Module 1- Introduction-CCA.pptx

Prepared by:
Dr. Saba Fatima
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SECAB Institute of Engineering and Technology


 Cloud Computing At A Glance
 The Vision Of Cloud Computing
 Defining A Cloud
 A Closer Look
 The Cloud Computing Reference Model
 Characteristics And Benefits
 Challenges Ahead
 Historical Developments
 Distributed Systems
 Virtualization
 Web2.0
 Service-oriented Computing
 Utility-oriented Computing
 Building Cloud Computing Environments
 Application Development
 Infrastructure And System Development
 Computing Platforms And Technologies
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Module -1 CCA-18CS643- ECE-SIET,
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Content


 Cloud computing is a technological advancement that
focuses on the way we design computing systems,
develop applications, and leverage existing services for
building software.
 It is based on the concept of dynamic provisioning, which
is applied not only to services but also to compute
capability, storage, networking, and information
technology (IT) infrastructure in general.
 Resources are made available through the Internet and
offered on a pay-per-use basis from cloud computing
vendors.
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Introduction

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Cloud Computing At A Glance

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Very popular: too many are “In Search” of Cloud Computing

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 Such a delivery model is made possible by the effective
composition of several technologies, which have reached
the appropriate maturity level.
 Web 2.0 technologies play a central role in making cloud
computing an attractive opportunity for building
computing systems.
 Service orientation allows cloud computing to deliver its
capabilities with familiar abstractions, while
virtualization confers on cloud computing the necessary
degree of customization, control, and flexibility for
building production and enterprise systems.
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The vision of cloud computing

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 optimizing datacenter facilities
 fully utilizing their capabilities to serve multiple
users
 reduce the waste of energy, carbon emissions, thus
contributing to a greener IT on one end and
increasing revenue on the other end.
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Defining a cloud

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Figure: Cloud computing technologies, concepts, and
ideas.


 definition given by Armbrust et al. [28]
“Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as
services over the Internet and the hardware and system software
in the datacenters that provide those services”.
 definition proposed by the U.S. National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST):
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction”.
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
 The utility-oriented nature of cloud computing is clearly
expressed by Buyya et al. [30]:
“A cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of
a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on service-level agreements
established through negotiation between the service provider and
consumers”.
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
 Cloud computing is helping enterprises,
governments, public and private institutions, and
research organizations shape more effective and
demand-driven computing systems.
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A closer look

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 Large enterprises can off load some of their activities
to cloud-based systems. Recently, the New York
Times has converted its digital library of pasted it
ions into a Web-friendly format. This required a
considerable amount of computing power for a
short period of time. By renting Amazon EC2 and S3
Cloud resources, the Times performed this task in
36hours and relinquished these resources, with no
additional costs.
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Practical example of such systems
exist across all market segments:

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A bird’s-eye view of cloud computing.

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Major deployment models for cloud
computing

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The cloud computing reference model

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interesting characteristics that bring benefits to both cloud
service consumers (CSCs) and cloud service providers (CSPs)
• No up-front commitments
• On-demand access
• Nice pricing
• Simplified application acceleration and scalability
• Efficient resource allocation
• Energy efficiency
• Seamless creation and use of third-party services
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Characteristics and benefits


 Besides the practical aspects, which are related to
configuration, networking, and sizing of cloud
computing systems, a new set of challenges
concerning the dynamic provisioning of cloud
computing services and resources arises.
 For example, in the Infrastructure-as-a-Service
domain, how many resources need to be
provisioned, and for how long should they be used,
in order to maximize the benefit?
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Challenges ahead


 management of large computing infrastructures
 the use of virtualization technologies
 issues and challenges concerning the integration of
real and virtual infrastructure
 Security in terms of confidentiality, secrecy, and
protection of data
 challenges for confidential data, which organizations
cannot afford to reveal
 Legal issues may also arise
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Historical developments
The evolution of distributed computing technologies,1950s-2010s.


 five core technologies that played an important role
in the realization of cloud computing.
-These technologies are distributed systems,
virtualization, Web 2.0, service orientation, and utility
computing.
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
A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers that appears to its users as a single coherent
system.
 Distributed systems often exhibit other properties
such as heterogeneity, openness, scalability,
transparency, concurrency, continuous availability,
and independent failures.
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1. Distributed systems


