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Microbiology of water, air and milk
- 1. MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER,AIR ANDMILK. MOHD. SAIF ALI DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY ERA UNIVERSITY
- 2. Bacteriology of water •Drinking water should have the following properties 1. Biological quality 2. Chemical quality 3. Physical quality
- 3. Bacterial flora inwater 1.Naturally occurring bacteria e.g. Micrococcus, pseudomonas 2.Soil bacteria e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus meganterium 3.Sewage bacteria e.g. E.coli, Enterococcus faecalis, C. perfengens, salmonella , vibrio
- 4. WATER BORNE PATHOGEN BACTERIALVibrio cholera, E. coli, salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi A,B & C, Shigella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica Viral Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis E virus, Rotavirus Protozoal E. Histolytica, Giardia lambliya, Balantidium coli.,cryptosporium, Isosporium Helmenthic Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura.
- 5. Bacteriological Examination ofWater • INDICATOR ORGAMISM- Which satisfy two properties 1.Should be present in excess number , should not be able to proliferate in water. 2.Should be more resistant than the pathogen. Indicator organisms themselves are not pathogen , but their presence in water supply indicate that there is a contamination of sewage & the water supply needs to be disinfected.
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- 7. Total coliforms • Bacteriathat occur in large number in faeces & sewage but also found in environment in the absence of fecal contamination. • Their presence in water does not necessarily signify faecal contamination • Member of Enterobacteriaceae • Only E.coli is a reliable indicator as it is not found in other source.
- 8. Thermotolerant (faecal) Coliforms •Term “fecal coliforms” has been used in water microbiology to denote coliform organism which grow at 44 & 44.5 ˚ c & ferment lactose to produce acid and gas • Presence of thermotolerant coliforms nearly always indicates faecal contamination. • In thermotolerant coliforms E. coli more than 95% present. • E. coli does not survive in water for long time & therefore is the best indicator of recent human or animal fecal pollution of water
- 9. Faecal streptococci • Faecalstreptococci is evidence of faecal contamination • Faecal streptococci tend to persist longer in the environment than thermotolerant or total coliforms & are highly resistant to drying • Faecal streptococci grow at 37 & 44˚c
- 10. Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Itcan survive in the environment for the long time • It can multiply in various aquatic habitats hence its presence in water is not necessarily good indicator for fecal contamination
- 11. Bacteriological examination ofwater • Collection and transport of water sample 1.Use heat sterile bottles containing sufficient volume of sodium thiosulphate to neutralize the bactericidal effect of any chlorine 2.Each bottle of 100ml capacity should contain 0.1 ml of fresh 1.8% aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate. 3.When collecting the sample from taps, allow water to run to water for 2-3 min before running it to bottle 4.Water from steam or lakes- the bottle should be opened only after immersed at a depth of 30 cm with its mouth facing the current 5.Transport- bottle should be properly labeled and sent to lab as quickly as possible at least within 6 hours
- 12. Presumptive coliform count(multiple tube method) • Standard test employed for bacteriological analysis of water. • Only procedure that can be used if water sample are very turbid or if semi solids such as sediments are to be analyzed. • In multiple tube method, the presumptive coliform count is determined, which is expressed as the most probable number (MPN) of coliform organism in 100 ml of water. Medium – MacConkey purple broth ( double strength and single strength) in bottles or tubes. Inverted Durham’s tube is used to detect gas production Bromocresol purple is used as indicator
- 13. Requirement • One bottlewith loose fitting caps calibrated at 50 and 100 ml for 50 ml of sample + 50 ml of culture media • 10 test tubes for 10 ml of sample + 10 ml of culture medium • Test tube rack • Measuring cylinder of different capacity • Durham's tubes • Double and single strength MacConkey broth
- 14. MacConkey broth, doublestrength Peptone 40g Sodium taurocholate 10g Lactose 20g Sodium chloride 10g Bromocresol purple , 1% (w/v) in ethenol 2ml Distilled water 1liter Dilute the double strength medium with an equal volume of D.W. to make single strength
- 15. procedure • Place 50ml and 10 ml volume of double strength concentration and 5 ml volume of single strength into suitable size of bottle or tube containing an inverted Durham's tube • Aseptically pipette one 50 ml volume and five 10 ml volume of the water in the vessel containing corresponding volume of double strength medium. • Pipette five 1 ml volume into vessel containing single strength medium. • Incubate the media aerobically at 37˚C
- 16. Cont….. • After 24h and 48h of incubation inspect the media and note the culture of each volume of water that show the production of acid (color change) and gas (a bubble at the top of Durham's tube) • In respect of the combination of positive and negative result read off the MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) of presumptive coliform bacteria present in 100 ml of the sampled water.
