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Micro irrigation

This document provides an overview of micro irrigation systems. It defines micro irrigation as applying small quantities of water below or on the soil surface through emitters. The key types are drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, bubbler irrigation, and mist/spray systems. Micro irrigation systems have main components including a control head, distribution pipes, emitters, and a flushing system. Proper design considers factors like soil type, crop needs, and water quality. Micro irrigation can improve water use efficiency but requires maintenance to prevent emitter clogging. Scheduling is based on crop water requirements and soil moisture monitoring.

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MICRO IRRIGATION Presented by M. ASHOK NAIK, MAM/2016-01.
Introduction: • Experimental efforts in micro irrigation (MI) date back to the 1860s • Wide availability of low cost plastic pipe and fittings that commercial MI became feasible. • Recently, introduction of pressure compensated non leak emitters and low pressure and low flow systems have further improved the performance of MI systems.
• MI is defined as the frequent application of small quantities of water on or below the soil surface as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line. • Systems operating at low flow rates and low pressures (< 1.5 to 2 bar) • Localized distribution of water, normally, in proximity of the plant or the root systems.
Working: • Water is dissipated from a pipe distribution network under low pressure in a predetermined pattern. • Outlet device - emitter. • The shape and design of the emitter dissipates the operating pressure of the supply line and a small volume of water is discharged at the emission point. • Water flows from the emission points into the plant root zone through the soil by capillarity and gravity.
TYPES OF MICROIRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION (DI)/ SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION • Method of MI where in water is applied at the soil surface as drops or small streams through emitters. • ˂2 gallons per hour (7.6 l h-1) for single outlet emitters • 3 gallons per hour per 3.3 feet (11.4 1 h"1 m-1) for line source emitters
SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI) • Application of water below the soil surface through emitters, with discharge rates, generally, in the same range as surface drip. • Different from sub irrigation where the root zone is irrigated by water table control.
Advantages and disadvantages of SDI • Depth > 15 cm • Reduced air humidity below the vegetation • Higher water irrigation efficiency • Fertigation • Possibility to use waste water • It can not be used to promote germination or rooting. • High costs • Superficial tillage • Powerful filtering • Clogging of drippers or broken lines is not immediately visible. • Intrusion of roots inside the emitter.
BUBBLER IRRIGATION • Bubbler irrigation is the application of water to flood the soil surface using a small stream or fountain. • The discharge rates for point source bubbler emitters are greater than for drip or subsurface emitters but generally, less than 1 gallon per minute (3.785 l min-1 ). • A small basin is usually required to contain or control the water.
JET, MIST AND SPRAY SYSTEMS • Application of water by a small spray or mist to the soil surface. • Travel through the air • referred to as micro or mini sprinklers. • Operate at low pressure and apply water at rates higher than drip, but typically less than 1 gallon per min (3.785 l h min- 1). • Wet a larger soil surface area • Jets have no moving parts • Micro sprinkler systems, include moving parts which enables them to discharge water over a larger area than jets.
Advantages • Water conservation. • Farm operational cost savings. • Improved crop management. • Use of recycled and wastewater. • Use of saline water. • Use of MI in non typical irrigation conditions. • Potential improved distribution uniformity of water and chemicals.
Disadvantages • Cost. • Clogging. • Lack and/or decrease of uniformity. • Salt accumulation. • Potential root intrusion. • Root pinching with SDI in orchards. • High level of operation/maintenance. • Rodents and insects. • System malfunctions. • Germination of field crops. • Disposal of used polyethylene tapes.
COMPONENTS OF A MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEM • Control head. • Mainlines, sub mains and manifolds. • Laterals and emitters. • Flushing system.
Typical micro irrigation system layout
THE CONTROL HEAD • Delivers water from the source to the mainline. • Control the amount and pressure of water delivered, filter that water to avoid operational problems • Add fertilizer and chemicals The control head typically has the following major components: • Pumping station. • Control and monitoring devices. • Fertilizer and chemical injectors. • Filtration system.
MAINLINES, SUBMAINS AND MANIFOLDS • Receive irrigation water from the control head and deliver it to the lateral and emitters. • Proper design of the mains, sub mains and manifolds ensures that pressure loss through these conduits does not adversely affect operation of the system. • Pressure control or adjustment points are provided at the inlets to the manifold. • The manifold or header connects the mainline to the laterals. It may be on the surface but usually it is buried.
LATERALS AND EMITTERS • Irrigation water is delivered to the plant from emitters, which are located on the lateral • Water flows from the manifold into the laterals, which are usually made of polyethylene plastic tubing ranging from 3/8 to 1 inch in diameter (0.95 to 2.54 cm). • Emitters are used to dissipate pressure and discharge water at a constant rate and uniformly from one end of the field to the other.
