Monographs of Allium sativum, Apium graveolens, Citrus limon, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale

Monographs of Allium sativum, Apium graveolens, Citrus limon, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale

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  UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS Bachelor ofPharmacy Year 4 Pharmacognosy 4 Monographs of 5 Plants Presented by: Naraino Majie Nabiilah-1216824 Joorawon Svenia-1217636 Date of Submission: 14th September 2015
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  Monographs on: Page 1.Allium sativum 1 2. Apium graveolens 3 3. Citrus limon 5 4. Thymus vulgaris 7 5. Zingiber officinale 9
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  ALLIUM SATIVUM 1 Allium sativum MAINCOMPONENTS • Essential Oil (disulfide diallyl, allicme) • Carbohydrates • Selenium • Vitamins A, B, C and E • Sulfur Compounds MAIN EFFECTS • Antibiotic • Expectorant • Active sweating • Hypotensor • Reduces blood clots • Hypoglycemic • Anthelmintic GARLIC is the medicinal plant par excellence. It is safe for home use and proves effective to treat multiple of health problems; it fights against nose, throat and bronchi infections, reduced cholesterol levels and soothes circulatory disorders, such as hypertension. Hypoglycemic, garlic is a valuable supplement food for diabetics. (Ayaz et al, 2007) Garlic, very appreciated in the kitchen, is grown for commercial purposes TAXONOMY Class: Equisetopsida Subclass: Magnoliidae Superorder: Lilianae Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Allium Scientific name: Allium sativum L. Common name: garlic (English); ajo (Spanish); ail (French); arishtha, lashuna (Sanskrit); lasan (Hindu and Gujarat); vellaipundu (Tamil). Conservation status: Not considered to be threatened. Habitat: Rocky valleys, riverbeds, streambeds and gullies. Key Uses: Food and drink, medicine, pest control. Known hazards: Adverse effects including a burning sensation in the mouth and intestine, sickness, and odour from the breath and the body. Skin reactions have also been reported. Garlic may interfere with some prescribed medicines. (Anon-2014, Ayaz et al-2007, Anon-2010) CURRENT RESEARCH • A complex solution: The therapeutic effects of garlic have been mentioned in more than thousand scientific articles. Garlic lowers lipid levels and cholesterol in the blood; it prevents the formation blood clots, reduces blood pressure and also reduces the blood sugar and exerts antibiotic action. (Jangam et al, 2014) • Mechanism of action: Chemical analysis in the 1800s attributed garlic's activity to the sulfur containing garlic oil. In the mid 1900s an American chemist named the strong smelling liquid "allicin". The sulfur compound alliin (S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide) produces allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) via the enzyme allinase when the bulb is crushed or ground. Other sulfur compounds, peptides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols have increasingly been identified as possible active ingredients as allicin is metabolized. The exact mechanism of action underlying garlic's effects remains unknown and may vary according to the preparation and the therapeutic effect. (Anon, 2011) TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES A traditional remedy: Before the invention of antibiotics, garlic was used to treat all kinds of diseases, from tuberculosis to typhoid fever. It was also used for dressing wounds during WWI. Bronchial Diseases: Garlic is great in case of bronchial infections and treats colds as well as ear infections. The digestive tract: Garlic treats diseases of the digestive system. It rids of the intestinal parasites. The circulatory system: Garlic prevents circulatory disorders and prevents their developments by thinning the blood. It also decreases cholesterol level. Other uses: Garlic is used against infections; it enhances the action of chemical antibiotics and avoids side effects. It also reduces blood glucose, as well as helps patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. PART USED Bulbs Cloves Fresh Plant PREPARATION AND USAGE These parts have been used since centuries in medicine and cooking for its tonic properties. Garlic Syrup against cough; take 1 spoon every 3 hours Minced cloves to decrease cholesterol and strengthen immune system These beads contain garlic oil. This increases the resistance of the body to infection.
