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![Inhibition of growth and conidial development
(C) AgNPs with the diameter of 2 nm disrupted conidium
germination of F. graminearum. Differential interference
contrast [DIC] images of germ tube were captured with an
electronic microscope. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15
µg/ml.
(D) AgNPs display antifungal activity against various drug-
resistant strains of F. graminearum. Five-mm mycelial plugs of
each strain were inoculated on PDA plates supplemented with 5
µg/ml each fungicide, or AgNPs at the concentrations of EC50
(1.88 µg/ml) or EC90 (5.15 µg/ml), and then incubated at 25 C
for 2 days.
Jian et al. 2021](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/creditseminarslideshare-240303084231-13a25af7/75/Modern-Prospects-of-Nano-science-and-their-advancement-in-plant-disease-management-55-2048.jpg)
![SEM images of PH-1 mycelia observed after treating with or
without AgNP treatment. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15
µg/ml. Bars, upper panel = 30 µm, lower [Scale bar = 10 µm].
TEM images of PH-1 mycelia were observed after treating with
or without AgNPs. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15 µg/ml.
ES: empty spaces. Bars are indicated in each image.
Jian et al. 2021](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/creditseminarslideshare-240303084231-13a25af7/75/Modern-Prospects-of-Nano-science-and-their-advancement-in-plant-disease-management-56-2048.jpg)
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Modern Prospects of Nano science and their advancement in plant disease management
- 1. WELCOME TO THENANO WORLD
- 2. PAT -032 CREDITSEMINAR (0+1) DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY MODERN PROSPECTS OF NANO-SCIENCE AND THEIR ADVANCEMENT IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT Presented By Sunil Suriya M 217090013 II M.Sc., (Ag) ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
- 3. Chairperson Dr. L. VENGADESHKUMAR AssistantProfessor Dept. of Plant Pathology Members Dr. S. SANJAYGANDHI Assistant Professor Dept. of Plant Pathology Dr. M. PAZHANISAMY Assistant Professor Dept. of Entomology RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS
- 4. THROUGH THIS SLIDE What is nano technology? Introduction History Etymology How did nano evolves? Approaches used in nano technology (Synthesis, Characterization) Applications of nano technology in Agriculture & Plant pathology Types of Nanoparticles MOA of nano particles Research findings Nano formulations Possibilities for the future Pitfalls of Nanotechnology Conclusion
- 5.
- 6. INTRODUCTION The application of nanotechnologyin agriculture has created endless possibilities in crop protection and disease management. With the rising demand for food globally, it is essential to explore innovative strategies to increase crop yield while reducing the impact of plant diseases. In this regard, nanotechnology holds great promise and has emerged as a viable solution.
- 7. HISTORY BEHIND NANOTECHNOLOGY CONTENT Richard Feynmana father of Nanotechnology . He introduced the concept in 1959, during his talk, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. He didn’t use the term ‘nanotechnology’, but he describe a process where scientists could manipulate and control atoms and molecules. Dr. Nori Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist coined the term “Nanotechnology” in 1974, and he defined Nanotechnology as “The processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.”
- 8. Eric Drexler isa visionary scientist and engineer. He is the “Founding fathers of nanotechnology” (1986). He is most known for being the driving force behind the concept of molecular nanotechnology (MNT) and its potential benefits for humans. Bharat Ratna Prof. C.N.R. Rao is considered as the "Father of Indian Nanotechnology". Nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering
- 9. CHRONOLOGY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1959Richard Feynman gives his famous lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," which is kick start for Nanotechnology. 1974 Norio Taniguchi coins the term “Nanotechnology." 1981 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is invented. 1986 The book "Engines of Creation" by K. Eric Drexler is published. 1995 The first commercial use of nanotechnology in agriculture is a nano-fertilizer that is more efficient and effective than traditional fertilizers. 2000 The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is launched. 2004 The first commercial nano-fertilizer is launched. 2005 The first commercial use of nano-sensors in agriculture that can detect pests and diseases early. 2007 Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission) launched by Indian Govt. 2008 The first commercial nano-pesticide is launched. 2010 The first commercial use of nano-coatings in agriculture, that can protect seeds from pests and diseases. 2014 The first commercial nano-biosensor and nano enabled Agriculture robots were launched. 2015 The first commercial use of nano-bionics in agriculture is a plant that has been genetically modified to produce nanoparticles that can help it to resist pests and diseases. 2020 IFFCO launched the world's first Nano Urea fertilizer. 2023 -Present Continued exploration of nanotechnology's potential in addressing global food security, climate change resilience, and sustainable agricultural practices.
