Monitoring and Surveillance

Monitoring and Surveillance

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  Vinodh Kumar,O.R andJ. P. Yadav Division of Epidemiology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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   Ongoing ,continuous, routine observation on health and production of animal  Ongoing efforts directed at assessing the health and disease status of a given population  Essential integral component of management planning.  Direct relationship between the accuracy of condition that management can deliver and the level of accuracy that a monitoring project is designed to measure.  Development of any monitoring strategy should be based on availability of resource and on a risk assessment. (Martin et al., 1987; Thrusfield, 2005)
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   Surveillance iscontinuous scrutening or watchfulness over the distribution and spread of infection or disease for effective control and prevention of disease. (Last, 2001)  Surveillance is a more intensive form of data recording than monitoring (Thrusfield, 2005)  Surveillance refers to a specific extension of monitoring where obtained information is utilised and measures are taken if certain threshold values related to disease status have been passed (Noordhuizen et al. 1997) Use:-  Planning and assessment of disease control measures.
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   1374- Italyfor control of Human plague.  1711-1774- Lansisi used Rinderpest surveillance.  1920 (Belgium)- check the spread of R.P. a committee is formed, later known as O.I.E.
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  S.NO. Monitoring Surveillance 1Specific and essential part of surveillance. Broad term, Monitoring is one of constituent. 2 Carried out by any technician or any automated machine. Require professional analysis and sofisticated judegement of data leading to recommendation of control action. 3 Formulated standard. Lacks formulated standards. 4 Differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable change. Doesn’t differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable change.
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   Essential partof disease control  Originally applied to individual/ primarily to contacts of serious communicable diseases(Pneumonic Plague)  Later includes diseases and related factors  More intensive form of data recording than monitoring and has three distinct element (Christensen, 2001). o Gathering, recording and analysis of data o Dissemination of information to interested parties o Action can be taken to control the disease
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   Rapid detectionof disease outbreak  Early identification of disease problem  Assessment of health status of a defined population  Definition of priorities for a disease control and prevention  Identification of new and emerging disease  Evaluation of disease control programmes  Provision of information to plan and conduct research  Confirmation of options of a specific disease
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   Sentinel surveillance Serological surveillance(sero-surveillance)  Passive surveillance  Active surveillance  Targeted surveillance  Scanning surveillance
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   Entire nationalherd- Testing of Bovine brucellosis  Few farms, Abattoirs, veterinary practices or laboratories  Ex- sentinel equine premises for vesicular stomatitis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis  Stray dogs for canine parvo virus  Domestic animals for Human environmental health hazards, carcinogens and insecticides
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   Identification ofpatterns of current and past infection using serological test.  Ex- Food and mouth disease in European union
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   Continuous monitoringof the existing disease status of the population that are survived  Ex- reports of laboratory diagnosis, routine meat inspections finding and statutory notification of disease  Essentially monitoring with the intention of acting on its finding. Disadvantage:-  Uses data that may be biased, frequently lacking denominator values and can’t give unbiased estimates of disease frequency. (Thrusfield, 2005)
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   Collect informationcommonly by undertaking surveys of specific diseases.  Based on well diagnosed surveys. Advantage:-  Can produce the unbiased estimate (Thrusfield, 2005)
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   Collect specificinformation about a defined disease so that its level in a defined population can be measured and its options monitored.  Focuses on population that are at increased risk of being affected. Ex :- Targeting of fallen stock for surveillance of B.S.E.
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   Continuous watchover endemic diseases  Trigger a more detailed investigation to explore the likelihood of a new disease occuring  Also kwon as syndromic surveillance  Inexpensive and faster than systems that requires laboratory confirmation  First kind of surveillance begun in developing country Disadvantage:-  Lack of specificity (Thrusfield, 2005)
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   For Epidemiologicalsurveillance program priority should be given to-  Disease with higher case fatality rate  Higher prevalance  For which country has control measure  Seriousness and economic importance  Geographical distribution  Potencial for spread in the country or region or in the world
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   Well organizedhealth and Epidemiological services  Adequately equipped and suitably staffed laboratory diagnostic services  A controlled agency to collect, annalyse and disseminate consolidated information