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  ALLIUM SATIVUM 2 REFERENCES Web links ANON,2010. Garlic (Allium sativum). Sigma-Aldrich [online]. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/allium- sativum.html [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2011. Garlic. Mr Ginseng [online]. Available from: http://en.mr-ginseng.com/garlic/ [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2014. Garlic (Allium Sativum L.). MedicineNet.com [online].Available from: http://www.medicinenet.com/garlic_allium_sativum_l-oral/article.htm [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Allium sativum (garlic). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens [online]. Available from: http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic [Accessed September 2015]. Journals AYAZ, E. and ALPSOY, H.C., 2007. Garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine. PubMed.gov; 31(2), 145-149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594659 JANGAM, G.B. and BADOLE, S.L., 2014. Garlic (Allium sativum): Role in metabolic disorder. Polyphenols in human health and disease; 1(46), 611-614. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000463 SULERIA, H.A.R., et al., 2015. Garlic (Allium sativum) : diet based therapy of 21st century – a review. Asian Pacific Journal of tropical disease; 5(4), 271-278. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2222180814607829 SUNG, S., et al., 2014. Effects of Allium sativum essence oil as antimicrobial agent for food packaging plastic film. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies; 26, 406-414. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1466856414000800
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  APIUM GRAVEOLENS 3 Apium graveolensvar. graveolens Celery is a plant used in both medicine and cooking. TAXONOMY MAIN COMPONENTS •Essential Oil (1.5 to 3%) •Coumarins •Furanocoumarins (bergapten) •Flavonoids (apune) MAIN EFFECTS •Antirheumatic •Antispasmodic •Diuretics •Hypotensive •Antiseptic •Anti- inflammatory Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Apium Species: A. graveolens MOST COMMONLY USED as a vegetable than as medicaments, the branches and seeds of celery treat disorders such as rheumatism or arthritis, celery helps cleanse the body by removing toxins. Its seeds effectively eliminate intestinal gas and they relieve bloating related abdominal pain. (Tobyn et al, 2011) Scientific name: Apium graveolens L. Common name: celery (English); apio (Spanish); céleri (French); shalari (Hindu and Gujarat); sedano (Italian). Conservation status: Not considered to be threatened except in Sweden. Habitat: Marshy areas, terrestrial, fresh water. Key Uses: Vegetable, medicine, dietary herb (China). Known hazards: Adverse effects include skin inflammation and sensitivity to the sun. Unsafe for pregnant women, people with bleeding disorder, kidney problems and low BP. (Anon- 2005, 2014, 2015) CURRENT RESEARCH • A complex solution: The essential oil provides a calming effect on the nervous system. Seed extracts may lower blood lipid levels. Chinese Studies indicate that the oil is effective against hypertension. Celery is a rich source of phenolic phytonutrients that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. (Fuchs et al, 2012) • Mechanism of action: Celery contains phenols and furocoumarins (psoralens). Celery seed oil contains the natural phthalide sedanolide which showed protective effects against hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)-induced toxicity in HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells. Celery tuber also contains methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) and 5-methoxypsoralen and the allergen profilin (Api g 1), which shows high homology to birch pollen profilin. (Madhavi et al, 2013) TRADITIONAL AND CURRENT USES • An antique use: The use celery is cultivated for at least 3000 years, particularly in Egypt. In the fifth century BC, the Chinese already knew about this plant. During history, celery has always been consumed as food and at various times, the whole plant and seeds were used for medicinal purpose. • The purifying properties: Today, the seeds are used to treat gout and certain rheumatism. They get the kidneys rid of their waste and reduce the acidity of organ. Seeds treat arthritis by detoxifying the body and improving blood flow to the muscles and joints. • A diuretic agent: Celery seeds have a mild diuretic action and great antiseptic effect. They are effective against cystitis since they disinfect bladder. PART USED PREPARATION AND USAGE Leaves All parts have high nutritive values but the seeds are mostly used in medicine. Detoxifying drink; take one cup of celery juice and carrot juice once per day. Seed infusion to treat gout and arthritis; take one cup with 1.5g of seed every day. Powdered seeds to treat arthritis; take one teaspoon each day.
