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Module 6: Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and adaptation M&E
This module discusses measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation monitoring and evaluation. It provides an overview of UNFCCC requirements for MRV of emissions and actions, and examines existing guidance for evaluating adaptation efforts. Case studies demonstrate how countries can establish MRV systems for agriculture by developing tier 2 emissions calculations that reflect national circumstances and track impacts of interventions over time. The module also explores challenges in evaluating progress on adaptation due to its multi-dimensional nature and lack of standardized metrics, and presents resources that provide guidance on adaptation indicators and monitoring systems.
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Module 6: Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and adaptation M&E
- 1. Module 6: Measurement, Reportingand Verification (MRV) and Adaptation M&E Organized by With support from
- 2. • Explore howNDCs fit into existing climate change policies and actions • Review current UNFCCC requirements for MRV of GHG emissions and mitigation actions • Discuss the existing guidance for M&E of adaptation efforts • Examine case studies and examples Objectives
- 3. • Many NDCsbuild upon previous NAMA experiences • Ministries of agriculture also have other sectoral plans and strategies that have M&E frameworks • Therefore, the building blocks for MRV systems and adaptation M&E are present • Countries are at different stages in creating and implementing the MRV systems; this module gives an overview but processes may differ according to a country’s progress NDCs and MRV system establishment
- 4. • NAMAs cansupport countries in meeting their NDC commitments by: • More concrete measures to achieve targets • Serving as the implementation vehicle for NDCs • NAMAs require MRV systems • NAMAs promote shifts in investment behavior • Private sector a target but often public sector leadership • Should be aligned with national long term development plans Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)
- 5. • The ParisAgreement requires countries to formulate and communicate their LTS by 2020 • A country’s LTS should: • establish a visionary agenda for bold, concrete actions to inform near- and long-term investments for enhanced low emissions and climate-resilient development while helping to limit global warming • provide key guidance and pathways for countries in formulation and updating of their respective NDCs • foster coherence and coordination across the entire economy • define choices and trade-offs necessary Long-term low emissions, climate resilient development strategies (LTS)
- 6. • NDCs, LTSs,NAMAs and other country policies all set out a path for reducing GHGs • MRV systems are needed to set baselines for GHG data and report GHG emissions and emissions reductions Landscape of guiding documents
- 7. MRV stands for: •Measurement (or estimation) • Reporting • Verification Text in this section is taken from: Wilkes A, Reisinger A, Wollenberg E, van Dijk S. 2017. Measurement, reporting and verification of livestock GHG emissions by developing countries in the UNFCCC: current practices and opportunities for improvement. CCAFS Report No. 17. Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and Global Research Alliance for Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA). What is MRV?
- 8. Measurement applies bothto efforts to address climate change and to the impacts of these efforts. National level: GHG emissions, mitigation actions and their effects, and the support needed and received This module will focus on the measurement aspect of MRV UNFCCC guidance on MRV
- 9. Reporting: throughthe National Communications and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) Verification: at the international level, through International Consultation and Analysis (ICA) of BURs Reporting and Verification are not the focus of this module UNFCCC guidance on MRV
- 10. from FCCC/SBSTA/2006/9 Transparency • Assumptionsand methodologies clearly explained Accuracy • Estimates should be neither under- nor over-estimates of true emissions and removals; uncertainties should be reduced as far as practicable Consistency • Same methodologies are used for base and subsequent years; consistent data sets used Comparability • Estimates of emissions and removals should be comparable among countries Completeness • Covers all sources, sinks, and gases; full geographic coverage Principles for credible MRV under the UNFCCC
- 11. Key messages: • UNFCCCguidance for MRV of emissions is well established • MRV of mitigation actions (such as NAMAs) is a flexible, country- driven process, with currently limited methodological guidance • Many African countries are in the process of establishing MRV systems for agriculture and subsectors (e.g., dairy) • UNFCCC guidance on adaptation M&E is still a work in progress Guidance on MRV and adaptation M&E
- 12. Domestically supported NAMAs Internationally supported NAMAs Private sector actions Development projects with mitigation co- benefits Adaptation actionswith mitigation co-benefits NDC targets Measurement system for National Communications and BURs (GHG inventory) Provides a basis for:
