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Modals
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- 2. WHICH ARE THEDIFFERENCES BETWEEN MODALS AND VERBS? VERBS MODALS Singular / Plural -S / -ES / -IES (He plays, We play) NO variation (He must, We must) Negative Form Use of auxiliaries (don’t, doesn’t) NO auxiliaries (I must, I mustn’t) Interrogative Form Use of auxiliaries (do, does) NO auxiliaries (Should you...? Place in the sentence Bw the S and the O (You listen to music) ALWAYS before base form (He may be at home) Other forms: infinitive, participle, futur, -ing forms, complex tenses GO: to go, gone, will go, going, has gone They have NOT any of these forms
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- 4. CAN I canspeak English, because I lived in London. ability Can you open your books? request I can lend you my book if you need it. possibility
- 5. My brother isable to play football very well ability BE ABLE TO
- 6. COULD I couldrun very fast when I was a child. past ability Could you help me, please? polite request You could study and your results will improve. polite suggestion Don’t worry, you could win the lottery. possibility
- 7. You can’t beMark! He’s got dark hair certainty that something is impossible CAN’T
- 8. MAY It mayrain next week possibility May I pay with a credit card? polite request
- 9. She might winthe gold medal possibility MIGHT
- 10. WOULD Would youopen the door, please? formal request Would you like some coffee? offer
- 11. MUST You mustarrive on time at school. obligation I hear some noises inside. They must be at home. certainty that something is true
- 12. I have tostay at home before midnight. obligation, necessity HAVE TO
- 13. I need togo to the market because I’ve anything to eat. obligation, necessity NEED TO
- 14. You needn’t wakeup early on Sundays lack of obligation NEEDN’T
- 15. You dont’ haveto bring anything to the party lack of obligation DON’T HAVE TO
- 16. You mustn’t smokein this area. prohibition MUSTN’T
- 17. You should tryand give up smoking. advice, opinion SHOULD
- 18. You ought togo to the doctor if you don’t feel well. advice, opinion OUGHT TO
- 19. Modal Pefects referto PAST or COMPLETED ACTIONS: You should go to the doctor to feel it better. You should have gone to the doctor. Which of these sentences refer to the past? What differences in terms of form can you see? MODAL PERFECTS
- 20. STRUCTURE MODALS MODALPERFECTS Subject + modal + base form Subject + modal + have + past participle
- 21. MODAL PERFECTS Musthave May have / might have Could have Couldn’t have Would have Should have / ought to have Shouldn’t have Needn’t have
- 22. MUST HAVE Shehasn’t arrived yet. She must have been in a traffic jam. certainty that something was true
- 23. MAY HAVE /MIGHT HAVE She may / might have missed the bus a guess about a past action
- 24. COULD HAVE Youcould have studied more for this exam. ability to have done something but in fact did not
- 25. COULDN’T HAVE Hecouldn’t have killed him because he was in the hospital. certainty that something did not happen
- 26. WOULD HAVE Iwould have gone to the beach, but I didn’t feel very well willingness to have done something but in fact could not
- 27. SHOULD HAVE /OUGHT TO HAVE You should have told me that they splitted up. criticism or regret after an event
- 28. SHOULDN’T HAVE Youshouldn’t have insulted her! criticism after an event
- 29. NEEDN’T HAVE Youneedn’t have brought anything to the party. an unnecessary action in the past