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  APIUM GRAVEOLENS 4 REFERENCES Web links ANON,2005. Celery. WebMD [online]. Available from: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins- supplements/ingredientmono-882-celery.aspx?activeingredientid=882&activeingredientname=celery [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Apium graveolens. Red List of Threatened Species [online]. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/164203/0 [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Celery (Apium graveolens). Sigma-Aldrich [online]. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/apium- graveolens.html [Accessed September 2015]. EHRLICH, S.D., 2015. Celery seed. Milton S. Hershey Medicinal Center [online]. Available from: http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000231 [Accessed September 2015]. MURRAY, M.T., 2014. Celery and Celery seed extract are powerful, Proven healers. DoctorMurray.com [online]. Available from: http://doctormurray.com/celery-and-celery-seed-extract- are-powerful-proven-healers/ [Accessed September 2015]. Journals FUCHS, M., et al., 2012. Development and validation of a novel real-time PCR method for the detection of celery (Apium graveolens) in food. Food Chemistry; 130(1), 189-195. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814611009526 MADHAVI, D, et al., 2013. A pilot study to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of a celery extract in mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Natural Medicine Journal; 5(4). http://naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2013-04/pilot-study-evaluate-antihypertensive-effect- celery-extract-mild-moderate MODARESI, M., et al., 2012. The effects of celery (Apium graveolens) extract on the reproductive hormones in male mice. APCBEE Procedia; 4(2012), 99-104. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221267081200187X TOBYN, G, DENHAM, A. and WHITELEGG, M., 2011. Apium graveolens, wild celery. Medical Herbs; 9, 79-89. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103445000148
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  CITRUS LIMON 5 Citrus limon MAINCOMPONENTS • Essential Oil (2 – 5% in fruit peel), sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, esters • Coumarins • Flavonoids • Vitamins MAIN EFFECTS • Antibacterial • Antioxidant • Anti-rheumatic • Antiseptic • Reduces fever LEMON is a major natural remedy. Common food with numerous medicinal virtues, it is rich in vitamin C and favours resistance against infections which helps to treat influenza and colds. It is consumed in preventive way in case of gastritis, circulatory problems and atherosclerosis. (Anon, 2006) Lemon treats scurvy (lack of vitamin C). TAXONOMY Class: Magnoliophyta Subclass: Dilleniidae Superorder: Violanae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Scientific name: Citrus limon L. Common name: lemon (English); citron (French); limone (Italian); limon (Creole); līmūn (Arabic); nimbū (Sanskrit). Conservation status: Least concern. Habitat: Mediterranean region and subtropical parts of the world. Key Uses: Food and drink, medicine, cosmetics. Known hazards: Sore throat, nausea, it may taste bitter after a while. (Anon- 2006, 2011,2012) CURRENT RESEARCH • A complex solution: Its most prominent component, limonene, is likely the key to its potency, found in many citrus oils but none so strongly as lemon. Its cancer-fighting antioxidant power is impressive, as well. (G. M. Et al, 2010) • Mechanism of action: Its mode of action is not clear. It acts in one or more different way to exert its pharmacologic effect. (Bailey, 1976) TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES Famous medication: Spanish folk medicine attributes so much therapeutic values to lemon that entire books have been devoted to it. Established properties: Once digested, lemon has an antacid effect which makes it effective in case of rheumatoid arthritis which favours acidity. The essential oil is antiseptic and antibacterial. The flavonoids present strengthen the inner wall of blood vessels and favour the disappearance of varicose veins and reduction of bruises. Preventive action: Lemon is a distinguished preventive remedy. Its antiseptic and detoxifying properties make it an important ally for persons prone to atherosclerosis, fever and infectious diseases of the stomach, liver and intestine. Its action on the wall of blood vessels helps to prevent circulatory problems and bleeding gums. It is also an excellent and effective tonic against certain chronic diseases. Stimulate veins’ walls: The fruit and white peel prevent atherosclerosis and weakness of capillaries. Juice: Lemon juice fights colds, flu and infections. It stimulates liver detoxification and improves appetite. It is a tonic of the liver and the pancreas and it fights against ulcers and rheumatoid arthritis. As gargle, it treats sore throat, gum disease and mouth ulcer. For external use, it is applied on acne, athlete’s foot, bites, sunburn and warts. (Lopes et al-2011, Freitas et al-2014, Nakajima et al-2014) PART USED Fruit and peel improve circulation and strengthen resistance against infections. White peel and zest contain essential oil and most flavonoids. PREPARATION AND USAGE Lemon contains twice as much as vitamin C as orange. Lemon essential Oil. Dilute 5 drops in 1 teaspoon of neutral oil and apply on mouth ulcers. Remedy against colds; mix 20ml of lemon juice with 50ml of hot water and add 1 crushed clove of garlic together with 1 pinch of cinnamon. Drink the mixture 3 times per day. Lemon juice for throat irritation. Mix 20ml of lemon juice with 20ml of hot water and use as gargle.
