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Modern Survey Techniques
Surveying techniques have a long history dating back to ancient Egypt in 3000 BC. Precise surveying was important for projects like the Great Pyramids of Giza. In later centuries, surveying was critical for territorial expansion in countries like India and America. Modern surveying methods increasingly utilize electronic devices like total stations, GPS, mobile mapping, and airborne laser scanning to gather precise geographic data.
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Modern Survey Techniques
- 2. History Of Survey •Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks were re-established by a rope stretcher, the application of simple geometry(3000BC). The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built in 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. • In India recorded survey was found “Indus valley civilization” in 2500 BC.
- 3. Sculpture of EgyptianSurvey
- 4. • In America’sformative years men such as George Washington were surveyors before they became better known for their political and intellectual skills. • Only one of these 4 presidents was not a land surveyor.
- 5. INDIAN SURVEY HISTORY •The Great Trigonometry Survey was started by British surveyor Col. William Lambton in 10th April 1802. It was started from Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. To measure 12 K.M. base line distance it took 57 days time. 36 inch huge ½ ton weight Theodolite was used to measure. This 5 decade project was completed under Survey General Lt George Everest in the year 1852. Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest height in 1852. (29002 feet). Now it 29037ft. • The GTS was not the first survey of the country. Lord Robert Clive of the East India Company had raised a mapping agency, which later became the Survey of India, and commissioned the Bengal Surveys as early as 1767 under Major James Rennel. This is regarded as the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.
- 6. 36 INCH THEODOLITEUSED BY WILLIAM LAMBTON IN 1802 DURING GTS SURVEY
- 8. A German Engineersurveying during the first world war, 1918
- 13. Digital Level LaserLevel oLeveling for long distance, Curvature and Refraction corrections are required o Curvature correction- 0.0785 D (distance in KM) sqr .(Taken the diameter of the earth as 12742 k.M.) o Refraction correction- 0.0112 D sqr o Combined Correction:- 0.073 D sqr in mtr. o Combined correction for 500 mtr distance. o (500 X 0.0673)/1000 =0.017 m.
- 17. Electronic Distance MeasurementElectronicDistance Measurement (EDM )instrument(EDM )instrument
- 18. Total Station A combinationof Theodolite and EDM machine is called Total Station
- 19. Angle Measuring Device Distancemeasuring Device Microprocessor Data Collector Data Storage Battery Reflector
- 20. - ControlSurvey (Total station Traverse for Ground Control Points). - Detail Survey – Picking of ground features with or with out prism. - Remote Distance Measurements (RDM) - Fixing of Missing Pillars / Setting out / Stake out - Resection - Area Calculation . - Remote Elevation measurement (REM) - Curve Layout - Cut & Fill with Volume Calculation .
- 21. WINDOW OS TOTALSTATION
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- 25. SMART STATION A Combinationof Total Station & GPS is called Smart Station
- 26. Laser Rangefinder: A laserrangefinder is a device which uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object.
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- 28. Representation of apointRepresentation of a point Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid
- 32. HORIZONTAL DATUM - Physicalsurface of Earth is an Irregular Surface. - It is not suitable for Mathematical Calculation - Hence, a suitable Regular Mathematical Surface is conceived by Geodesists which closely fit the Earth Surface - WGS-84 is a Geocentric Ellipsoid, which is accepted universally. - Everest Ellipsoid is a local datum which is taken as a Horizontal datum for Horizontal Control in India & Adjacent countries except China.
- 33. Representation of apointRepresentation of a point Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid
- 34. Official Ellipsoids Equatorial NameDate Radius a (metres) Radius b (metres) Polar Flattening WGS 84 1984 6,378,137 6,356,752.3 1/298.257 GRS 80* 1980 ,, ,, ,, WGS 72 1972 6,378,135 6,356,750.5 1/298.26 Australian 1965 6,378,160 6,356,774.7 1/298.25 Krasovsky 1940 6,378,245 6,356,863 1/298.3 Internat’l 1924 6,378,388 6,356,911.9 1/297 Clarke 1880 6,378.249.1 6,356,514.9 1/293.46 Clarke 1866 6,378,206.4 6,356,583.8 1/294.98 Bessel 1841 6,377,397.2 6,356,079.0 1/299.15 Airy 1830 6,377,563.4 6,356,256.9 1/299.32 Everest 1830 6,377,276.3 6,356,075.4 1/300.8
- 35. Relationships between theearth's surface, the geoid and a reference ellipsoid
- 36. A verticaldatum is used for measuring the elevations of points on the Earth's surface. Vertical datums are either tidal, based on sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid, or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid modelsof theearth used for computing horizontal datums. In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above mean sea level; this is a widely used tidal datum. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a tidal datum which is described as the arithmetic mean of the hourly water elevation taken over aspecific yearscycle.