Depending on the type of installation, the emitters are divided into two types: • On-line drippers placed on the polyethylene line transporting water along the rows of the crop. They can be easily inserted on polyethylene pipes of different diameters allowing a good operational flexibility • In-line drippers mounted along the pipe. They are an integral part of the polyethylene pipe. This type of dripper is more resistant to emitter occlusions
Flap over emitter outlet - prevents root intrusion - prevents blockage by mineral scale Drip Irrigation Tube (in line)
Micro irrigation systems can be grouped in six main categories: • Systems with drip lines (operating pressure: 0.5 to 2.0 bar; flow rates 0.5 to 4 l h-1 ) • Systems with drippers (operating pressures: 1 to 4 bar; flow rates 2 to 20 l h-1 ) • Systems with emitters (operating pressures: 1 to 3 bar; flow rates 6 to 30 l h-1 ) • Systems with capillary tubes (operating pressures: 1 to 2.5 bar; flow rates 0.7 to 7 l h-1 ) • Systems with micro-/mini sprinklers. • Subsurface drip irrigation.
FLUSHING SYSTEM • Remove particles and organisms that pass through the filtration system and accumulate in the pipelines, manifolds and laterals. • Flushing involves pushing water through the system at a sufficient velocity to resuspend the sediment that has accumulated and allowing the flush water to exit the system. • Includes flush valves and flush manifolds at the downstream end of the laterals.
MICROIRRIGATION DESIGN CRITERIA • Efficiency of filtration. • Permitted variations of pressure head. • Degree of flow or pressure control used. • Relationship between discharge and pressure at the pump or hydrant supplying the system. • Allowance for temperature correlation for long path emitters. • Chemical treatment to dissolve mineral deposits. • Use of secondary safety screening. Incorporation of flow monitoring. • Allowance for reserve system capacity or pressure to compensate for reduced flow from clogging.
Procedures for designing a MI system • Determine water requirements to be met with a MI system. • Determine appropriate type of MI system. • Select and design emitters. • Determine capacity requirements of the MI system. • Determine appropriate filter system for site conditions and selected emitter. • Determine required sizes of mainline pipe, manifold, and lateral lines.
• Check pipe sizes for power economy. • Determine maximum and minimum operating flow rates and pressures. • Select pump and power unit for maximum operating efficiency within the range of operating conditions. • Determine requirements for chemical fertilizer equipment. • Prepare drawings, specifications, cost estimates, schedules, and instructions for proper layout, operation and maintenance.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE AND TYPE OF A MI SYSTEM • Suitability of the crops. • Soil type and characteristics • Land topography (slope). • Environmental quality.
SUITABILITY OF CROPS • Row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. • high value crops SOIL TYPE AND CHARACTERISTICS • clay soils - slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. • sandy soils - higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.
LAND TOPOGRAPHY • As the slope of the field increases, gravity irrigation becomes more difficult to perform and the potential for deep percolation below the root zone and runoff increases. • high probability of conversion to micro irrigation in areas where runoff, drainage, surface water and ground water contamination are a problem.
WETTING PATTERN • Drip irrigation only wets part of the soil root zone. • 30 per cent of the volume of soil wetted by the other methods. • The wetting patterns which develop from dripping water onto the soil depend on discharge and soil type
• In relation to the flow rate delivered by the drip point, the diameter of the wetted area (D, meters) increases with increasing values of the flow rate (F, l h-1) according to the following relationships: • Sandy soil: D = 0.12F + 0.31 • Loamy soil: D = 0.11F + 0.68 • Clayey soil: D = 0.1 OF + 1.19
• As the volume delivered increases, the water tends to deepen into the soil without substantially increasing the diameter of the wetted area. • Particularly in very sandy soils, it is necessary to irrigate with a very high frequency, with a long duration of watering and to use a good number of drippers in order to fractionate the water volume in a greater soil volume.
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING (volume and frequency ) IN GREENHOUSE AND POLYHOUSE CROPS IRRIGATION SCHEDULING WITH CLIMATIC DATA • considers neither rainfall nor soil-water - the latter because the soil is constantly maintained at close to field capacity. • Consequently, the applied volume of a single irrigation is equivalent to the cumulative ETc for the period between irrigations plus additional irrigation (if necessary) to consider salinity and irrigation uniformity. • These methods are based on determining crop water requirements, calculated as daily ETc, using the Kc-ETo methodology and tensiometers are recommended to determine frequency.
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING WITH SENSORS Irrigation Scheduling With Soil-Water Sensors they measure: • Volumetric water content of soil (θv). • Soil matric potential (Ψm). Irrigation management with soil-water sensors is based on maintaining soil-water between two limits: • Lower limit (drier value) - indication of when to start watering • upper limit (wetter value) - indication of when to stop watering
Irrigation Scheduling With Soil Matric Potential Sensors • In saline conditions, osmotic potential may contribute significantly to (Ψw). When using (Ψm), the contribution of salinity to Ψw should be considered separately. • As a general guideline for greenhouse-grown vegetable crops with high frequency irrigation, • Ψm intervals of -10 to -20 kPa - coarse, • -10 to -30 kPa - medium • -20 to -40 kPa - fine textured soils • Tensiometers (0 to -80 kPa) • Granular matrix sensors (-10 to -200 kPa) less reliable in wet soils.