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  CITRUS LIMON 6 REFERENCES Web links ANON,2006. Citrus limon. Learn 2 grow [online]. Available from: http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/citrus-limon/ [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2011. Citrus limon L. Taxonomy for plants [online]. Available from: http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10732 [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2012. Citrus limon – L. Plants for a future [online]. Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+limon [Accessed September 2015]. BAILEY, et al., 1976. Lemon. Encyclopedia of Life [online]. Available from: http://eol.org/pages/582200/overview [Accessed September 2015]. KASRAOUI, F., 2006. Le citronnier. Kasroui.com Le site officiel [online]. Available from: http://www.kasraoui.com/Secteur-Agricole/Agrumes-Citronnier.html [Accessed 10 September 2015]. Journals GONZALEZ-MOLINA, E. et al., 2010. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. Journal of Pharmaceutical and biomedicinal analysis. 51(2), 327-345. LOPES CAMPÊLO, L.M. et al., 2011. Antioxidant and Antinociceptive effects of Citrus limon essential oil in mice. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2011(2011), 1-8. Freitas, E. S., Viana, M. D. M., Silva-Neto, G. J., Oliveira, L. M. S., Duzzioni, M., Castro, O. W., Ferro, J. M. S., Barreto, E., Campesatto, E. A. and Alexandre-Moreira, M. S. (2014) ‘026 — (FRE0127) Motor performance evaluation of mice treated with essential oil’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 38, pp. 192–193. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.059. Nakajima, V. M., Macedo, G. A. and Macedo, J. A. (1205) ‘Citrus bioactive phenolics: Role in the obesity treatment’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 59(2), pp. 1205–1212. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.060.
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  THYMUS VULGARIS 7 Thymus vulgaris MAINCOMPONENTS • Essential Oil (thymol, carvacrol, linalol) • Flavonoids • Phenolics MAIN EFFECTS • Antiseptics • Tonic • Muscle relaxant • Expectorant • Vermifuge • Antioxidant Thyme is characteristic to the Mediterranean flora; it is also known as "farigoule" in southern France. Known for its aromatic qualities, it also has many medicinal properties. Fortifying and antiseptic, thyme still relieves multiple disorders, particularly breathing disorders. (Hossain,2013) Thyme has pink flowers that attract bees and confer their honey a special flavor. TAXONOMY Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Thymus L. Scientific name: Thymus vulgaris L. Common names: Thym (French), Garden thyme (English), Thymian (German), Timo (Italian), Zatr (Arabic) Conservation status: There are no conservation measures. Habitat: Dry slopes, rocks and maquis. Always found on clay or limestone soils. Key Uses: Thyme is used for cough and bronchitis as it produces expectoration and reduces bronchial spasm. It also makes a good use in indigestion, gastritis, and diarrhea. Known hazards: Avoid in inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Internal use contraindicated especially in pregnancy. Caution if sensitive to grasses. (Anon-2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, katzer- 2003, Khela-2014) CURRENT RESEARCH • A complex solution: Thyme is another aromatic member of the mint family. In this case, its oils, when ingested, help to relieve congestion and infection in the respiratory tract. The herb factors into many a good recipe for cough syrup. (Nezhadali et al, 2013) • Mechanism of action: It is thought that the phenolic compounds of thyme exert antibacterial activity by complexing with the bacterial membrane proteins. Bronchospasmolysis is attributed to the flavonoids thymonin, cirsilineol and 8- methoxycirsilineol. Antioxidative effects of thyme oil have been attributed mainly to its phenolic constituents (thymol and carvacrol). (Hossain et al, 2013) TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES Infections: Thyme is good against bronchitis, pertussis, and pleurisy. The infusion treats benign infections of the throat and bronchi Asthma and hay fever: Thyme is prescribed to asthmatic children. It is effective