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Middle adulthood
- 3. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD •Middle adulthood: developmental period Beginning about 40 and extending to 60-65 years . •CHARACTERISTICS: •Period of declining physical skills and increasing responsibility •Shrinking time left in life •Reach and maintain satisfaction in career •Individuals make choices
- 4. PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT •PHYSICALDEVELOPMENT: •Physical changes: vision, hearing ability ,skin , muscle –fat makeup, musculoskeletal decline, reproductive system •Health and fitness: sexuality, illness and disability ,exercise •Adapting to physical challenges of midlife: stress ,exercise , an optimistic look, gender and aging
- 5. • COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT •Changes in mental ability: crystallized and fluid intelligence • Information processing • Adult learners
- 6. Middle Adulthood: Psychosocial Development •General Information • Potentially Troubling Changes • Theories: Midlife Crisis • Personality Throughout Adulthood • Stable traits: the big 5 • Family Relationships in Midlife • The Myth of the Sandwich Generation
- 7. Psychosocial Development General Information •Middle adulthood usually is characterized by: • Most authority/power, Highest income and Most responsibility of lifetime Also true that roles are less constricting than before • Potentially Troubling Changes • Recognition of growing old • Death of close relative from next older generation, or friend/colleague just a few years older • For parents, adjustment to children growing older • May reach limits of vocational potential
- 8. THEORY : MIDLIFECRISIS • ERIKSON’S MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: • The crisis of generativity vs. stagnation • Generativity: adult’s desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation. • Stagnation: develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation . • Also known as self absorption.
- 9. Continuity and changes, Again • Maslow’s stages :Abraham Maslow describe 5 stages which occur in sequence
- 10. Personality Throughout Adulthood •Personality is a major source of continuity • Provides coherence and identity • In other words, people seek, interpret and react to life events in ways that reflect their distinctive traits, and these remain stable throughout adulthood, even in the face of sometimes dramatic changes in peoples’ lives. • There are five basic traits that characterize personality and that become stable by midlife.
- 11. Stable traits: thebig 5
- 12. Family Relationships inMidlife • Family is most important support system • If one’s own family is not doing that job, “fictive kin” may be found treated as family by this group Partners • Having an intimate relationship is a source of happiness, comfort, and self-respect • For some divorced, widowed, or never-married middle-aged adults, Friendships also are important to single adults
- 13. Marriage • During middleadulthood, couples often regain some of the closeness of early marriage • less stress from kids • higher incomes • more time together • In general, marital relationships are likely to get better • over time (with every year of marriage, divorce becomes less likely)
- 14. Divorce • after yearsof marriage, divorce has more impact • reduces income, weakens family ties when long terms • social bonds especially needed • Most divorced remarry within 5 years • Second marriages end in divorce more
- 15. Aging Parents • Relationshipswith parents improve with time as middle-aged adults develop a more balanced view of this relationship (forgiveness/admission of mistakes by both sides are relevant) Siblings • Siblings often become closer to each other in the second half of life than in early adulthood • They help one another with problems with teenage children, stressful marriages, and family contacts
- 16. Adult Children • Relationshipsimprove with maturity of “children” • Seven-nation survey: 75 percent of middle- aged • parents communicated with adult children several times a week.
- 17. The Myth ofthe Sandwich Generation • Sandwich generation—generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly “squeezed” by the needs of the younger and older generations • Some do feel pressured, but most are not burdened by such obligations • they enjoy filling needs or— • may choose to take on some (or no) responsibilities • Most choose not to provide financial or care giving help to older generation • one study shows less than 20 percent provided help
- 18. LATE ADULTHOOD • Developmentalperiod that begins in 60s or 70s and last until death . • It is the time of life reviews, retirement, and adjustment to the new social roles involving decrease in strength and health
- 19. PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTIN LATE ADULTHOOD Physical development • Life expectancy • Physical changes: nervous system, sensory system, cv system, respiratory , immune systems decline , sleep appearance and mobility, adaptations • Health , fitness and disability: nutrition and exercise, sleep , physical and mental disability Cognitive development • Memory • Language • Problem solving • Wisdom • Cognitive changes • Lifelong learning
- 20. SOCIAL AND EMOTIONALDEVELOPMENTDURING LATEADULTHOOD •Emotional and social development in older adults include • Adjustment to retirement • Effective complexity • Personality adjustment (pec’ks views) • Family bounding and friendships • Attachments • Widowhood • Moral development and leisure time • Erikson’s model
- 21. DEALING WITH DEATHAND BEREAVMENT • Cultural related • Pattern of grief • Psychological issues • Consoling • kubler-Ross 5 stages of coming to terms with death • Effected relations