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- 2. Beyond Silicon: Discover the Processors of your future Today's processors are made from silicon, which itself is fashioned from one of the most abundant materials on earth: sand. But as it gets harder and harder to make ever more miniature circuits – processor technology has moved from 90nm fabrication in the mid-2000s to 14nm now, with that predicted to shrink further to a barely believable 7nm or even 5nm by 2021 – chipmakers are looking for alternatives; not just materials, but maybe even biological components.
- 3. Microprocessor A microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer fabricated on a small chip capable of performing Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.
- 5. In November of 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004
- 6. History of Microprocessor In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented. A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which numbers of peripherals' are fabricated on a single chip. It has ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), a control unit, registers, bus systems and a clock to perform computational tasks.
- 7. INTODUCTION 8-bit data bus. 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB. A 16-bit program counter. A 16-bit stack pointer. Six 8-bit stack pointer. Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHz single phase clock.
- 8. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller MICROPROCESSOR A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small number-holding areas called registers. Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers, and fetching numbers from one area to another.
- 9. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well a processor. Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled electronic devices
- 10. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller 1. Key difference in both of them is presence of external peripheral, where microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, embedded in it while we have to use external circuits in case of microprocessors. 2. As all the peripheral of microcontroller are on single chip it is compact while microprocessor is bulky.
- 11. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller 3. Microcontrollers are made by using complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology so they are far cost effective than microprocessors. Microprocessors are high because of the high number of external components required for such systems. 4. Processing speed of microcontrollers is about 8 MHz to 50 MHz, but in contrary processing speed of general microprocessors is above 1 GHz so it works much faster than microcontrollers.
- 12. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller 5. Generally microcontrollers have power saving system, like idle mode or power saving mode so overall it uses less power and also since external components are low overall consumption of power is less. While in microprocessors generally there is no power saving system and also many external components are used with it, so its power consumption is high in comparison with microcontrollers. 6. Microcontrollers are compact so it makes them favourable and efficient system for small products and applications while microprocessors are bulky so they are preferred for larger applications.
- 13. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller 7. Tasks performed by microcontrollers are limited and generally less complex. While task performed by microprocessors are software development, Game development, website, documents making etc. which are generally more complex so require more memory and speed so that’s why external ROM, RAM are used with it.
- 15. Microprocessors are used as controller. it is very useful in the field of Frequency counters, function generators, frequency synthesizers, spectrum analyses. The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and home applications is making them more entertaining and full of features. The use of microprocessors is more widespread and popular. Now the Microprocessors are used in :
- 16. Calculators Accounting system Games machine Complex Industrial Controllers Traffic light Control Data Military applications
- 18. Microcontrollers are cheap and very small in size, therefore they can be embedded on any device. Microcontroller is an IC chip that takes input process data according to program written in its memory and gives output as control signal for controlling other machines and devices.
- 19. Microcontrollers are mostly used in following electronic equipment : Mobile Phones Auto Mobiles CD/DVD Players Washing Machines Cameras Security Alarms Keyboard Controllers Microwave Oven
- 22. 40 PINS CLASSIFIED INTO 6 GROUPS DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL & STATUS BUS EXTERNALLY GENERATED SERIAL INTERFACE POWER SUPPLY & INTERFACE
- 23. ADDRESS BUS Address Bus A15 – A8 and AD7 – AD0 The microprocessor 8085 has 16 bit address lines from A15 – A8 and AD7 – AD0. These lines are used to transfer 16 bit address of memory as 8 -bit address of I/O ports. DATA BUS The lower 8 lines (AD7 – AD0) are often called as multiplexed data lines.
- 24. CONTROL LINES RD : Read: This is active low signal which indicates that the selected I/O or memory device is to be read and also is available on the data bus. WR : Write: This is active low signal which indicates that the data on data bus are to be written in to selected memory location. IO/M : (Input / Output / Memory): This is used to select either Input / Output devices or memory or memory operation. When it is high it indicates an I/O operation and when it is low, it indicates a memory operation.
- 25. STATUS LINES Status Pins (S1, S0): The microprocessor 8085 has two status pins as S1 , S0 which is used to indicate the status of microprocessor or operation which is performed by microprocessor. SPECIAL SIGNAL ALE (Address Latch Enable): The ALE signal is used to enable and disable external latch. The external latch IC is used for the de-multiplexing of AD7 – AD0 lines, i.e., it is used to separate the address and data from AD7 – AD0 lines.
- 26. Thank You