- 10. DEFINITION • Nanotechnology isthe art and science of manipulating matter at nano scale. (10-9 m) • The design, characterization, production & Application of structure, device and system controlling shape & size at nano scale - British standard 2005 ETYMOLOGY The word originates from Two words Nano – Greek word means “Dwarf” Technology – Visualize, Characterize, Manipulate and produce matter.
- 11.
- 12. IDEALOGY To put thenanoscale into context, a strand of DNA is 2.5 nm wide, a protein molecule is 5nm, a red blood cell 7000 nm and a human hair is 80,000 nm wide. 1nanometer = 1 billionth (10-9 m) meter
- 13. Properties of Nano-particles When a material is reduced to nano size, is acts differently and express some new properties completely lacking in macro scale form and give a way for a quantum mechanics. They are more reactive than their larger bulked particles and possess strong affinity to targets such as proteins As a result of nanoparticles’ small size and large surface-area-to-volume ratio, they can be reactive and bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small-molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. (Dubchak et al. 2010)
- 14. Properties at thenano level can differ from those at the macroscopic level due to various reasons, including quantum effects, surface-to-volume ratio. • Increase in surface area to volume ratio concept. • Quantum mechanics effect. • Dominance of electromagnetic force. • Surface properties. • Size dependent phenomena. How do properties change at nano level? 14 Modern prospects of nano-science and their advancement in plant disease management
- 15. Surface Area toVolume Ratio concept • All four cubes have the same volume • By breaking the cube into multiple cubes the amount of surface exposed increases • Suppose you broke the block into 1nm squares. How much surface area would be exposed? 1 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 m 6 x (1/1,000,000,000 m) 2 x 10729= 6,000,000,000 m² = 1,482,632 acres
- 16. • Higher hardness •Super plasticity at high temperature • Small size (high surface to volume ratio) • High chemical selectivity of surface • High mobility in plants, microorganism and environment Unique Characteristics of Nanoparticles
- 17. SYNTHESIS Approaches used inNanotechnology BOTTOM- UP TOP- DOWN BULK FRAGMENT NP’s NP’s CLUSTERS ATOMS
- 18. •Top-down approaches startwith a larger material and then use tools to break it down into smaller and smaller pieces until they reach the nanoscale. This is the same way that computer chips are made. 1. Nanopatterning for sensors 2. Nanoencapsulation of nutrient 3. Nano sensors 4. Nanofabricated membranes •Bottom-up approaches start with individual atoms or molecules and then assemble them into larger structures. This is the way that some biological molecules are formed. 1. Nanomaterial synthesis 2. Molecular self-assembly
- 20. Why Biological method? Reducetoxic chemical concentration Ecofriendly nano particles Economically viable Easier to manipulate size, shape and nature just by modifying culture, p H, temperature and nutrient media
- 21. Green Synthesis /Biological Method Different biological agents that can be used for the synthesis of nanoparticles • Microorganism (fungi, bacteria, virus) • Plant extracts, • Enzymes (Used as a reducing agent or caping agent) There are two main types of biological synthesis of nanoparticles: Extracellular synthesis occurs when the biological agent produces nanoparticles outside of its cells. This method is often used with microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Intracellular synthesis occurs when the biological agent produces nanoparticles inside of its cells. This method is often used with plants.
