Minerals and Energy Resources Class X

 Naturally occurring substances having a definite
chemical composition and physical characteristics.
 Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a
definable internal structure.
 Occurs in the form of ores, deposits, rocks.
 Rocks are made up of minerals.
 Example- Iron, Bauxite,Calcium,Copper etc,.

MINERALS
NON-METALLIC
Examples-Mica,
Salt, Graphite
etc.
ENERGY MINERALS
Examples- Coal,
Petroleum etc.
METALLIC
FERROUS
Example-
Manganese, Nickel,
Cobalt etc.
NON-FERROUS
Examples-Bauxite,
Copper, Lead etc

Where are the minerals found?
 Minerals are usually found in ores and therefore are
extracted from it.
 Ore refers to an accumulation of any mineral mixed
with other elements
 They occur in rocks.

 Minerals occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
 The smaller occurrences are called veins
 Lodes are the larger occurrences.
 Metallic minerals such as tin,
copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained
from veins and lodes.

 Minerals occur in beds and layers.
 Formed as a result of deposition,
accumulation and concentration in
horizontal strata.
 Example– Gypsum, potash salt and Sodium Salt.
Formed as a result of evaporation

 Upper part of the rocks are removed due to
decomposition and weathering.
 Removal of soluble constituents of rocks leaves residue
of weathered materials containing ores.
 Example- Bauxite

 In sands of valley floors and base of hills.
These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’
contains minerals, which are not corroded by water.
 Examples-Gold, silver, tin and platinum
 OCEAN
 Dissolved and defused in ocean water
 Examples- Common Salt, Magnesium , Bromine.
 Found in ocean beds- Manganese ore

 FERROUS MINERALS
 These minerals have iron content
 Used in metallurgical industry
 Account for about three fourths of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals.

 India is rich in good quality iron ores.
 Magnetite
• finest iron ore
• very high iron content (70%)
• High magnetic qualities
• valuable in the electrical industry.
 Hematite ore
• Most important iron ore in terms of the quantity
used
• Lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60%).

36%
31%
21%
12%
ODISHA CHHATISGARH KARNATAKA OTHERS

 Odisha-Jharkhand belt:
 Odisha -high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar.
mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
 Jharkhand- Hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi in
Singbhum district.
 • Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
 lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
 Very high grade hematite are found in the
Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district.
 Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and
South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

 Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in
Karnataka
 has large reserves of iron ore.
 Kudremukh deposits are one of the largest in the world.
 The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near
Mangaluru.
 Maharashtra-Goa belt
 Includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of
Maharashtra.
 Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

 MANGANESE
 Used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
 Used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and
paints.
 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of
steel
 Odisha is the largest producer of manganese
ores in India.
 It accounted for one-third of the country’s total production in
2000-01.

OTHERS
29%
ODISHA
25%
MADHYA
PRADESH
24%
KARNATAKA
22%

 Include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold
 Vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and
electrical industries.
 COPPER
 Malleable, ductile and a good conductor
 Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
 Producers- Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh), Khetri mines
(Rajasthan) & Singhbhum district (Jharkhand )

Madhya
Pradesh
29%
Rajasthan
48%
Jharkhand
16%
Others
7%
Sales

BAUXITE
 Aluminium is obtained from Bauxite
Formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in
aluminium silicates.
 Aluminium -light in weight and has good conductivity &
great malleability.
 Used in automobile, aerospace & packaging industries.
 Producers- Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, the plateau
region of Bilaspur-Katni , Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput
(Odisha).

 Mica
 It is mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves.
clear, black, green, red yellow or brown in color.
 They are ductile, has insulating properties, resistance to
high voltage.
 Used in electric and electronic industries.
 Producers –
 Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau,
Ajmer(Rajasthan), Nellore mica belt (Andhra Pradesh).
Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt (Jharkhand ) is the
leading producer),.

Limestone
 Occurs in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
and magnesium carbonates.
 found in sedimentary rocks
Uses-
 Basic raw material for the cement industry
 Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace

Andhra
Pradesh
21%
Karnataka
25%
Others
54%

What are the harmful effects of mining?
 Pollution- dumping of wastes leads to soil pollution
- Dust & noise produced during the process of extraction
causes air pollution and noise pollution respectively.
 Pulmonary diseases- caused by inhaling the fumes and dust.
 Displacement of people
 Deforestation
 Loss of habitat
 Risk of collapsing the mine roof
 Threats of fires in coal mine

Why?
 Finite & limited
 Slow geological process of formation
 Non- renewable
 Quality of minerals degrade & decrease along greater depth
 Extraction of high grade minerals leads to their depletion

 Sustainable development
 Judicious use & extraction
 Recycling of minerals
 Using substitutes of minerals
 Efficient & improved technology that cause less waste and
incur low cost.

 Energy - generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum,
natural gas, uranium and from electricity.
 Classified as -
a)Conventional – Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas etc,.
b)Nonconventional sources- Wind energy, Tidal energy,
Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Atomic, Biogas etc,.

 COAL
 bulky material
 loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
 used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as
well as for domestic needs..
 heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on
or near the coalfields
 India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial
energy requirements
TYPES-
 LIGNITE:
 Low grade brown coal,
 Soft with high moisture content.
 Coal reserves in Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) )
 used for generation of electricity.

 BITUMINOUS COAL
 buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures.
 It is the most popular coal in commercial
use.
Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which is used for
smelting iron in blast furnaces.
 ANTHRACITE
 Highest quality hard coal.
 PEAT
 Formed due to decaying of plants in swamps
 low carbon, high moisture contents & low heating capacity

Regions
 The major resources of Gondwana coal,
(metallurgical coal), are located in
Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand).
 Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important
 coalfields.
 The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also
contain coal deposits.
 Tertiary coals (55 million old) occur in the north eastern states
of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh and Nagaland.

 Provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and
raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
 Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile,
fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
 found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
 Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
Producers-
 Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
 Assam - Digboi,Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan
 Mumbai High produces 63% of petroleum in India.

 Clean energy resource, environment friendly fuel
 Low carbon dioxide emissions.
 Used as CNG in vehicles.
 Used as a source of energy as well as raw material in the
petrochemical industry.
Producers – Krishna-Godavari basin.
 Mumbai High
 Gulf of Cambay.
 Andaman and Nicobar islands
 Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur is the longest (1700km) pipeline
that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in
UP.

 Hydro electricity
 Generated through fast flowing water.
 Multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley
corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. produce hydroelectric
power.
 Thermal electricity
 Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas.
 There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.

 NUCLEAR OR ATOMIC ENERGY
 obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
 used to generate electric power.
 Uranium and Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand,
Rajasthan & Monazite sands of Kerala are used for generating
nuclear power.
 SOLAR ENERGY
 Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy.
 Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in
Gujarat.

 WIND ENERGY
 Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from
Nagarcoil to Madurai
 Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and
Lakshadweep have important wind farms.
 Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind
energy.
 BIOGAS
 Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce
biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
 Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has high
thermal efficiency
 Improves the quality of manure and prevents the loss of trees &
manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

 TIDAL ENERGY
 Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to
generate electricity.
 A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh
by the National Hydropower Corporation.
 GEO THERMAL ENERGY
 The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior is called Geo Thermal Energy.
 The steam rising from earth’s surface due to the heating is used to
generate electricity.
 One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn
in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley,
Ladakh .

How?
 Judicious use & sustainable development
 Using non-conventional sources of energy.
 Use of renewable sources of energy

Minerals and Energy Resources Class X

Minerals and Energy Resources Class X

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Minerals and Energy Resources Class X

Recently uploaded

In this document

Minerals and Energy Resources Class X