Irrigation Scheduling With Plant Sensors • Stem diameter sensors • Sap flow sensors • Sensors of leaf/crop canopy temperature. [CWSI (crop water stress index)]
SUBSTRATE-GROWN CROPS • These are nearly all free draining or "open" substrate systems, mostly in perlite or rock wool, with some use of coconut fiber. • Due to the small volume occupied by the root system and retention of water by substrates at very low tensions, irrigation management of crops grown in substrate requires a much more precise control than for equivalent crops in soil. (Frequent irrigation with small volumes ) • In order to maintain plant available water and to prevent excessive fluctuations in root zone salinity, small frequent irrigations are applied. To prevent salt, accumulation, leaching fractions of 20 to 40 per cent are used
• The control of root zone salinity is a fundamental consideration for the irrigation management of substrate- grown crops. • scheduling irrigation in substrate commercial greenhouses is use of water level sensors, also known as the demand tray system • The most commonly used substrates - perlite and rock wool - retain water within a narrow range of Ψm values of 0 to -10 kPa; to irrigate these substrates using Ψm, specialized tensiometers are required.
IRRIGATION TIMING • Irrigation timing during the hot dry season can be estimated on the basis of the consumptive use. • If the maximum consumptive use rates are known for the crop and area, available moisture held in the rooting depth of the soil (mm) consumptive use rate (mm per day)
DEPTH OF IRRIGATION • In determining the depth or quantity of water to be applied at each irrigation and the frequency of irrigation, the concept of management-allowed deficit, the amount of plant canopies, the average peak daily evapotranspiration rate and the application efficiency of the low quarter of the area should be considered. • The management allowed deficit (MAD) is the desired soil moisture deficit (SMD) at the time of irrigation • SMD is the difference between field capacity and the actual moisture available at any given time.
• Irrigation by sprinkler or flood systems is normally carried out when the SMD equals the MAD. • With drip irrigation, the SMD is kept small between irrigation. • In arid areas, irrigation usually replaces the small SMD. • In humid areas, however, irrigation should replace less than 100 per cent of the SMD to provide soil capacity for storing moisture from rainfall.
Maximum Net Depth of Water Application • Depth of water needed to replace the SMD when it is equal to the MAD. • The Fmn is computed as a depth over the whole crop area and not just the Aw Fmn = (MAD) (WHC) (RZD) (Pw) Evapotranspiration Rate Penman-Monteith equation used for calculating evapotranspiriation from a reference crop (ETo) and modifies it for the specific crop by use of a crop coefficient (Kc). ETc = ETo*Kc
Seasonal Evapotranspiration Rate • computed by summing up ETc for the whole cropping season • ETs = Ʃ Kc ETo Net Depth of Application • Net depth of application (Fn) for DI and SDI systems is the net amount of moisture to be replaced at each irrigation to meet the ETc requirements. • Normally, Fn is less than or equal to the Fmn. Fn = ETc.Ifc Ifc = Maximum allowable irrigation interval, days. planting Harvest
Gross Water Application • The peak-use-period transpiration ratio (TR), the emission uniformity and the leaching requirement ratio are included • TR is the ratio of the average (ETc) to the total water applied • Design emission uniformity (EU) is an estimate of the percentage of the average depth of application required by a system to irrigate adequately the least watered plants. EU = Design emission uniformity (%) e = No of emitters per plant (>1). CV = Manufacturer's coefficient of variation. qn = minimum emitter discharge computed with the minimum pressure using the nominal relationship between emitter discharge and pressure head, gal h-1 (l h-1). qa = average emitter discharge (of all the emitters under consideration), gal h-1 (l h-1).
WATER QUALITY FOR MICROIRRIGATION SYSTEM • Water quality and its chemistry are directly related to clogging of MI emitters. PHYSICAL FACTORS • Physical factors can be controlled with proper filtration and periodic flushing of laterals. CHEMICAL FACTORS • Frequent water analyses should be carried out to determine presence of chemicals • The water should be acidified to a pH of about 6.5, as needed and the system should be flushed frequently to prevent formation and accumulation of chemical precipitates.
Tentative water quality criteria for classifying water used with MI
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS • If the pH of the water is above 7.0, then chlorinate and flush. Residual chlorine should be measured at the end of the furthest lateral, 30 min after injection, and it should be no less than 2 ppm (mg l-1). COMBINED FACTORS • Most water quality problems found in irrigated agriculture can be managed with good filtration, selection of emitters with large orifices and turbulent flow, water acidification, frequent chlorination and frequent flushing of the laterals.
Chemical Precipitation • Acid is the best treatment for bicarbonates resulting from calcium and magnesium precipitation. • An acid concentration that maintains a pH of 6 to 7 will control precipitates. Chlorination • Chlorination is the primary means for controlling microbial activity in irrigation water. • Free chlorine residuals of 2 ppm (2 mg l-1) at the end of the laterals, 30 minutes after the end of chlorination, will control most biological organisms. • In some cases where water contains a lot of biological materials (chlorine demand), the injection of chlorine must be increased to 10 ppm by trial and error to obtain the adequate residuals of 2 ppm after 30 minutes of contact time.