- 22. Certain microorganisms, suchas bacteria and fungi, have the ability to produce nanoparticles. They can either intracellularly or extracellularly synthesize nanoparticles. For example, some bacteria like Shewanella and Pseudomonas have been known to produce metal nanoparticles by reducing metal ions present in environment. The antibacterial agent silver can kill around 650 kinds of pathogenic microbes and silver have electrical, optical and biological properties and can be used in drug delivery, imaging, catalysis and bio sensing. Naeem Khan et al(2022) Synthesizing Nanoparticles form Microbes Modern prospects of nano-science and their advancement in plant disease management 22
- 23. Mechanism and differentsteps of AgNP synthesis by endophytic microbe Sidra Rahman et al (2019)
- 24. Sidra Rahman etal (2019)
- 25. Biological organism NanoparticleExtra/ intracellular Application Reference FUNGI Alternaria alternata Ag Extracellular Antifungal (Gajbhiye et al. 2009) Aspergillus niger Ag Extracellular Antibacterial (Kumar et al. 2008) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Ag Extracellular Antibacterial (Joshi et al. 2013) Trichothecium sp. Au Intra /extracellular ND (Ahmad et al. 2005) Trichoderma viride Ag Extracellular Vegetable &fruit preservation (Fayaz et al. 2009) Pennicilium sp. Ag Extracellular Antibacterial (Singh et al. 2014) Verticillium sp. Ag & Au Intracellular ND (Sastry et al. 2003) Aspergillus sp. Zn Extracellular ND (Raliya &Tarafdar 2014 ) Fusarium oxysporum Au Extracellular ND (Mukherjee et al .2001) Aspergillus aenus ZnO Extracellular Antifungal (Jain et al.2013) Synthesis and application of biological nanoparticles from Fungi
- 26. Synthesis of Nanoparticlesfrom Plant extracts Some plants have the ability to accumulate metal ions from the soil and convert them into nanoparticles, including silver, gold and copper NPs. These nanoparticles are typically found in the form of metal oxides and can be extracted from plant tissues. For instance, silver nanoparticles can be synthesized by treating plant extracts rich in phytochemicals with silver ions. Naeem Khan et al(2022)
- 27. Plant Type ofnanoparticle Size and shape Reference Acalypha indica Ag 20–30 nm; spherical Krishnaraj et al. (2010) Allium sativum (garlic clove) Ag 4–22 nm; spherical Ahamed et al. (2011) Aloe vera Au, Ag 50–350 nm; spherical, triangular Chandran et al. (2006) Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) Indium oxide 5–50 nm; spherical Maensiri et al. (2008) Azadirachta indica (neem) Ag/Au bimetallic 50–100 nm Shankar et al. (2004) Chenopodium album Ag, Au 10–30 nm; quasi-spherical shape Dwivedi and Gopal (2010) Cinnamomum camphora Ag, Au 55–80 nm Huang et al. (2007) Cinnamomum camphora Au, Pd 3.2–20 nm; cubic hexagonal crystalline Yang et al. (2010) Citrus sinensis peel Ag 35±2 nm (at 25 °C), 10±1 nm (at 60 °C); spherical Kaviya et al. (2011b) Datura metel Ag 16–40 nm; quasilinear superstructures Kesharwani et al. (2009) Eucalyptus hybrid Ag 50–150 nm Dubey et al. (2009) Melia azedarach Ag – Sukirtha et al. (2011) Moringa oleifera Ag 57 nm Prasad and Elumalai (2011) Parthenium leaf Au 50 nm; face-centered cubic Parashar et al. (2009b) Psidium guajava Au 25–30 nm; spherical Raghunandan et al. (2009)
- 28. Characterization of Nanoparticles Ultraviolet- visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy X-ray diffraction (XRD) Dynamiclight scattering (DLS) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Raman spectroscopy
- 29. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy Awidely used technique for characterizing nanoparticles. It provides valuable information about the electronic structure and optical properties of nanoparticles. By comparing the absorption of a sample to a calibration curve obtained from known concentrations, the concentration of nanoparticles can be quantified. This is particularly useful for monitoring nanoparticle synthesis or assessing the stability of nanoparticle suspensions. The visible absorption spectrum of gold nanoparticle at 550nm Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy Soumya Menon et al(2017)
- 30. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) TEM allows for high-resolution imaging of nanoparticles, providing information about their size, shape, and internal structure. It is particularly useful for studying individual nanoparticles and determining their crystallinity. TEM micrographs of gold nanoparticles synthesized by Streptomyces fulvissimus isolate Meysam Soltani Nejad et al (2014)
- 31. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) SEM provides surface morphology information and three-dimensional imaging of nanoparticles. It is often used to analyze nanoparticle size distribution and surface features. Such as Morphology, Size Analysis and distribution, Elemental Analysis, Nanoparticle Interactions, Aggregation and Dispersion. SEM micrographs of Fusarium oxysporum, The treatments with different concentrations of Cu-NPs: (a) Control (b) 0.1 mg mL1 , (c) 0.25 mg mL1 , and (d) 0.5 mg mL1 . Nicolaza Pariona et al(2019) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- 32. 01 POST HARVEST . 02 CROP PROTECTION Pestand disease management can enhance their efficacy, reduce the required dosage, and provide target delivery to pests & disease. 03 CROP IMPROVEMENT Aiming to enhance crop productivity, nutritional quality, aiming to enhance crop productivity, resilience, and nutritional quality. 04 NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY Focus on DNA sequencing and genomics, nanocarriers for gene delivery, bioimaging, bioactive compound delivery, plant tissue culture and regeneration. 05 PRECISION AGRICULTURE Precise data on Soil conditions, water quality, and crop health, nutrient levels, moisture content, and disease presence. 06 FOOD PROCESSING Food processing, providing opportunities to enhance food quality, safety, and efficiency, food packaging, food waste reduction. 07 SOIL REMEDIATION Nanoparticles to remove or neutralize pollutants from soil, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants. 08 NANO-FERTILIZER Enhance the efficiency by improving nutrient absorption and retention by plants reduce nutrient leaching and volatilization. APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE Focusing on improving food quality, reducing waste, and extending the shelf life of harvested crops, food safety and pathogen detection.