 Three major milestones have led to cloud computing:
mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid
computing.
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
Mainframe
computing
• First examples of
large computational
facilities
• Multiple processing
units
• powerful, highly
reliable computers
• Specialized for data
movement
• Massive I/O
operations
• Example: bulk data
processing such as
online transactions,
enterprise resource
etc.
Cluster Computing
• low-cost
• In 1980s Clusters
beco me the
standard
technology for
parallel and high
performance
computing
• Computational
power of
commodity
machines could be
leveraged to solve
problems
• Universities and
small research labs
Grid Computing
• Early 1990s
• Access large
computational
power ,huge storage
facilities, and a
variety of services.
• Its scale was
nationwide or even
worldwide
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
 It encompasses a collection of solutions allowing the
abstraction of some of the fundamental elements for
computing, such as hardware, runtime environments,
storage, and networking.
 Virtualization confers that degree of customization and
control that makes cloud computing appealing for users
and, at the same time, sustainable for cloud services
providers.
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2. Virtualization

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 allows creation of different computing environments
 replicate runtime environments for programs
Eg: JAVA and .NET are run by a specific program
called a virtual machine.
 isolates execution of application and providing a
finer control on the resource they access
 platform for scaling applications on demand
 Ex: Google App Engine and Windows Azure.
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
 The Web is the primary interface through which cloud
computing delivers its services.
 At present, the Web encompasses a set of technologies and
services that facilitate interactive information sharing,
collaboration, user-centered design, and application
composition. This evolution has transformed the Web into a
rich platform for application development and is known as
Web 2.0.
 These capabilities are obtained by integrating a collection of
standards and technologies such as XML, Asynchronous Java
Script and XML(AJAX), Web Services, and others.
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3. Web 2.0 (1999)


 Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility into Web
pages, providing enhanced user experience by gaining
Web based access to all the functions that are normally
found in desktop applications.
 allow us to build applications leveraging the contribution
of users
 New applications can be “synthesized”
 Effective support for dynamism
 Examples: Google Documents, Google Maps, Flickr,
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, de.li.cious, Blogger, and
Wikipedia.
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
 Web 2.0 applications are extremely dynamic: they
improve continuously, and new updates and
features are integrated at a constant rate by
following the usage trend of the community.
 There is no need to deploy new software releases on
the installed base at the client side. Users can take
advantage of the new software features simply by
interacting with cloud applications.
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
 Service orientation is the core reference model for
cloud computing systems. This approach adopts the
concept of services as the main building blocks of
application and system development. Service
oriented computing (SOC) supports the
development of rapid, low-cost, flexible,
interoperable and evolvable applications and
systems
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4. Service-oriented computing


 A service is supposed to be loosely coupled,
reusable, programming language independent, and
location transparent. Loose coupling allows services
to serve different scenarios more easily and makes
them reusable.
 Services are composed and aggregated into a service-
oriented architecture (SOA) [27],which is a logical
way of organizing software systems to provide end
users or other entities distributed over the network
with services through published and discoverable
interfaces.
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
Identifies a set of functional and non functional
attributes that can be used to evaluate the behavior of
a service from different perspectives
These could be performance metrics such as response time, or
security attributes, transactional integrity, reliability, scalability,
and availability.
QoS requirements are established between the client and the
provider via anSLA
QoS
Quality
of service
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SOC types

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SaaS
Software
as a
Service
The concept of Software-as-a-Service introduces a new delivery model for
applications.
The term has been inherited from the world of application service providers
(ASPs), which deliver software services-based solutions across the wide area
network from a central datacenter and make them available on a subscription
or rental basis.
The ASP is responsible for maintaining the infrastructure and making
available the application, and the client is freed from maintenance costs and
difficult upgrades.


 Utility computing is a vision of computing that
defines a service provisioning model for compute
services in which resources such as storage, compute
power, applications, and infrastructure are packaged
and offered on a pay-per-use basis.
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5. Utility-oriented computing


Cloud computing
environments encompasses
Development of applications
and systems that leverage cloud
computing solutions
The creation of frameworks,
platforms, and infrastructures
delivering cloud computing
services.
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1.3. Building cloud computing
environments


 Web Application: performance is mostly influenced
by the workload generated by varying user
demands.
 enterprise applications: now leverage the Internet
as the preferred channel for service delivery and user
interaction
 resource-intensive applications :These can be either
data- intensive or compute-intensive applications
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1.3.1 Application development


 For example, scientific applications can require huge
computing capacity to perform large-scale
experiments once in a while, so it is not feasible to
buy the infrastructure supporting them. In this case,
cloud computing can be the solution. Resource-
intensive applications are not interactive and they
are mostly characterized by batch processing.
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
 Distributed computing, virtualization, service
orientation, and Web 2.0
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1.3.2 Infrastructure and system
development


