueror
Arora
Dillo
Planetweb
Netscape
Lunascape
Examples of Web Browser
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A Web server uses a Web server plug-ins ( means
software components) to establish and maintain
persistent HTTP and HTTPS connections with an
application server.
The Supported Hardware and Software Web page
provides the most current information about
supported Web servers.
The web server creates a socket(ie port 80) and a
client access the server through the socket
mechanism.
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A Web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to
users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by
their computers' HTTP clients.
The web server create a socket connection in a
computer specified by the URL.
The web browser retrives the information using
HTTP.
For instance function to work, we need a web server
first.
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Example of Web Servers
Apache HTTP Server
Microsoft
Internet Information
Services (IIS)
Sun Java System Web
Server etc.,
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1. Title bar – tells you the name of the web page
2. Menu bar – has commands for moving around the webpage, printing, etc
3. Tool bar – short cuts to commands. Each picture represents a command
4. Address bar – webpage address. If you want to go directly to a web
page, you will need to know the address.
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 A web address is typically composed of four parts:
 For example, the address http://www.google.ca is made up of
the following areas:
 http://
This Web server uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
This is the most common protocol on the Internet.
 www
This site is on the World Wide Web.
 google
The Web server and site maintainer.
 ca
This tells us it is a site in Canada.
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 Endings of web pages tells us a bit about the page. Some
common endings to web addresses are:
 com (commercial)
 edu (educational institution)
 gov (government)
 net (network)
 org (organization)
 You might also see addresses that add a country code as the
last part of the address such as:
 ca (Canada)
 uk (United Kingdom)
 fr (France)
 us (United States of America)
 au (Australia)
 In (India)
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 A domain name is your website name. A domain name
is the address where Internet users can access your
website. A domain name is used for finding and
identifying computers on the Internet.
 Computers use IP addresses, which are a series of
number. However, it is difficult for humans to
remember strings of numbers.
 Domain names can include any number of parts
separated by periods, however most domain names
currently in use have only three or four parts.
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 Domain names are used to identify one or more IP
addresses. For example, the domain
name microsoft.com represents about a dozen
IP addresses.
 Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular
Web pages. For example, in the URL
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html,
the domain name is pcwebopedia.com.
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 The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
 To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
 The name of the file
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The URL contains the following
information:
the internet name of the site containing
the resource
the type of service the resource is
served by
the Internet port number of the service.
the location of the resource
2/25/2019 33

Structure of an URL
The following is an outline of the most common form
of a URL:
Protocol:/host:[port]/[path[?params]
[#anchor]]
It encapsulates a lot of information such as the
protocol to be used for this URL, host
address,port number, etc.,square bracket is
optional
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Some Simple URL Examples
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Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, commonly
termed MIME, is a specification for enhancing the
capabilities of standard Internet electronic mail.
All human written emails can be transmitted
through in MIME format.
Standard email, defined over fifteen years ago by a
variety of documents (primarily RFC821 and RFC822)
has been showing its age for some time.
2/25/2019 37

MIME provides extensions, allowing some new uses of
electronic mail; messages now may have:
Multiple objects within a single message
Text with unlimited line length or overall length
Character sets other than 7-bit ASCII
Multi-font messages
Binary or Application-specific files
Images, audio, video and multi-media messages
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2/25/2019 39
MIME was introduced to extend the current SMTP, or
Simple Mail Transport Protocol, in order to send
data other than ASCII characters through various
web clients and web servers.

Protocol
“a convention or standard that controls or enables the
connection, communication, and data transfer between
two computing endpoints.”
Protocol is a set of rules that define the syntax and
semantics of the connection, communication and data
transfer between two endpoints. This set of rules is
actually specified by the HTTP protocol.
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1) HTTP is an Application layer protocol that drives the
WWW. It was conceived by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.
2) 2) HTTP is a request – response protocol between
clients and a server.
3) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an
application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
and hypermedia information systems.
4) HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the
World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that
uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes
containing text.
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5. The main purpose of HTTP is to transfer
web pages from one computer (web server)
to another computer (web client)
6. HTTP can be used to access virtually all
types of resources on the web.
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 HTTP Session
 HTTP Authentication
 HTTP Requested Methods
 HTTP Encrypted Connections
 HTTP Response Message
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 session refers to a limited time of communication
between two systems.
 An HTTP session is a sequence of network request-
response transactions. An HTTP client initiates a request
by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
connection to a particular port on a server.
 An HTTP session is initiated by a Web browser each
time you visit a website, the entire time you spend on
the website.
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 HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as Basic
access authentication and Digest access authentication which operate
via a challenge-response mechanism whereby the server identifies
and issues a challenge before serving the requested content.
 Basic access authentication is a method for a HTTP user
agent to provide a user name and password when
making a request.
 Digest access authentication is used to confirm the identity of
a user before sending sensitive information, such as
online banking transaction history. It applies a hash
function to the username and password before sending
them over the network
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 HTTP Authentication
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 GET AND HEAD METHODS ARE SAFE METHODS
BUT THERE ARE NO ACTION ON SERVER.
 PUT, POST AND PATCH METHODS ARE
CONTAINING THE MESSAGE WITH BODY. THEY
SEND DATA TO THE SERVER
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The Advantages of Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Identification
Specialization
Addressing
Flexibility
Security
Ease of Programming
Search Capabilities
Persistent Connections
2/25/2019 51

General Development Tools
Online Tools
Web Browser Elements
Mac OS X:Safari
Mac OS X:Firefox
Windows vista:IE
Windows Vista : Firefox
Windows XP : IE
Windows XP :Firefox
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Internet tools generally considered
part of social media:
Business Networking sites (Likedln,Plaxo, etc)
Community sites (Facebook, Myspace, etc)
Mini-blogging sites (Twitter, Tumbir, etc)
Blogs
Message Boards
Email
Bookmarking sites (Delicious, Stumbleupon, etc)
Social News sites (Digg, Reddit, etc)
Media sharing (You Tube, Flickr, etc)
Q&A Sites (Yahoo Answers,Wiki Answers, etc)
Information Aggregators (Wikipedia, etc.)
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M.Florence Dayana Web Design-UNit 1

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