- 33. APPLICATION IN CROP PROTECTION d d d d NANO PESTICIDE Nano-formulationsof pesticides can improve their stability, solubility, and controlled release, leading to better targeting and reduce environmental impact on non target organism. NANO SENSOR Detect and monitor (pests, diseases, environmental conditions) and volatile compounds released by pests or pathogens in real-time, providing valuable data for optimized plant management. NANO BIOSENSOR Combines biological elements such as antibodies or DNA probes to detect and diagnosis of plant diseases and pest, enabling early intervention and targeted NANO ANTIMICROBIAL Nanomaterials inhibit the growth and activity of pathogens, preventing infections and enhance plant defence mechanisms, stimulating the plant's own immune response against pathogens. NANO TARGET DELIVERY Act as carriers for targeted delivery of bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial agents, PGR, or RNAi molecules and enhance their stability & ensure their controlled release at the desired site. NANO CAPSULE Nanogels can release biopesticides or plant growth regulators in response to pest attack or disease infection, providing targeted and disease resistance.
- 34. Types of Nanoparticlesused in Plant Pathology Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have strong antimicrobial activity against a wide range of plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They work by disrupting the cell walls and membranes of pathogens, causing them to die. An Yan et al(2019) Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs): CuNPs have shown antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic fungi. They can be used as an alternative to conventional fungicides to manage fungal diseases. They work by binding to the DNA of pathogens, preventing them from replicating. Elizabeth A. Worrall et al (2018)
- 35. Zinc oxide nanoparticles:Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been shown to have antifungal and antibacterial properties. They work by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage the cell walls and membranes of pathogens. Anu kalia et al (2020) Silica nanoparticles: Silica nanoparticles have been shown to stimulate plant defense responses, making plants more resistant to pathogens. They work by activating the plant's immune system, which helps to protect the plant from infection. Nidhi kandhol et al (2021) Carbon nanomaterials: Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, have also been shown to have potential for use in plant pathology. They work by disrupting the cell walls and membranes of pathogens, as well as by interfering with their metabolism. Mousa A. Alghuthaymi et al (2021)
- 36. Mode of Actionof NPs • Interaction with cell wall and membrane • Influence on amino acids and enzymes • Obstructions in energy recruitment • Impact on DNA and RNA • Generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) • Direct physical interaction • Disruption of biofilms • Release of metal ions • Enhanced plant defence response Massalimov Ismail et al (2019) Sidra Rahman et al (2019)
- 37. Alghuthaymi et al(2021) Antifungal activity mechanisms of hybrid nanomaterials
- 38.