- 19. Eijkman test • Itis done to confirm that the coliforms bacilli detected in the presumptive test are fecal E.coli. This is done by Sub culturing the positive tubes on lactose containing medium such as brilliant green bile broth for detection of lactose fermentation of acid and gas at 44˚c Demonstrating positive indole test at 44˚c.
- 20. Other methods ofwater analysis Membrane filtration method • Principle – • this method is based on the filtration of known volume of water through a cellulose membrane with pore diameter of 0.45 -0.2µm. • the bacteria are retain on the surface of membrane filter , such membrane is transferred on to a petri dish containing selective differential culture medium at an appropriate temperature ( 37 and 44˚c) and incubate; charrecterstics colonies of coliforms developes which can be count didectly.
- 21. Air surveillance • Airis important vehicle of transmission of many pathogenic organisms • The examination of air to detect the number of bacteria carrying particle is important particularl in critical areas such as OTs. ,bone marrow transplant units etc. • Routine air sampling is not recommended because- • There is no standard guideline mentioning for permissible level of microbial contamination of environmental surface or air. • HAI rates are not related with levels of general microbial contamination of air or environmental surface .
- 22. CDC recommends targetedair surveillance , which should be carried out for- • Investigation of an outbreak. • For research purpose. • After reconstruction or newly constructed buildings. • After fumigation or fogging ( to monitor the quality)
- 23. EVALUATION OF QUALITYOF AIR IN OT Microbiological parameters • Can be performed routinely by two broad methods 1. Microbiological sampling method 2. Particle count method
- 24. Microbiological sampling method •Can be done in two ways 1.Method that can measure bacteria carrying particle settle down by gravity from air e.g. settle plate method 2.Method that can count number of bacteria carrying particle in a given volume of air e.g. The slit sampler and air centrifugation method.
- 25. Particle count method •The airborne particle concentrations in OT is measure by means of laser light scattering instrument ( particle counter)
- 26. Settle plate method •Petri dishes containing an agar medium of known surface area are left open for 30 min. to 1 hour. Then , the plates are incubated at 37 c for 24 hours • Colony count : large bacteria carrying dust particle settle onto the medium. The number of colony formed onto the plate indicates the number of settle particle containing bacteria. • Blood agar is the preferred medium for an overall count of pathogenic, saprophytic and commensal bacteria. • Malt extract agar may be used for molds
- 28. Slit sampler method •Most efficient and convenient method for counting the number of bacteria carrying particle suspended in a unit of volume of air • Procedure – A special equipment called “ slit sampler” has three part 1.An area to hold a petri dish. 2.Suction pump. 3.Outer surface has a slit of 0.33 mm width and 27.5 mm length and 3mm depth.
- 31. Milk surveillance • Milkcan be occasionally contain bacteria which are derived from three sources 1.From animals 2.From hand of the milk handler 3.From the environment
- 32. Methods used fordisinfecting/Sterilizing milk 1.Thermized milk- it is raw milk that had been heated for 15 sec at 57- 68˚c 2.Pasteurization- milk is heated to high temperature for short time ( 72˚c for 15 sec.) 3.Ultra heat treated milk- milk is expose to very high temperature of 135˚c for 1 sec so that all microorganisms with their spores are destroyed. 4.Sterilized milk- the milk is heated at 100˚ c for long period .
- 33. Bacteriological examination ofmilk • Chemical tests- Methylene blue reduction test Phosphate test- it is based on the principle that if pasteurization is effective , it should inactive the enzyme alkaline phosphate which is normally present. Turbidity test
- 34. Methylene blue test •Rapid ,inexpensive way of indicating poor quality of milk that had been unrefrigerated . • The basis of test is that the length of time for bacterial dehydrogenases to reduce methylene blue dye and decolorize it is an indicator of the number of viable bacteria.
- 35. Bibliography • Mackie &McCartney practicle medical microbiology • Essential of medical microbiology Apoorba S. Sastri • Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s textbook of microbiology • Textbook of microbiology , C P Baveja • Water quality monitoring – World Health Organization ©1996 UNEP/WHO