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Mobile and social innovation governance, human empowerment and the role of ic ts for development
Mobile technologies are revolutionizing access to information and enabling new forms of participation. Billions now have access to mobile phones, which provide affordable communication and information sharing. Examples show how crowdsourcing, anti-corruption tools, mobile banking and other innovations empower people in developing nations. However, challenges remain in reaching the poor due to infrastructure gaps, skills, costs and other barriers. Moving forward, local innovation and partnerships can further extend the benefits of mobile access to enhance human development worldwide.
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Mobile and social innovation governance, human empowerment and the role of ic ts for development
- 1. Mobile and socialinnovation: Governance, human empowerment ! and the role of ICTs for development! ! ! ! ! ! Ruhiya Kristine Seward, Ph.D.! Research analyst/Consultant ! e-governance & A2i ! DGG/BDP ! UNDP! ! ! Bahrain International eGovernment Forum April 2013!
- 2. Contents! • Theworld and human development # • ICT evolution in development# # • Second ICT ‘revolution’: mobile technologies # • Examples of innovation# • Challenges # • Way forward...# #
- 3. ICT and theworld! • Democratization of access to ICTs over the past 20 years propelled by new technologies # • Mobile technologies# • Social networks # • Diminishing barriers to entry # • And propelling social innovation… # • Billions of people access to a digital communications device for the first time in history#
- 4. The world: HumanDevelopment Index (HDI)! • Global ‘rebalancing’ – even during a global recession developing countries are growing# # # # • Every region has seen notable improvements in ranking in all Human Development Index HDI components#
- 5. The world! •National HDI averages hide the stark disparities remaining within and between countries # • Income inequality rising# # • Elites are gaining most from rising wealth # # • Social mobilization and new social movements# # • Rapid growth of mobile Photo by: Emad Karim technologies and social network use# #
- 6. Evolution of ICTs& human development! # • ICT deployments used to be about infrastructure and connectivity # • “Digital divide” # • Now ICTs used by public & private sector to improve… # • Efficiency# • Effectiveness# • Transparency# • Service delivery# • Participation # • ICTs as tool for efficiency => reduce costs, easier to scale# ## l ICTs as tool of transformation => ICTs transform processes and create new ways to achieve goals… # l Qualitative changes# l Networking and networks l New ways of doing things!#
- 7. ICT penetration bystatus of development!
- 8. Growth in mobilesubscriptions!
- 9. ICT access inSub-Saharan Africa! 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Millions Source: UNDP 2011 and ITU 2011 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Fixed telephone lines Fixed (wired) Internet subscriptions
- 10.
- 11. Mobile subscriptions bycountry categories!
- 12. Evolution of ICTs! Mobile technologies! # Six billion users*# 85.5% global penetration# Closed-proprietary# Cost-based# Low-speed# Few applications# Low barriers to entry *ITU 2011 Internet ! ! 2.5 billion users*# 32.5% global penetration# Open/non-proprietary# Mostly free?# High speed/broadband# Many applications# High barriers to entry
- 13. Global & UNDPregion ICT stats! UNDP Regions! Internet users penetration! Mobile phone subscriptions penetration! Fixed phone subscriptions penetration! Fixed broadband subscriptions penetration! African states! 12.3%# 53.2%# 1.4%# 0.2%# Asia Pacific! 22.3%# 74.8%# 11.5%# 5.0%# Arab States! 29.1%# 93.3%# 9.4%# 2.1%# Europe/CIS! 42.3%# 131.3%# 25.3%# 10.2%# Latin America! 38.6%# 106.9%# 18.1%# 7.3%# UNDP Global! 24.3%# 80.1%# 11.6%# 4.8%# Global! 32.5%# 85.5%# 17.3%# 8.5%# Source: ITU 2012 and UNDP calculations#
- 14. Why the mobilerevolution?! # • Lower costs (devices and access)# # • Broader network coverage# # • User interface (voice plus simple text)# # • Usability and portability# # • Appropriation (personal device)# # • Social status#
- 15. Socioeconomic impact ofmobiles! # • Link to GDP growth# # • Increase of tax revenues# # • New jobs in sector and outside# # • Infrastructure leap-frogging# # • Enhance public service delivery# # • Reduce information asymmetries# # Photo: Stephanie Ludwig# Charging kiosk in Kenya#
- 16. Socioeconomic impact ofmobiles! • Reduce cost/travel expenditures for small and microenterprises (including small farmers)# ! • Facilitates greater access to information and fosters communication (literally trillions of SMS are sent every year)# # • Provide access to poor people – over 90 million people have a mobile but have no access to electricity!#
- 17. Reaching the poor! • Complex cost/benefit analysis for critical development problems as mobile services can be costly in poor countries. # • Coverage in remote or marginalized areas is lacking.# • Mobiles cannot fix larger infrastructure issues – transportation of goods, access to new/other markets. # • Cannot de-localize trade or completely remove the role of ‘middlemen’ in markets. # • Need for human-to-human interaction for trust to build. # • Mobile applications must be linked to poor people’s realities on the ground.#
- 18. Global & UNDPregion ICT costs! ! UNDP Regions! Fixed phone price basket % of GNI! Mobile phone price basket % of GNI! Fixed broadband price basket % of GNI! African states! 7.11%# 9.49%# 57.53%# Asia Pacific! 3.78%# 4.26%# 24.65%# Arab States! 0.78%# 1.85%# 5.05%# Europe/CIS! 1.31%# 2.37%# 6.44%# Latin American states! 2.01%# 3.60%# 14.59%# UNDP Global! 1.97%# 3.20%# 13.4%# Global! 1.23%# 1.84%# 6.16%# Non-UNDP global! 0.70%# 0.86%# 0.96%# Source: ITU 2012 and UNDP calculations#
- 19. Crowdsourcing with Ushahidi(global)!
- 20. Fighting corruption with‘I Paid a Bribe!’ (India)!
- 21. Mobile banking withM-Pesa (Kenya)! Photo by: Stephanie Ludwig
- 22. Digital data collectionfor disarmament and demobilization (Central African Republic)! Photo by: Tino Kreutzer/UNDP
- 23. Lessons learned •Start small and scale up gradually # • Build flexible tools using open source software # • Participation, participation, participation # • Simple, usable, affordable # • Consider numeracy and literacy issues#
- 24. Lessons learned •Support local service providers and build local technical capacity # • Infrastructure and technological limitations # • Build partnerships # • Good communication and outreach plans#
- 25. Challenges in reachingthe poor! • Basic ICT infrastructure # • Skills and acceptance levels # • Uneven ICT/mobile network penetration rates between urban population centers and rural areas # • Policy and regulation # • Costs of mobile services in developing countries # • Adequate project management#
- 26. Way forward...! # • Empowering people# # • Offering new ways of connecting with governments# # • Giving voice to those # #who had none before#
- 27. Way forward… •Innovation is coming from the South!# • Emerging economies playing a larger role in global economy... # • ...and are in fact investing in other developing countries # • Lower barriers to entry (access & technology) # • New knowledge (and know-how) and innovation being created that is more useful for poorer countries# • Local social innovators/entrepreneurs# # • Increasing importance of South-South cooperation# • ICTs are catalysts
- 28. Mobile Technologies and Empowerment: Enhancing human development through participation and innovation# # # http://www.undpegov.org/sites/undpegov.org/files/ undp_mobile_technology_primer.pdf# # # http://undpegov.org#
- 29. Thank you! [email protected]# # http://undpegov.org# # [email protected] # #