- 40. TABLE 1 Percentinhibition means, sporulation inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum in PDA medium at different concentrations of ZnO and ZnO NPs at 8 days of evaluation Treatment Concentration (ppm) Mycelial growth inhibition (%)a,b Inhibition of sporulation (%)a,b ZnO 3,000 78.63 ± 1.72 bcd 69.87 ± 1.92 c ZnO 2000 76.00 ± 0.91 de 66.81 ± 1.21 c ZnO 1,600 76.60 ± 0.51 cd 68.06 ± 1.17 c ZnO 1,200 65.85 ± 2.73 f 65.59 ± 0.49 c ZnO 800 62.63 ± 0.57 g 56.83 ± 2.79 d ZnO 400 46.32 ± 1.36 h 48.38 ± 1.88 e ZnO 200 0 ± 0.00 j 28.81 ± 3.17 g ZnO 100 0 ± 0.00 j 28.08 ± 2.32 g ZnO NPs 3,000 81.05 ± 1.84 ab 83.85 ± 0.39 a ZnO NPs 2000 79.35 ± 0.41 bc 76.38 ± 1.60 b ZnO NPs 1,600 83.30 ± 0.91 a 82.57 ± 1.49 a ZnO NPs 1,200 73.25 ± 1.12 e 75.56 ± 0.97 b ZnO NPs 800 66.40 ± 1.98 f 59.72 ± 2.43 d ZnO NPs 400 47.28 ± 0.74 h 57.42 ± 1.20 d ZnO NPs 200 33.35 ± 0.83 i 55.73 ± 1.47 d ZnO NPs 100 30.78 ± 1.09 i 41.71 ± 5.48 f Merino et al. 2021
- 41. (a) (b) (c) (d)(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Antifungal activity of ZnO NPs on Fusarium oxysporum in vitro test: (a) 0 ppm, (b) 3,000 ppm, (c) 2000 ppm, (d) 1,600 ppm, (e) 1,200 ppm, (f) 800 ppm, (g) 400 ppm, (h) 200 ppm and (i) 100 ppm FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Antifungal activity of ZnO on Fusarium oxysporum in vitro test: (a) 0 ppm, (b) 3,000 ppm, (c) 2000 ppm, (d) 1,600 ppm, (e) 1,200 ppm, (f) 800 ppm, (g) 400 ppm, (h) 200 ppm and (i) 100 to ppm Merino et al. 2021
- 42. Concentration inhibitory ofmycelial growth and sporulation inhibition and fiducial limits of ZnO and ZnO NPs applied to Fusarium oxysporum in PDA at 8 days of evaluation TABLE 2 IC50 -50% growth inhibitory concentration; IC90 -90% growth inhibitory concentration.
- 43. Treatments Concentration (ppm) Plant height(cm)a Incidence (%)a,b Severitya,c Absolute control = TA 0 157.4 ± 13.2 ab 0.0 ± 0.0 0 ± 0.0 Inoculated control = T0 0 73.0 ± 6.02 d 100.0 ± 0.0 5.0 ± 0.0 ZnO 3,000 140.0 ± 24.3 b 100.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 ZnO 1,500 108.4 ± 15.2 c 100.0 ± 0.0 2.0 ± 0.0 ZnO 100 105.6 ± 13.4 c 100.0 ± 0.0 4.8 ± 0.45 ZnO NPs 3,000 166.0 ± 18.1 ab 40.0 ± 54.7 0.8 ± 1.10 ZnO NPs 1,500 175.4 ± 12.8 a 20.0 ± 44.7 0.4 ± 0.89 ZnO NPs 100 136.6 ± 13.9 bc 60.0 ± 54.7 1.2 ± 1.10 Plant height, incidence and severity of damage by Fusarium oxysporum at different concentrations of ZnO NPs and ZnO at 75 days after the first inoculation TABLE 2 Merino et al. 2021
- 44. Tomato plants S.lycopersicum (a) inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum, (b) absolute control without inoculation of the phytopathogen
- 45. Control of Fusariumoxysporum with ZnO NPs and ZnO in Solanum lycopersicum tomato plants. (a) ZnO NPs at 3,000 ppm, (b) ZnO NPs at 1,500 ppm, (c) ZnO NPs at 100 ppm, (d) ZnO at 3,000 ppm, (e) ZnO at 1,500 ppm, (f) ZnO at 100 ppm. Merino et al. 2021
- 47. Synthesis of chitosan-copper nanoparticles(Ch-CuNPs). Confirmation of Ch-CuNPs production by (a) UV–Vis spectroscopic results showing nanoparticle formation at 585 nm, whereas reactants did not show any absorbance in-between 500 and 600 nm. Inside figure: i. blue color formation after addition of copper sulphate to chitosan; ii. change in color from blue to brick red. b) Particle size of the synthesized NPs showed 163.8 ± 13.3 nm mean diameter by DLS analysis. c) Stability of NPs was confirmed by zeta potential results, which showed +25.6 mV. d) FT-IR analysis confirmed the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis process of NPs. Synthesis and characterizationof Ch-CuNP Vanti et al. 2020
- 48. Surface and elementalanalysis of Ch-CuNPs. a) SEM studies revealed particles that are present on the chitosan surface and are relatively spherical in shape ranging from 100 to 200 nm in diameter; b) X-ray spectral images showed peaks at 0.9 keV (Lα), 8.04 keV, (Kα) and 8.8 keV (Kβ), which confirms the elemental copper with different energy levels; the imposed figure is the position where the X-ray readings were recorded. Vanti et al. 2020