• For algae, use 0.5 to 1.0 ppm continuously or 20 ppm for 20 minutes in each irrigation cycle. • For iron bacteria, use 1 ppm more than the ppm of iron present (varies depending on the amount of bacteria to control). • For iron precipitation, use 0.64 times the ferrous ion content. • For manganese precipitation, use 1.3 times the manganese content. • For slime, maintain 1 ppm free residual chlorine at ends of laterals.
DIFFERENT SUBSIDY COMPONENTS OF MICRO IRRIGATION: SUBSIDY ELIGIBILITY Subsidy permitted to the farmers is 70% for both Drip and Sprinkler with a subsidy limit of Rs 50,000 per family. GOI has been supporting Micro irrigation from 2005-06 onwards under “Centrally Sponsored Scheme”. Out of the total cost of the MI System, 40% is borne by the Central Government, 30% by the State Government and the remaining 30% is the beneficiary share either through their own resources or soft loan from financial institutions.
IMPACT ANALYSIS: It is observed that in respect of actual benefits accrued after the installation of MI system in the farmers fields and the general response by the farmers is that RESOURCE CENTERS: About 300 APMIP Resource Centers have been started across the state with a view to provide direct interface between the farmers and the departmental functionaries of MIP & SHM. It is a hub of all activities including orientation / trainings to farmers covering the aspects of Fertigation methods, Water requirement estimation, Operation and maintenance of Micro Irrigation system, etc.
• The MI system has tremendous impact in enhancing levels of productivity of crops • Resulting in considerable saving of water • Reducing the cost of cultivation thereby increasing the income levels. • Further, a section of the farmers also stated that on account of MI, it was possible to bring Additional land into cultivation. Water conservation 0.94 lakh farmers (96%) informed that the Micro irrigation has resulted in saving of water with 25-50% enabling them to bring more land under cultivation.
Productivity As in the case of water savings, a high 0.93 lakh farmers (94%) opined that they were able to achieve increased plant growth and enhanced yield after installing MI systems with 25- 50% in case of Drip and 50% in case of sprinkler. Cost of cultivation As 0.76 lakh farmers (80%) indicated savings in labour cost by more than Rs.2000/- per acre per annum around 20% of the farmers indicated saving of more than Rs.6,000/- per Income On account of the reduced cost coupled with increased yield, the income of the farmers has also proportionately gone up. The survey reveals that nearly 0.88 lakh farmers (90%) claimed to have increased their income from their farmers after installation of ystems. Rs.10,000/- to 25,000/- per acre per annum.
Increase Yield Some of the farmers claimed that the drip irrigation has been able to result in nearly 100% additional yield in case of Sugar cane. They were able to increase the yield from 25 tones per acre to 60-70 tons in Sugar cane after introduction of drip irrigation. The survey reveals 0.81 lakh farmers felt that incidence of pests has been reduced, because of no stagnation of water around the plant stems.
LIST OF MI COMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN APMIP Drip & Sprinkler Companies M/s EPC Industries Ltd., Nasik. M/s Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jalagoan. M/s Parixit Industries Ltd., Ahmedabad. M/s Premier irrigation Equipment Ltd., Calcutta. M/s Rungta Irrigation Ltd., Yanam. M/s Greenfield Irrigation Ltd, Hyderabad. M/s Sudhakar Plastic Ltd, Suryapet, AP. M/s Swati Storewel Ltd, Parwanoo, HP. M/s Nagarjuna Palma India Ltd., Hyderabad. M/s Kumar Enterprises, Hyderabad. M/s Nandi Plasticisers Ltd, Nandyal, AP. M/s Godavari Polymers Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad.
Drip Companies M/s Haritha Irrigation Products Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad. M/s Plastro Plasson Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd., Pune. M/s Netafim Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara. M/s. Evergreen Irrigation, Karnataka. M/s. Kisan Irrigation Ltd., Maharashtra. M/s. Megha Agrotech Private Ltd., Karnataka. M/s. Agroplast, Karnataka. Sprinkler Companies M/s Satya Sai Polymers, Hyderabad. Semi Permanent & Portable Sprinkler Companies M/s.Nandi irrigation systems limited.

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In this document
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Introduction to micro irrigation, its definition, and working mechanisms.

Different methods of micro irrigation including drip, subsurface, bubbler, jet, mist, and spray systems.

Advantages like water conservation, cost savings, and crop management, along with disadvantages.

Key components of a micro irrigation system including control heads, mainlines, laterals, and emitters.

Categories of micro irrigation systems and design criteria, including pressure and flow requirements.

Methods for scheduling irrigation with climatic data, sensors, and specific techniques for substrate crops.

Factors influencing irrigation depth, timing, and management allowed deficit during irrigation.

Importance of water quality in relation to micro irrigation, including filtration and treatment processes.Subsidy details for farmers, impact on productivity, water savings, cost reduction, and companies involved.