in case hay fever. Anthelmintic: Thyme is prescribed to children as an anthelmintic. Stomach ulcer: Thyme extracts have a powerful antibacterial effect against H. pylori, a bacterium often linked to stomach ulcers. Other uses: It soothes insect’s bites when applied on the skin. It is used in sciatic pain or rheumatoid arthritis. It also treats herpes, athlete's foot, mouth ulcers, fungal infections, scabies and lice. (Anon-2014, 2015, Komaki-2015) PART USED Fresh aerial parts Fresh leaves The aerial parts harvested in summer contain essential oil with antiseptic properties. Dried aerial parts PREPARATION AND USAGE Infusion: During cold, take 50 ml 3 times per day. Essential Oil: Against scabies, should dilute and then stamp the infected area. Syrup: Against cough; take 20ml thrice per day
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  THYMUS VULGARIS 8 REFERENCES Web links ANON,2010. Thyme. Doctor Schar [online]. Available from: http://doctorschar.com/archives/thyme- thymus-vulgare/ [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2012. Thymus vulgaris L. Plants for a future [online]. Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+vulgaris [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2012. Thymus vulgaris. Southern Cross University [online]. Available from: http://scu.edu.au/scps/index.php/128/ [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2014. Thyme, Garden. Botanical.com [online]. Available from: https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/t/thygar16.html [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Thyme. Ayurvedic Herbs [online]. Available from: http://www.indianmirror.com/ayurveda/thyme.html [Accessed September 2015]. KATZER, G., 2003. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Spice Pages [online]. Available from: http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Thym_vul.html [Accessed September 2015]. KHELA, S. 2014. Thymus vulgaris. Red List of Threatened Species [online]. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/203348/0 [Accessed 11 September 2015]. Journals HOSSAIN, M.A., et al., 2013. Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pacific Journal of tropical biomedicine; 3(9), 705-710. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169113601422 KOMAKI, A., et al., 2015. Study of the effect of extract of Thymus vulgaris on anxiety in male rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225411015000188 NEZHADALI, A., et al., 2014. Chemical variation of leaf essential oil at different stages of plant growth and in vitro antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae, from Iran. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences; 3(2), 87-92. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314853514000304
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  ZINGIBER OFFICINALE 9 Zingiber officinale MAINCOMPONENTS • Essential Oil (1 – 2%) and derived sesquiterpenes • Phenols (glycerol, gingerol) • Cinnamic acid • Oleoresin (mixture of essential oil and resin) MAIN EFFECTS • Anti- inflammatory • Antiemetic • Stimulant • Antiseptic • Soothes cough • Promotes elimination of intestinal gases Widespread spice and condiment, GINGER is the one of the most employed remedy worldwide. Since ancient time, it was very popular in Asia and at Middle Age, Europeans believed that it came from the Garden of Eden. Ginger relieves morning and travel sickness and cures circulatory problems. Fresh, it has a spicy and slightly acidic taste. (Gupta et al, 2014). Ginger is effective in case of gastrointestinal disturbances. TAXONOMY Class: Equisetopsida Subclass: Magnoliidae Superorder: Lilianae Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Scientific name: Zingiber officinale R. Common name: ginger (English); gingembre (French); singabera (Sanskrit); zenzero (Italian); gingiber (Latin); zingiberi (Greek). Conservation status: Least concern. Habitat: Humid, partly-shaded habitats in the tropics and subtropics. Key Uses: Food and drink, medicine, cosmetics. Known hazards: Ginger may cause allergic reactions when applied to the skin. Pregnant women should use it with caution as its safety is not yet confirmed. (Anon-2011, 2014, 2015) CURRENT RESEARCH • Therapeutic effects: According to