- 49. NPs showed 63.6± 3.5% and 94.3 ± 2.1% mycelial growth inhibition for R. solani at 0.05 and 0.1%. In contrast to NPs, the Ridomil fungicide at 0.2% concentration showed 75.3 ± 1.5% mycelial growth inhibition for R. solani. Copper sulphate (0.2%), which was used as a precursor to synthesize NPs, showed 24.6 ± 3.1% mycelial growth inhibition for R. solani. Effect of synthesized Ch-CuNPs against the plant fungal pathogen R. solani. (a, b). NPs revealed the mycelial growth inhibition at different concentrations tested. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); columns with superscript symbols are statistically significant at ***P b 0.001. In Vitro Antifungal Studies Vanti et al. 2020
- 50. In Vitro AntifungalStudies NPs for P. aphanidermatum showed 88.1 ± 3.8% and 98.3 ± 2.0% mycelial growth inhibition at 0.05% and 0.1% NPs concentrations. In contrast to NPs, the Ridomil fungicide at 0.2% concentration showed 77.3 ± 2.1% mycelial growth inhibition for P. aphanidermatum. Copper sulphate (0.2%), which was used as a precursor to synthesize NPs, showed 86.3 ± 2.1% mycelial growth inhibition for P. aphanidermatum. Efficacy of synthesized Ch-CuNPs against the plant fungal pathogen P. aphanidermatum. (a, b). NPs showed the mycelial growth inhibition at both concentrations tested. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); columns with superscript symbols are statistically significant at ***P b 0.001, **P b 0.05. Vanti et al. 2020
- 51. The mycelial dryweight of the R. solani and P. aphanidermatum was reduced to 66.21% and 76.86% respectively at 0.05% NPs concentration when compared with control. Whereas, the mycelial dry weight of both the pathogens were unable to measure when treated with 0.1% NPs Vanti et al. 2020
- 52. Effect of Ch-CuNPson extracellular conductivity of the plant fungal pathogens R. solani and P. aphanidermatum after 0, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation; the results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); columns with superscript symbols are statistically significant at ***P b 0.001, *P b 0.05. Cellular Leakage Study Vanti et al. 2020
- 54. Inhibition of growthand conidial development (A) AgNPs with different sizes and concentrations inhibited the mycelial growth of PH-1. Colony morphology of the wild-type strain PH-1 cultured on PDA with or without AgNPs at 25 C for 2 days. (B) AgNPs with the diameter of 2 nm inhibited mycelia growth of F. graminearum. Colony morphology of PH-1 cultured on PDA with or without 2 nm AgNPs at 25 C for 2 days. Jian et al. 2021
- 55. Inhibition of growthand conidial development (C) AgNPs with the diameter of 2 nm disrupted conidium germination of F. graminearum. Differential interference contrast [DIC] images of germ tube were captured with an electronic microscope. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15 µg/ml. (D) AgNPs display antifungal activity against various drug- resistant strains of F. graminearum. Five-mm mycelial plugs of each strain were inoculated on PDA plates supplemented with 5 µg/ml each fungicide, or AgNPs at the concentrations of EC50 (1.88 µg/ml) or EC90 (5.15 µg/ml), and then incubated at 25 C for 2 days. Jian et al. 2021
- 56. SEM images ofPH-1 mycelia observed after treating with or without AgNP treatment. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15 µg/ml. Bars, upper panel = 30 µm, lower [Scale bar = 10 µm]. TEM images of PH-1 mycelia were observed after treating with or without AgNPs. EC50 = 1.88 µg/ml and EC90 = 5.15 µg/ml. ES: empty spaces. Bars are indicated in each image. Jian et al. 2021