Micro irrigation

  • 1.
    MICRO IRRIGATION Presented by M.ASHOK NAIK, MAM/2016-01.
  • 2.
    Introduction: • Experimental effortsin micro irrigation (MI) date back to the 1860s • Wide availability of low cost plastic pipe and fittings that commercial MI became feasible. • Recently, introduction of pressure compensated non leak emitters and low pressure and low flow systems have further improved the performance of MI systems.
  • 3.
    • MI isdefined as the frequent application of small quantities of water on or below the soil surface as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line. • Systems operating at low flow rates and low pressures (< 1.5 to 2 bar) • Localized distribution of water, normally, in proximity of the plant or the root systems.
  • 4.
    Working: • Water isdissipated from a pipe distribution network under low pressure in a predetermined pattern. • Outlet device - emitter. • The shape and design of the emitter dissipates the operating pressure of the supply line and a small volume of water is discharged at the emission point. • Water flows from the emission points into the plant root zone through the soil by capillarity and gravity.
  • 5.
    TYPES OF MICROIRRIGATION DRIPIRRIGATION (DI)/ SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION • Method of MI where in water is applied at the soil surface as drops or small streams through emitters. • ˂2 gallons per hour (7.6 l h-1) for single outlet emitters • 3 gallons per hour per 3.3 feet (11.4 1 h"1 m-1) for line source emitters
  • 7.
    SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION(SDI) • Application of water below the soil surface through emitters, with discharge rates, generally, in the same range as surface drip. • Different from sub irrigation where the root zone is irrigated by water table control.
  • 10.
    Advantages and disadvantagesof SDI • Depth > 15 cm • Reduced air humidity below the vegetation • Higher water irrigation efficiency • Fertigation • Possibility to use waste water • It can not be used to promote germination or rooting. • High costs • Superficial tillage • Powerful filtering • Clogging of drippers or broken lines is not immediately visible. • Intrusion of roots inside the emitter.
  • 11.
    BUBBLER IRRIGATION • Bubblerirrigation is the application of water to flood the soil surface using a small stream or fountain. • The discharge rates for point source bubbler emitters are greater than for drip or subsurface emitters but generally, less than 1 gallon per minute (3.785 l min-1 ). • A small basin is usually required to contain or control the water.
  • 12.
    JET, MIST ANDSPRAY SYSTEMS • Application of water by a small spray or mist to the soil surface. • Travel through the air • referred to as micro or mini sprinklers. • Operate at low pressure and apply water at rates higher than drip, but typically less than 1 gallon per min (3.785 l h min- 1). • Wet a larger soil surface area • Jets have no moving parts • Micro sprinkler systems, include moving parts which enables them to discharge water over a larger area than jets.
  • 16.
    Advantages • Water conservation. •Farm operational cost savings. • Improved crop management. • Use of recycled and wastewater. • Use of saline water. • Use of MI in non typical irrigation conditions. • Potential improved distribution uniformity of water and chemicals.
  • 17.
    Disadvantages • Cost. • Clogging. •Lack and/or decrease of uniformity. • Salt accumulation. • Potential root intrusion. • Root pinching with SDI in orchards. • High level of operation/maintenance. • Rodents and insects. • System malfunctions. • Germination of field crops. • Disposal of used polyethylene tapes.
  • 18.
    COMPONENTS OF AMICROIRRIGATION SYSTEM • Control head. • Mainlines, sub mains and manifolds. • Laterals and emitters. • Flushing system.
  • 19.
  • 20.
    THE CONTROL HEAD •Delivers water from the source to the mainline. • Control the amount and pressure of water delivered, filter that water to avoid operational problems • Add fertilizer and chemicals The control head typically has the following major components: • Pumping station. • Control and monitoring devices. • Fertilizer and chemical injectors. • Filtration system.
  • 21.
    MAINLINES, SUBMAINS ANDMANIFOLDS • Receive irrigation water from the control head and deliver it to the lateral and emitters. • Proper design of the mains, sub mains and manifolds ensures that pressure loss through these conduits does not adversely affect operation of the system. • Pressure control or adjustment points are provided at the inlets to the manifold. • The manifold or header connects the mainline to the laterals. It may be on the surface but usually it is buried.
  • 22.
    LATERALS AND EMITTERS •Irrigation water is delivered to the plant from emitters, which are located on the lateral • Water flows from the manifold into the laterals, which are usually made of polyethylene plastic tubing ranging from 3/8 to 1 inch in diameter (0.95 to 2.54 cm). • Emitters are used to dissipate pressure and discharge water at a constant rate and uniformly from one end of the field to the other.
  • 23.
    Depending on thetype of installation, the emitters are divided into two types: • On-line drippers placed on the polyethylene line transporting water along the rows of the crop. They can be easily inserted on polyethylene pipes of different diameters allowing a good operational flexibility • In-line drippers mounted along the pipe. They are an integral part of the polyethylene pipe. This type of dripper is more resistant to emitter occlusions
  • 24.