 Development of a cloud computing application happens
by leveraging platforms and frameworks
 that provide different types of services, from the bare-
metal infrastructure to customizable
 applications serving specific purposes.
 1 Amazon web services (AWS)
 2 Google AppEngine
 3 Microsoft Azure
 4 Hadoop
 5 Force.com and Salesforce.com
 6 Manjrasoft Aneka
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1.3.3 Computing platforms and
technologies


 Amazon web services (AWS)
 offers comprehensive cloud IaaS services
 virtual compute, storage, networking to complete
computing stacks
 Known for its compute and storage-on- demand
services, namely Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and
Simple Storage Service(S3).
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
Google AppEngine
 Google AppEngine is a scalable runtime environment mostly
devoted to executing Web applications. These take advantage
of the large computing infrastructure of Google to dynamically
scale as the demand varies over time.
 App Engine provides both a secure execution environment and
a collection of services that simplify the development of
scalable and high-performance Web applications. These
services include in-memory caching, scalable data store, job
queues, messaging, and cron tasks.
 Developers can build and test applications on their own
machines using the AppEngine software development kit
(SDK). Once development is complete, developers can easily
migrate their application to AppEngine, set quotas to contain
the costs generated, and make the application available to the
world.
 The languages currently supported are Python, Java, and Go.
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
 Microsoft Azure is a cloud operating system and a
platform for developing applications in the cloud.
 Applications in Azure are organized around the concept
of roles, which identify a distribution unit for applications
and embody the application’s logic.
 Currently, there are three types of role: Web role, worker
role, and virtual machine role.
 The Web role is designed to host a Web application, the
worker role is a more generic container of applications
and can be used to perform workload processing, and the
virtual machine role provides a virtual environment in
which the computing stack can be fully customized,
including the operating systems.
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Microsoft Azure


 Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework that is
suited for processing large data sets on commodity
hardware.
 Hadoop is an implementation of Map Reduce, an
application programming model developed by
Google, which provides two fundamental operations
for data processing: map and reduce.
 The former transforms and synthesizes the input
data provided by the user; the latter aggragates the
output obtained by the map operations.
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Hadoop

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 Hadoop provides the runtime environment, and
developers need only provide the input data and
specify the map and reduce functions that need to be
executed.
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 Force.com is a cloud computing platform for developing
social enterprise applications.
 The platform is the basis for SalesForce.com, a Software-
as-a-Service solution for customer relationship
management.
 Force.com allows developers to create applications by
composing ready-to-use blocks; a complete set of
components supporting all the activities of an enterprise
are available.
 The platform provides complete support for developing
applications, from the design of the data layout to the
definition of business rules and workflows and the
definition of the user interface.
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Force.com and
Salesforce.com


 Manjrasoft Aneka is a cloud application platform for
rapid creation of scalable applications and their
deployment on various types of clouds in a seamless
and elastic manner.
 It supports a collection of programming abstractions
for developing applications and a distributed
runtime environment that can be deployed on
heterogeneous hardware (clusters, networked
desktop computers, and cloud resources).
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Manjrasoft Aneka


 Developers can choose different abstractions to
design their application: tasks, distributed threads,
and map-reduce.
 These applications are then executed on the
distributed service-oriented runtime environment,
which can dynamically integrate additional resource
on demand.
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
 The basis of this technology is the ability of a
computer program— or a combination of software
and hardware—to emulate an executing
environment separate from the one that hosts such
programs.
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Virtualization


 three major components: guest, host, and
virtualization layer.
 The guest represents the system component that
interacts with the virtualization layer rather than
with the host, as would normally happen.
 The host represents the original environment where
the guest is supposed to be managed.
 The virtualization layer is responsible for recreating
the same or a different environment where the guest
will operate.
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Characteristics of virtualized
environments


The characteristics of virtualized solutions are:
 1 Increased security
 2 Managed execution
 3 Portability
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
 The virtual machine represents an emulated environment in
which the guest is executed.
 All the operations of the guest are generally performed against
the virtual machine, which then translates and applies them to
the host.
 This level of indirection allows the virtual machine manager to
control and filter the activity of the guest, thus preventing some
harmful operations from being performed.
 For example, applets downloaded from the Internet run in a
sandboxed 3 version of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which
provides them with limited access to the hosting operating
system resources.
 Both the JVM and the .NET runtime provide extensive security
policies for customizing
 the execution environment of applications.
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1. Increased security


 Virtualization of the execution environment not only
allows increased security, but a wider range of
features also can be implemented.
 In particular, sharing, aggregation, emulation, and
isolation are the most relevant features
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2 Managed execution.