- 13. • Usually countriesestablish an emissions trajectory in relation to business as usual (BAU) or the “baseline” • Limited guidance and more work is needed to set comparability of values • For NAMAs baselines include other benefits beyond only GHG emissions • NDCs only focus on GHG emissions • Main challenge for baselines is availability of data • Best if choose priority sectors and improve data over time • Should align with national GHG inventory • Emissions must be estimated with transparent assumptions Source: Guidance for NAMA Design, UNEP DTU Partnership Calculating base year or baseline emissions
- 14. • IPCC establishedmethods for estimating GHG inventories • Tier 1 is the “default” method • E.g. for the livestock sector, this only requires population data by animal category and climate region, combined with IPCC default emission factors. Tier 1 versus Tier 2 emissions calculations
- 15. • Tier 2requires data specific to national circumstances • E.g. for the livestock sector need information on animal characteristics, feed baskets and manure management to develop country specific emissions factors. • Need to use Tier 2 to track the impact of sectoral interventions (capture changes in emissions over time) • Next slides present info from Livestock development and climate change booklet (GRA and CCAFS 2016) Tier 1 versus Tier 2 emissions calculations
- 16. • Reflect particular countrycontext • Allow reporting of emissions intensity trends in addition to absolute emissions • Capture emission intensity reductions resulting from improved practices • Use data from multiple sources that can also support other work (e.g. ag development plans) Benefits of moving to Tier 2 emissions calculations
- 17. Tier 1 vsTier 2 Tier 1 Tier 2
- 18. Hypothetical Tier 2inventory for national beef herd in an Asian country
- 19. Getting the rightnumbers • Researchers collect data from farmers’ fields and on-station research trials to establish emissions factors appropriate to specific systems • Country databases can provide the basis for numbers of animals, acres under particular crops, baseline yields, etc. Visitors to ILRI’s Mazingira Centre participate in weighing feeds. The lab is working to establish emissions factors for several livestock systems in East Africa. (Photo: ILRI/Sarah Kasyoka)
- 20. Reduction in emissionsintensity from increasing productivity in a beef system
- 21. Example for livestockin Ethiopia • Calculate 2015 emissions (enteric fermentation and manure management) • For Tier 2 used animal characteristics and feed basket plus management system • Estimate 2030 emissions under BAU • Estimate 2030 emissions with key interventions • E.g. greater offtake of ruminants, increase in poultry, change in feed quality for key systems • Can estimate changes in total emissions and emissions intensities
- 22. Kenya Dairy NAMA •GCF proposal developed • Accredited entity is IFAD • Required several rounds of stakeholder engagement • Line ministries • Private sector • Detailed analysis of • GHG emissions reductions • Economic/ livelihood benefits • Financial and other feasibility
- 23. Discussion on MRVprogress for mitigation Share examples of: • Alignment of agriculture development goals and low emissions (GHG) targets • Coordination between units: Climate Change Directorate, GHG inventory, line ministries • Data collection and management for MRV • Established MRV systems for agriculture or related subsectors • Capacity to report on NAMA progress, NDC contributions
- 24.
- 25. Global Goal onAdaptation • The Paris Agreement reinforced the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a Global Adaptation Goal of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change, with a view to contributing to sustainable development and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the temperature goal referred to in Article 2.
- 26. Why is adaptationM&E important? • Countries should be able to know their progress and be held accountable by their citizens • Adaptation M&E can also help with reporting on SDGs • Investors require tracking of progress • Investors/ donors including climate smart “lens” to agricultural development projects • All require detailed theories of change and results management frameworks, with indicators of impact, e.g. on resilience or adaptive capacity
- 27. Adaptation in theNDCs • Like for mitigation, National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) can facilitate implementation of NDC goals • Streamline efforts • Establish coherent governance structures • Access to finance • Identify adaptation- mitigation co-benefits • NDCs are linked to the Enhanced Transparency Framework which requires enhanced reporting on support received for climate action • Global stock take (GST) covers adaptation and mitigation
- 28. Country examples: whatsystems are currently in place for tracking agricultural adaptation? • Nature of climate adaptation (e.g. long timescales for impacts and outcomes) • Multi-dimensional (economic, financial, social) nature of resilience • Multi-scale: need for aggregating information horizontally across climate- sensitive sectors, and vertically across different levels of government • Lack of an “off the shelf” methodology and single metric to assess related outcomes • Difficult to identify, combine and interpret the types and relevant indicators Challenges of adaptation M&E
- 29. • Proliferation ofinitiatives and frameworks • Multiples tools, indicators and reporting requirement that need to be aligned! How to track progress towards adaptation?