    Flap over emitteroutlet - prevents root intrusion - prevents blockage by mineral scale Drip Irrigation Tube (in line)
  • 25.
    Micro irrigation systemscan be grouped in six main categories: • Systems with drip lines (operating pressure: 0.5 to 2.0 bar; flow rates 0.5 to 4 l h-1 ) • Systems with drippers (operating pressures: 1 to 4 bar; flow rates 2 to 20 l h-1 ) • Systems with emitters (operating pressures: 1 to 3 bar; flow rates 6 to 30 l h-1 ) • Systems with capillary tubes (operating pressures: 1 to 2.5 bar; flow rates 0.7 to 7 l h-1 ) • Systems with micro-/mini sprinklers. • Subsurface drip irrigation.
  • 26.
    FLUSHING SYSTEM • Removeparticles and organisms that pass through the filtration system and accumulate in the pipelines, manifolds and laterals. • Flushing involves pushing water through the system at a sufficient velocity to resuspend the sediment that has accumulated and allowing the flush water to exit the system. • Includes flush valves and flush manifolds at the downstream end of the laterals.
  • 27.
    MICROIRRIGATION DESIGN CRITERIA •Efficiency of filtration. • Permitted variations of pressure head. • Degree of flow or pressure control used. • Relationship between discharge and pressure at the pump or hydrant supplying the system. • Allowance for temperature correlation for long path emitters. • Chemical treatment to dissolve mineral deposits. • Use of secondary safety screening. Incorporation of flow monitoring. • Allowance for reserve system capacity or pressure to compensate for reduced flow from clogging.
  • 28.
    Procedures for designinga MI system • Determine water requirements to be met with a MI system. • Determine appropriate type of MI system. • Select and design emitters. • Determine capacity requirements of the MI system. • Determine appropriate filter system for site conditions and selected emitter. • Determine required sizes of mainline pipe, manifold, and lateral lines.
  • 29.
    • Check pipesizes for power economy. • Determine maximum and minimum operating flow rates and pressures. • Select pump and power unit for maximum operating efficiency within the range of operating conditions. • Determine requirements for chemical fertilizer equipment. • Prepare drawings, specifications, cost estimates, schedules, and instructions for proper layout, operation and maintenance.
  • 30.
    FACTORS AFFECTING THECHOICE AND TYPE OF A MI SYSTEM • Suitability of the crops. • Soil type and characteristics • Land topography (slope). • Environmental quality.
  • 31.
    SUITABILITY OF CROPS •Row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. • high value crops SOIL TYPE AND CHARACTERISTICS • clay soils - slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. • sandy soils - higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.
  • 32.
    LAND TOPOGRAPHY • Asthe slope of the field increases, gravity irrigation becomes more difficult to perform and the potential for deep percolation below the root zone and runoff increases. • high probability of conversion to micro irrigation in areas where runoff, drainage, surface water and ground water contamination are a problem.
  • 33.
    WETTING PATTERN • Dripirrigation only wets part of the soil root zone. • 30 per cent of the volume of soil wetted by the other methods. • The wetting patterns which develop from dripping water onto the soil depend on discharge and soil type
  • 35.
    • In relationto the flow rate delivered by the drip point, the diameter of the wetted area (D, meters) increases with increasing values of the flow rate (F, l h-1) according to the following relationships: • Sandy soil: D = 0.12F + 0.31 • Loamy soil: D = 0.11F + 0.68 • Clayey soil: D = 0.1 OF + 1.19
  • 36.
    • As thevolume delivered increases, the water tends to deepen into the soil without substantially increasing the diameter of the wetted area. • Particularly in very sandy soils, it is necessary to irrigate with a very high frequency, with a long duration of watering and to use a good number of drippers in order to fractionate the water volume in a greater soil volume.
  • 37.
    IRRIGATION SCHEDULING (volumeand frequency ) IN GREENHOUSE AND POLYHOUSE CROPS IRRIGATION SCHEDULING WITH CLIMATIC DATA • considers neither rainfall nor soil-water - the latter because the soil is constantly maintained at close to field capacity. • Consequently, the applied volume of a single irrigation is equivalent to the cumulative ETc for the period between irrigations plus additional irrigation (if necessary) to consider salinity and irrigation uniformity. • These methods are based on determining crop water requirements, calculated as daily ETc, using the Kc-ETo methodology and tensiometers are recommended to determine frequency.
  • 38.
    IRRIGATION SCHEDULING WITHSENSORS Irrigation Scheduling With Soil-Water Sensors they measure: • Volumetric water content of soil (θv). • Soil matric potential (Ψm). Irrigation management with soil-water sensors is based on maintaining soil-water between two limits: • Lower limit (drier value) - indication of when to start watering • upper limit (wetter value) - indication of when to stop watering
  • 39.