various studies, the therapeutic actions of ginger are greatly due to the oleoresin and essential oil that it contains. The sharp taste and stimulant properties of the plant come from gingerol, a bitter component that forms when the root is dried, which is more irritating and bitter than components from fresh rhizome. (Imtiyaz et al, 2013) • Antiemetic: Ginger is very effective against travel sickness. Experimental tests performed in 1990 have established that it treats postoperative nausea better than conventional medicine. • Antiseptic: In China, 70% of patients affected by dysentery would have been cured by ginger. TRADITIONAL & CURRENT USES Digestive disturbances: Ginger is very effective in case of indigestions, nausea (usually morning sickness), flatulence, colitis, travel sickness and also against gastrointestinal infections (due to certain food poisoning) due to its antiseptic properties. Circulatory problems: Ginger is an effective remedy against degeneration of organs and when the body’s extremities are poorly irrigated since it improves blood circulation in capillaries. Ginger also increases arterial pressure, stimulate sweating and reduces fever. Respiratory problems: Ginger alleviates cough and treats flu and other respiratory diseases. “Sheng join”: In China, fresh ginger is prescribed in case of chills, fever, headache and muscular pain while dried ginger is given against cold. (Chang et al-2013, Baliga et al-2015, Anon- 2015) PART USED Dried Rhizome Fresh Rhizome PREPARATION AND USAGE Rhizome contains a high amount of essential oil with stimulant effects. Ginger essential Oil against arthritis. Apply 5 diluted drops in 20 drops of sweet almond oil on painful zones. In case of morning sickness, 1 Ginger Capsule of 75mg is taken every hour and to facilitate digestion, 30 drops of Ginger Tincture are taken in water twice per day. Ginger Infusion for nausea. Drink 1 cup 3 times per day.
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  ZINGIBER OFFICINALE 10 REFERENCES Web links ANON,2011. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Chamberlin’s [online]. Available from: http://www.chamberlins.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?storeID=2cb86c7b36be4cfd914079104818c 49b&DocID=bottomline-ginger [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2014. Ginger (Zingiber officinale). MedicineNet.com [online]. Available from: http://www.medicinenet.com/ginger_zingiber_officinale-oral/article.htm [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Ginger. Mr Ginseng [online]. Available from: http://en.mr-ginseng.com/ginger/ [Accessed September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Zingiber officinale (ginger). Kew Royal Botanical gardens [online]. Available from: http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/zingiber-officinale-ginger [Accessed 6 September 2015]. ANON, 2015. Zingiber officinale. National Tropical Botanical Garden [online]. Available from: http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11651 [Accessed September 2015]. Journals GUPTA, S.K. and SHARMA, A., 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe – A Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences; 9(5), 124-129. IMTIYAZ, S. et al., 2013. Zingiber officinale Rosc.: A traditional herb with medicinal properties. Humanitas Traditional Medicine; 3(4), 1-7. Atashak, S., Peeri, M., Azarbayjani, M. A. and Stannard, S. R. (2014) ‘Effects of ginger () supplementation and resistance training on some blood oxidative stress markers in obese men’, Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 12(1), pp. 26–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.01.002. Baliga, M. S., Latheef, L., Haniadka, R., Fazal, F., Mane, P. P., Kalekhan, F. and Chacko, J. (2015) ‘Chapter 12 – Ginger ( Roscoe) in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis’, Foods and Dietary Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Older Adults, , pp. 111–117. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12- 418680-4.00012-9. Chang, J. S., Wang, K. C., Yeh, C. F., Shieh, D. E. and Chiang, L. C. (2013) ‘Fresh ginger () has anti- viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), pp. 146–151. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043.