- 30. Resources are outthere, though not always agriculture-specific Check resources available at https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/ monitoring-evaluation/ • No off-the-shelf frameworks • Country context needs to be taken into account • Example: Comparative analysis of 10 adaptation M&E systems at the national level
- 31. Resilience/adaptation indicators specificto agriculture • Strong connection between adaptation and development actions and goals • Post Paris Agreement: Framework and methodology for Tracking Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors & list of Indicators (FAO 2017) • Takes account of ongoing national efforts for reporting to major international mechanisms (including the UN’s SDGs and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction)
- 32. Resilience/adaptation indicators specificto agriculture • The NAP-Ag program is also providing assistance to specific countries to develop M&E systems for adaptation in agriculture • Online learning resource here • Additional M&E training package available here • Establishing an adaptation M&E system is a lengthy process and needs to involve the right stakeholders FAO and UNDP 2019: Link to report
- 33. Key messages MRV forNDCs must encompass a wide range of actions from across sectors; therefore it must be well-coordinated within a country. Shifting from Tier 1 to Tier 2 measurement systems for crop and livestock emissions can help give a more accurate quantification. Adaptation M&E is increasingly recognized by the UNFCCC as an important step of the process of adapting to climate change Parties lack a common indicator framework to track progress towards the Paris Agreement Global Goal on Adaptation
- 34. Thank you foryour attention Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #6 Need to keep?
- #11 Until now, these principles have applied primarily to national greenhouse gas inventories. Transparency means that the assumptions and methodologies used for an inventory should be clearly explained to facilitate replication and assessment of the inventory by users of the reported information. The transparency of inventories is fundamental to the success of the process for the communication and consideration of information. Consistency means that an inventory should be internally consistent in all its elements with inventories of other years. An inventory is consistent if the same methodologies are used for the base and all subsequent years and if consistent data sets are used to estimate emissions or removals from sources or sinks. Under certain circumstances referred to in paragraphs 15 and 16, an inventory using different methodologies for different years can be considered to be consistent if it has been recalculated in a transparent manner, in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Comparability means that estimates of emissions and removals reported by Annex I Parties in inventories should be comparable among Annex I Parties. For this purpose, Annex I Parties should use the methodologies and formats agreed by the COP for estimating and reporting inventories. The allocation of different source/sink categories should follow the split of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, at the level of its summary and sectoral tables. Completeness means that an inventory covers all sources and sinks, as well as all gases, included in the IPCC Guidelines as well as other existing relevant source/sink categories which are specific to individual Annex I Parties and, therefore, may not be included in the IPCC Guidelines. Completeness also means full geographic coverage of sources and sinks of an Annex I Party. Accuracy is a relative measure of the exactness of an emission or removal estimate. Estimates should be accurate in the sense that they are systematically neither over nor under true emissions or removals, as far as can be judged, and that uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable. Appropriate methodologies should be used, in accordance with the IPCC good practice guidance, to promote accuracy in inventories.
- #12 The remainder of this module will focus primarily on Measurement, because reporting and verification are handled within the UNFCCC context.
- #13 Whatever system for tracking GHGs nationally has been established for National Communications and Biennial Update Reports will likely form the basis for MRV of the NDC However, the GHG inventory will likely need to be enhanced in order to capture the effects of mitigation actions. Both national and subnational actions can contribute toward meeting NDC targets and goals: NAMAs (domestically and internationally supported) Other mitigation projects (e.g. projects undertaken by NGOs that sell voluntary carbon credits) Private sector efforts to reduce emissions Adaptation and resilience actions that reduce GHGs or sequester carbon as a co-benefit Ideally, the effects of all of these types of mitigation actions should be captured in MRV of the NDC. This requires linking project-level MRV/M&E with national MRV.
- #14 * Emission reductions (mitigation)
- #30 Documents are all hyperlinked