- 58. Characterization of Nanoparticles Atomicforce microscopy (AFM) image Pure Chitosan Gold–chitosan Nanoparticles (AuNPs–chitosan) Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) The pure chitosan shows a granular structure, with grains having dimensions of about 29 nm. Comparing the results obtained for pure chitosan and AuNPs–chitosan (Figure a, b) it can be seen that the NPs are present as individual particles imbedded into chitosan aggregates (with a mean diameter of 80 nm). For CNPs, the AFM image indicates the presence of nanoparticles with diameters of about 23nm. Lipsa et al. 2020
- 59. In Vitro AntifungalAssays Effects of the interactions of different nanoparticles at different concentrations and doses on the inhibition of mycelial growth of two F. oxysporum strains. There was no inhibition in the case of the control plates. I—F. oxysporum, DSM 62338 strain; II—F. oxysporum, DSM 62060 strain. For all the controls, the same picture was used as there was no difference between the control plates. Lipsa et al. 2020
- 60. DSM 62338 DSM62060 Lipsa et al. 2020
- 61. DSM 62338 DSM62060 Lipsa et al. 2020
- 62. Product information Nano protexis the combination of both silver and copper nanoparticles and act as a Fungicidal, bactericidal and viricidal. Multidirectional activity of nanosilver compromises the induction of microbial defensive mechanisms and stops the development of bacterial resistance. Benefits Inhibits the growth of genera like Pseudomonas, Clavibacter, Xanthomonas in bacteria; major soil borne diseases. Recommendation • Foliar Application: 15- 20 ml/15l NANO PROTEX Nano Formulations
- 63. Product information Nano Shieldis made by stabilizing nano silver particles along with Hydrogen Peroxide in the presence of the catalyst, this unique product is effective on large range of microorganisms. Nano Shield is an excellent fungicide, antibiotic and bactericide. Benefits Effective to control diseases like powdery mildew, downy mildew and other fungal diseases. It reduce the chemical residues on the surface of fruits. Recommendation • Foliar Application: 2- 2.5 ml/l • Drenching/ Drip: 1- 2l/acre NANO SHIELD
- 64. TNAU FRUITY FRESH Productinformation The fruity fresh increase the Shelf f fruits and vegetables and protect them against post-harvest diseases. The Fruity Fresh when sprayed 15 - 30 days before harvest helped grower’s to retain fruits and vegetables for six to 12 days Benefits Post-harvest in a ‘Fruity fresh’ formulation extended the shelf life by 10 - 15 days under ambient and cold storage condition. Technology The technology ‘Enhanced Freshness Formulation’ (EFF) uses hexanal or hexanaldehyde, an organic compound secreted by plants. Hexanal is incorporated in a formulation of nano-particles.
- 65. Possibilities for theFuture • Plant Nanobionics – Plant enabled sensors. (Ghorbanpour et al., 2017) • Hybrid Nanomaterial – Nanobased mycotoxin detection. • Hybrid Nanofiber mat- Composed of cellulose acetate (AgNPs) prepared by electrospinning. • Nano biosensor & Quantum dots- Replacing conventional assay (ELISA & Preliminary tools). • Liposomes & Fullerenes (Buckyballs) – Delivery vehicle for Genetic & antimicrobial products. Modern prospects of nano-science and their advancement in plant disease management
- 66. Smartphone-based Detector byusing VOC • Schematic of AuNPs@MISG-coated Au nanoislands for selective detection of terpenes. • VOC sampling and detection of tomato late blight enabled by a 10-element nanostructured colorimetric sensor array using a smartphone-based detector.
- 67. Nano-diagnostic Kit • NanodiagonasticKit also called “lab in a box” is used as a small box for measuring equipment can easily and quickly detect potential serious plant pathogens. • This kit contained four myco-sensors which can detect the of ZEA, T-2/HT-2, DON and FB1/ FB2 myco-toxins on only one strip used for cash crops like wheat, barley and corn. Khiyami et al. 2014
- 68.
- 69. Palm PCR • ThePalm PCR system can deliver your multiplex realtime PCR results in less than 12 minutes with high sensitivity and accuracy, even at single copy target concentration.