    Irrigation Scheduling WithSoil Matric Potential Sensors • In saline conditions, osmotic potential may contribute significantly to (Ψw). When using (Ψm), the contribution of salinity to Ψw should be considered separately. • As a general guideline for greenhouse-grown vegetable crops with high frequency irrigation, • Ψm intervals of -10 to -20 kPa - coarse, • -10 to -30 kPa - medium • -20 to -40 kPa - fine textured soils • Tensiometers (0 to -80 kPa) • Granular matrix sensors (-10 to -200 kPa) less reliable in wet soils.
  • 40.
    Irrigation Scheduling WithPlant Sensors • Stem diameter sensors • Sap flow sensors • Sensors of leaf/crop canopy temperature. [CWSI (crop water stress index)]
  • 41.
    SUBSTRATE-GROWN CROPS • Theseare nearly all free draining or "open" substrate systems, mostly in perlite or rock wool, with some use of coconut fiber. • Due to the small volume occupied by the root system and retention of water by substrates at very low tensions, irrigation management of crops grown in substrate requires a much more precise control than for equivalent crops in soil. (Frequent irrigation with small volumes ) • In order to maintain plant available water and to prevent excessive fluctuations in root zone salinity, small frequent irrigations are applied. To prevent salt, accumulation, leaching fractions of 20 to 40 per cent are used
  • 42.
    • The controlof root zone salinity is a fundamental consideration for the irrigation management of substrate- grown crops. • scheduling irrigation in substrate commercial greenhouses is use of water level sensors, also known as the demand tray system • The most commonly used substrates - perlite and rock wool - retain water within a narrow range of Ψm values of 0 to -10 kPa; to irrigate these substrates using Ψm, specialized tensiometers are required.
  • 43.
    IRRIGATION TIMING • Irrigationtiming during the hot dry season can be estimated on the basis of the consumptive use. • If the maximum consumptive use rates are known for the crop and area, available moisture held in the rooting depth of the soil (mm) consumptive use rate (mm per day)
  • 44.
    DEPTH OF IRRIGATION •In determining the depth or quantity of water to be applied at each irrigation and the frequency of irrigation, the concept of management-allowed deficit, the amount of plant canopies, the average peak daily evapotranspiration rate and the application efficiency of the low quarter of the area should be considered. • The management allowed deficit (MAD) is the desired soil moisture deficit (SMD) at the time of irrigation • SMD is the difference between field capacity and the actual moisture available at any given time.
  • 45.
    • Irrigation bysprinkler or flood systems is normally carried out when the SMD equals the MAD. • With drip irrigation, the SMD is kept small between irrigation. • In arid areas, irrigation usually replaces the small SMD. • In humid areas, however, irrigation should replace less than 100 per cent of the SMD to provide soil capacity for storing moisture from rainfall.
  • 46.
    Maximum Net Depthof Water Application • Depth of water needed to replace the SMD when it is equal to the MAD. • The Fmn is computed as a depth over the whole crop area and not just the Aw Fmn = (MAD) (WHC) (RZD) (Pw) Evapotranspiration Rate Penman-Monteith equation used for calculating evapotranspiriation from a reference crop (ETo) and modifies it for the specific crop by use of a crop coefficient (Kc). ETc = ETo*Kc
  • 47.
    Seasonal Evapotranspiration Rate •computed by summing up ETc for the whole cropping season • ETs = Ʃ Kc ETo Net Depth of Application • Net depth of application (Fn) for DI and SDI systems is the net amount of moisture to be replaced at each irrigation to meet the ETc requirements. • Normally, Fn is less than or equal to the Fmn. Fn = ETc.Ifc Ifc = Maximum allowable irrigation interval, days. planting Harvest
  • 48.
    Gross Water Application •The peak-use-period transpiration ratio (TR), the emission uniformity and the leaching requirement ratio are included • TR is the ratio of the average (ETc) to the total water applied • Design emission uniformity (EU) is an estimate of the percentage of the average depth of application required by a system to irrigate adequately the least watered plants. EU = Design emission uniformity (%) e = No of emitters per plant (>1). CV = Manufacturer's coefficient of variation. qn = minimum emitter discharge computed with the minimum pressure using the nominal relationship between emitter discharge and pressure head, gal h-1 (l h-1). qa = average emitter discharge (of all the emitters under consideration), gal h-1 (l h-1).
  • 49.
    WATER QUALITY FORMICROIRRIGATION SYSTEM • Water quality and its chemistry are directly related to clogging of MI emitters. PHYSICAL FACTORS • Physical factors can be controlled with proper filtration and periodic flushing of laterals. CHEMICAL FACTORS • Frequent water analyses should be carried out to determine presence of chemicals • The water should be acidified to a pH of about 6.5, as needed and the system should be flushed frequently to prevent formation and accumulation of chemical precipitates.
  • 51.
    Tentative water qualitycriteria for classifying water used with MI
  • 52.
    BIOLOGICAL FACTORS • Ifthe pH of the water is above 7.0, then chlorinate and flush. Residual chlorine should be measured at the end of the furthest lateral, 30 min after injection, and it should be no less than 2 ppm (mg l-1). COMBINED FACTORS • Most water quality problems found in irrigated agriculture can be managed with good filtration, selection of emitters with large orifices and turbulent flow, water acidification, frequent chlorination and frequent flushing of the laterals.