- 37. HEIGHT OFHEIGHT OF BEDPLATEBED PLATE ABOVE ZEROABOVE ZERO OF TIDEOF TIDE GAUGEGAUGE WAVEWAVE NEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMNEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BENCH MARKBENCH MARK HEIGHT OF BENCH MARKHEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZEROABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZERO LOW WATERLOW WATER HIGH WATERHIGH WATER MEAN SEA LEVELMEAN SEA LEVEL HEIGHT OF BENCHHEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE MEANMARK ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVELSEA LEVEL BEDPLATEBEDPLATE ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSORZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR PRESSURE SENSOR TIDEPRESSURE SENSOR TIDE GAUGEGAUGE FLOAT TYPE TIDEFLOAT TYPE TIDE GAUGEGAUGE STILLING WELLSTILLING WELL
- 38. PROJECTION • Transformation ofThree Dimensional Space onto a two dimensional map • A systematic arrangement of intersecting lines on a plane that represent and have a one to one correspondence to the meridians and parallels on the datum surface
- 39. UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR(UTM) • UTM is a Geodetic Coordinate System, which was developed in 1940, based on ellipsoid model of Earth. World Geodetic System WGS-84 is established in 1984 (last revised in 2004) • The earth between latitudes 84° N and 80° S, is divided into 60, 6° wide. • Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) • Defined above 84 degrees north latitude and 80 degree south
- 41. WHAT IS GPS? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The GPS project was developed in 1973 and It became fully operational in 1994. GPS was created and organized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was originally run with 24 satellites. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a combine of GPS & Russian GLONASS(14 Satellite).China’s satellite system Compass and The European Union's satellite system Galileo will join by 2020. The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) system to be completed and implemented by 2014 with 7 navigational satellites, then accuracy will be 7.6 mtr trough out the India. Indian first satellite IRNSS 1A was launched on 1st July 2013.
- 43. Various use ofGPSVarious use of GPS
- 44. TYPES OF HANDHELDS(ASCENDING) Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price Image 1 Garmin E Tex10 way points, Routes & Base Map 7,500 2 Garmin E Tex20 Build in Memory, Color display 12,900 3 Garmin E Tex30 / Dakota 20 Electronic Composet Compass,Baro metric Altimetor, Autometic Routing 15,800- 16,400
- 45. Sl. No. GPS ModelSpecification Price Image 4 Garmin 62SC/Rino650, Oregon 550,78Sc SD data card, Color Map Camera 28,400-35,600 5 Garmin Rino665t,Mont ana650t GNSS support Geo-chaching Mode 42,000 6 Garmin Monterra Anroid mobile phone,Multim edia, Wi- Fi,Bluetooth 48,000
- 46. HANDHELDS (SUPPORTED TODGPS) Sl. No. GPS Model SpecificationPrice 1 Trimble Juno Series DGPS support 90,000 2 Trimble Geo Explorer, Mobile Mapper GIS Application 4,00,000 3 YUMA 2 Tablet PC for processing, Rugged 6,00,000
- 47. DGPS Differential Global PositioningSystem (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations.
- 48. GPS Receivers GPS Receivers DGPSRECEIVERS
- 49. DGPS SURVEY MODES •Static
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- 51. REAL TIME KINEMATICS(RTK)
- 52. GPS PRICES There are4 Types of GPS available Consumer (5 to 15 mtr) Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000 Mapping (1 to 5 mtr) Rs 50,000 to Rs 1, 25,000 Sub Meter Mapping (<1 Mtr) Rs 1, 50,000 to Rs 2, 50,000 Surveying (1 cmt) Rs 5, 00,000 to Rs15,000,00.
- 53. MOBILE MAPPING, AIRBORNELASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING Mobile mapping is the process of collecting data from a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a range of photographic, radar, laser, LiDAR or any number of remote sensing systems. The primary output from such systems include GIS data, digital maps, and georeferenced images and video.
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- 56. AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING(ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING
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- 58. DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING •A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface . • Using satellite imaginaries of NRSC (PAN & LISS-III merged product) with Survey of India digital topographical maps (scale 1:50,000)
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