- 70. Nanopore System Nanopore sequencingis a revolutionary Third generation sequencing technology. It’s the unique, scalable technology that enables direct, real-time analysis of long DNA or RNA fragments.
- 71. • Toxicity toPlants; Change the physiological process of plants (Preventing transpiration and fertilization of floral parts) • Nanoparticle mobility to non target organism. • Environment risk & contaminating soil, water & air; due to enhanced transport, longer persistence, and higher reactivity of NPs • Economic barrier & adoption by public. • Regulatory challenges and no standardized safety guidelines. • Health risks to human health. • Adoption of Green Nanotechnology may reduce the risk and less impact on Environment. Pitfalls of Nanotechnology Modern prospects of nano-science and their advancement in plant disease management
- 72. Nanotechnology holds tremendouspotential in the field of plant pathology, offering a innovative solutions for the detection, monitoring, and delivery of biomaterials in managing plant diseases. Its an interdisciplinary nature allows for integration with other cutting- edge technologies, such as remote sensing and precision agriculture, creating a holistic approach for plant disease management. However, Continued research in this area of nanoparticle holds stability and improves the ecological impact. It is necessary to be addressed for successful commercialization and widespread adoption of nanotechnology in the field of plant pathology. CONCLUSION
Editor's Notes
- #2 Welcome you all to this Thursday morning
- #4 Before enter into topic I’d like to welcome Head of the department Dr. Eeshwaran sir Professor and head plant pathology. My chairperson Dr. vengadeshkumar sir asst professor plant pathology and research advisory committee Dr. sanjaygandhi sir asst professor plant pathology. And I welcome my professors, assoc professors, asst professors, my collegues, juniors and seniours to this seminar.
- #6 Nanotechnology is a field of science and engineering that involves working with materials and devices at the nanoscale level, typically on the order of 1 to 100 nanometers or it is 1lakhs times smaller than our single hair
- #68 Nanodiagonastic kit contained four myco-sensors which can detect the of ZEA, T-2/HT-2, DON and FB1/ FB2 myco-toxins on only one strip used for cash crops like wheat, barley and corn This technique is quick, easier and less expensive for detection of fungal attack on cash crops. Moreover, it can also detect particular gene target, isolation and purification of specific genes Here's how a nanodiagnostic kit for plant diseases typically works: 1. Sample collection: The first step involves obtaining plant tissue or other relevant samples from potentially infected plants. These samples may include leaves, stems, fruits, or soil around the roots. 2. Sample preparation: The collected samples are then processed and prepared for analysis. In some cases, this may involve extracting genetic material (e.g., DNA or RNA) from the samples. 3. Nanoparticle-based detection: The core of the nanodiagnostic kit is the nanoparticles that are specifically designed to interact with target pathogens or biomolecules associated with the disease. These nanoparticles are often functionalized with specific ligands or antibodies that can recognize and bind to the target pathogens or biomarkers. 4. Signal generation: When the nanoparticles bind to the target pathogen or biomolecules, they produce a detectable signal. This signal can be fluorescence, color change, electrochemical response, or other measurable outputs, depending on the design of the kit. 5. Detection and analysis: The signal generated by the nanoparticles is then measured and analyzed using appropriate detection methods. This can be done with a portable reader or a simple handheld device, making it suitable for on-site testing. 6. Data interpretation: The data obtained from the kit is interpreted to determine the presence and severity of the plant disease. Some nanodiagnostic kits may even provide quantitative information about the pathogen load. Benefits of Nanodiagnostic Kits for Plant Diseases: 1. Speed 2. Sensitivity 3. Portability 4. Cost-effectiveness 5. Precision 6. Early detection and prevention
- #70 Powered by the revolutionary convection PCR technology, this compact realtime PCR instrument allows you to reach unprecedented ultra-fast PCR speed, 20 to 60 seconds per cycle. With maximum of six realtime channels available, the full capacity of realtime multiplexing can be attained with no detectable crosstalk, securing ultimate sensitivity and specificity. Has the ability to run 30 cycles in 12/21 mins
- #71 It works by monitoring changes to an electrical current as nucleic acids are passed through a protein nanopore. The resulting signal is decoded to provide the specific DNA or RNA sequence Nano pore systems are capable of electronic detection of DNA structures with low cost, less sample preparation potential and working at high speed.