  • 53.
    Chemical Precipitation • Acidis the best treatment for bicarbonates resulting from calcium and magnesium precipitation. • An acid concentration that maintains a pH of 6 to 7 will control precipitates. Chlorination • Chlorination is the primary means for controlling microbial activity in irrigation water. • Free chlorine residuals of 2 ppm (2 mg l-1) at the end of the laterals, 30 minutes after the end of chlorination, will control most biological organisms. • In some cases where water contains a lot of biological materials (chlorine demand), the injection of chlorine must be increased to 10 ppm by trial and error to obtain the adequate residuals of 2 ppm after 30 minutes of contact time.
  • 54.
    • For algae,use 0.5 to 1.0 ppm continuously or 20 ppm for 20 minutes in each irrigation cycle. • For iron bacteria, use 1 ppm more than the ppm of iron present (varies depending on the amount of bacteria to control). • For iron precipitation, use 0.64 times the ferrous ion content. • For manganese precipitation, use 1.3 times the manganese content. • For slime, maintain 1 ppm free residual chlorine at ends of laterals.
  • 55.
    DIFFERENT SUBSIDY COMPONENTSOF MICRO IRRIGATION: SUBSIDY ELIGIBILITY Subsidy permitted to the farmers is 70% for both Drip and Sprinkler with a subsidy limit of Rs 50,000 per family. GOI has been supporting Micro irrigation from 2005-06 onwards under “Centrally Sponsored Scheme”. Out of the total cost of the MI System, 40% is borne by the Central Government, 30% by the State Government and the remaining 30% is the beneficiary share either through their own resources or soft loan from financial institutions.
  • 56.
    IMPACT ANALYSIS: It isobserved that in respect of actual benefits accrued after the installation of MI system in the farmers fields and the general response by the farmers is that RESOURCE CENTERS: About 300 APMIP Resource Centers have been started across the state with a view to provide direct interface between the farmers and the departmental functionaries of MIP & SHM. It is a hub of all activities including orientation / trainings to farmers covering the aspects of Fertigation methods, Water requirement estimation, Operation and maintenance of Micro Irrigation system, etc.
  • 57.
    • The MIsystem has tremendous impact in enhancing levels of productivity of crops • Resulting in considerable saving of water • Reducing the cost of cultivation thereby increasing the income levels. • Further, a section of the farmers also stated that on account of MI, it was possible to bring Additional land into cultivation. Water conservation 0.94 lakh farmers (96%) informed that the Micro irrigation has resulted in saving of water with 25-50% enabling them to bring more land under cultivation.
  • 58.
    Productivity As in thecase of water savings, a high 0.93 lakh farmers (94%) opined that they were able to achieve increased plant growth and enhanced yield after installing MI systems with 25- 50% in case of Drip and 50% in case of sprinkler. Cost of cultivation As 0.76 lakh farmers (80%) indicated savings in labour cost by more than Rs.2000/- per acre per annum around 20% of the farmers indicated saving of more than Rs.6,000/- per Income On account of the reduced cost coupled with increased yield, the income of the farmers has also proportionately gone up. The survey reveals that nearly 0.88 lakh farmers (90%) claimed to have increased their income from their farmers after installation of ystems. Rs.10,000/- to 25,000/- per acre per annum.
  • 59.
    Increase Yield Some ofthe farmers claimed that the drip irrigation has been able to result in nearly 100% additional yield in case of Sugar cane. They were able to increase the yield from 25 tones per acre to 60-70 tons in Sugar cane after introduction of drip irrigation. The survey reveals 0.81 lakh farmers felt that incidence of pests has been reduced, because of no stagnation of water around the plant stems.
  • 60.
    LIST OF MICOMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN APMIP Drip & Sprinkler Companies M/s EPC Industries Ltd., Nasik. M/s Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jalagoan. M/s Parixit Industries Ltd., Ahmedabad. M/s Premier irrigation Equipment Ltd., Calcutta. M/s Rungta Irrigation Ltd., Yanam. M/s Greenfield Irrigation Ltd, Hyderabad. M/s Sudhakar Plastic Ltd, Suryapet, AP. M/s Swati Storewel Ltd, Parwanoo, HP. M/s Nagarjuna Palma India Ltd., Hyderabad. M/s Kumar Enterprises, Hyderabad. M/s Nandi Plasticisers Ltd, Nandyal, AP. M/s Godavari Polymers Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad.
  • 61.
    Drip Companies M/s HarithaIrrigation Products Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad. M/s Plastro Plasson Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd., Pune. M/s Netafim Irrigation India Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara. M/s. Evergreen Irrigation, Karnataka. M/s. Kisan Irrigation Ltd., Maharashtra. M/s. Megha Agrotech Private Ltd., Karnataka. M/s. Agroplast, Karnataka. Sprinkler Companies M/s Satya Sai Polymers, Hyderabad. Semi Permanent & Portable Sprinkler Companies M/s.Nandi irrigation systems limited.