 Sharing. Virtualization allows the creation of a
separate computing environments within the same
host.
 In this way it is possible to fully exploit the
capabilities of a powerful guest, which would
otherwise be underutilized.
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
 Aggregation. Not only is it possible to share physical
resource among several guests, but virtualization
also allows aggregation, which is the opposite
process.
 A group of separate hosts can be tied together and
represented to guests as a single virtual host.
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
 Emulation. Guest programs are executed within an
environment that is controlled by the virtualization
layer, which ultimately is a program.
 This allows for controlling and tuning the
environment that is exposed to guests.
 For instance, a completely different environment
with respect to the host can be emulated, thus
allowing the execution of guest programs requiring
specific characteristics that are not present in the
physical host.
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
 Isolation. Virtualization allows providing guests—
whether they are operating systems, applications, or
other entities—with a completely separate
environment, in which they are executed.
 The guest program performs its activity by
interacting with an abstraction layer, which provides
access to the underlying resources.
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
 The concept of portability applies in different ways
according to the specific type of virtualization
considered.
 In the case of a hardware virtualization solution, the
guest is packaged into a virtual image that, in most
cases, can be safely moved and executed on top of
different virtual machines.
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3 Portability


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
 Execution virtualization includes all techniques that aim
to emulate an execution environment that is separate
from the one hosting the virtualization layer.
 1 Machine reference model
 2 Hardware-level virtualization
a. Hypervisors
b. Hardware virtualization techniques
c. Operating system-level virtualization
 3. Programming language-level virtualization
 4. Application-level virtualization
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3.3.1 Execution
virtualization

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
 Privileged instructions are those that are executed
under specific restrictions and are mostly used for
sensitive operations, which expose (behavior-
sensitive) or modify (control-sensitive) the privileged
state.
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
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2 Hardware-level virtualization


a. Hypervisors
 A fundamental element of hardware virtualization is the hypervisor, or
virtual machine manager
 (VMM).
 It recreates a hardware environment in which guest operating systems are
installed. Thereare two major types of hypervisor: Type I and Type II
 Type I hypervisors run directly on top of the hardware. Therefore, they
take the place of the
 operating systems and interact directly with the ISA interface exposed by
the underlying hardware, and they emulate this interface in order to allow
the management of guest operating systems. This type of hypervisor is also
called a native virtual machine since it runs natively on hardware.
 Type II hypervisors require the support of an operating system to provide
virtualization services.
 This means that they are programs managed by the operating system,
which interact with it through the ABI and emulate the ISA of virtual
hardware for guest operating systems. This type of hypervisor is also
called a hosted virtual machine since it is hosted within an operating
system.
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
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
 The criteria that need to be met by a virtual machine
manager to efficiently support virtualization were
established by Goldberg and Popek in 1974 [23].
Three properties have to be satisfied:
1. Equivalence. A guest running under the control of a
virtual machine manager should exhibit the same
behavior as when it is executed directly on the physical
host.
2. Resource control. The virtual machine manager
should be in complete control of virtualized resources.
3. Efficiency. A statistically dominant fraction of the
machine instructions should be executed without
intervention from the virtual machine manager.
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
 Full virtualization.
 Para virtualization.
 Partial virtualization.
..NotesCC_MODULE_1_NOTES.pdf
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b. Hardware virtualization
techniques


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c. Operating system-level
virtualization
 Operating system-level virtualization offers the
opportunity to create different and separated
execution environments for applications that are
managed concurrently.
 Examples of operating system-level virtualizations
are FreeBSD Jails, IBM Logical Partition (LPAR),
SolarisZones and Containers, Parallels Virtuozzo
Containers, OpenVZ, iCore Virtual Accounts, Free
Virtual Private Server (FreeVPS).


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 3 Programming language-level virtualization
 4 Application-level virtualization


Other than execution virtualization, other types of
virtualization provide an abstract environment to
interact with.
These mainly cover storage, networking, and
client/server interaction.
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3.3.2 Other types of
virtualization


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3.4 Virtualization and
cloud computing


 ..NotesCC_MODULE_1_NOTES.pdf
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3.5 Pros and cons of
virtualization

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