Motor learning & recovery of function
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This document discusses motor learning and recovery of function. It covers several key points: 1) Motor learning involves the acquisition and modification of movement skills through practice and is enabled by neural plasticity in the brain. 2) Neural plasticity allows for both short-term and long-term changes in synaptic connections that support motor learning and recovery of function after injury. 3) Recovery of function involves both functional changes like unmasking existing connections as well as structural changes such as remapping of sensory or motor cortex. 4) Motor learning can be declarative, requiring conscious effort, or non-declarative and automatic, through mechanisms like classical conditioning, sensitization, and procedural learning.
Motor learning & recovery of function
- 1. Motor learning& Recovery of function by, Dr/ Shimaa A. Essa Lecturer of physical therapy for neurological & neurosurgical disorders, King Khaled University
- 2. Motor learning is a process for the acquisition and modification of movement The physiological basis of motor learning is distributed among many brain structures and processing levels. likewise, the physiological basis of Recovery of function.
- 3. TASK Motor learning depends on the interaction between individual, task and environment. INDIVIDUAL INVIROMENT
- 4. Neural plasticity Is a general term describing the ability of neural modification Plasticity = Neural modifiability Plasticity occur in one of two forms: 1) Short-term changes (functional) in the efficiency of synaptic connections 2) Long-term changes (structural) in the organization and number of connections among neurons.
- 5. Recovery of function Functional changes:- such as unmasking of existing but weak connections. Structural changes:- such as remapping of sensory or motor cortex. also characterized by changes from short-term (functional) occur immediately after injury, to long-term (structural) changes
- 6. Persisting changes Changes in synaptic efficiency Continuous learning Short-term changes Persisting changes (Functional) Changes in synaptic connections in (Number + Organization) Long-term changes (Structural) Neural modifiability (Neural plasticity)
- 7. Learning = acquisition of knowledge or skills. Memory = storage of learning outcome. a) Short- term memory:- Refers to working memory, which has a limited capacity for information and lasts only few minutes. b) Long- term memory:- Long-term memory is intimately related to the process of learning. 1) Initial stages of long term memory reflects functional changes to the efficiency of synaptic connections. 2) Later stages of long term memory reflects structural changes in synaptic connections.
- 8. Are learning and memory localized to a certain area of the brain? NO Plasticity and learning Many factors affect or modify synaptic connections. As for motor learning the main concern is activity dependent modifications of synaptic connections. Continuous motor activity Modification of synaptic connections
- 9. Forms of motor learning 1) Declarative learning = learned motor task needs attention and consciousness to be carried out. 2) Non-declarative learning = learned task can be performed automatically without consciousness.
- 10. Motor learning Nondeclarative (implicit) Declarative (explicit) Nonassociative Learning Associative Learning Is when a person can predict relationships Classical Conditioning A specific stimulus predicts A specific response Neutral stimulus + Reflex behavior Habituation Sensitization Procedural learning Operant Conditioning Human learn to predict the out come Of a specific Behavior Voluntary behavior + Predicts a consequence
- 11. Non- associative learning 1) Habituation (Desensitization) - Habituation is related to in synaptic connectivity between sensory & motor neurons. - Short-term habituation = efficiency of synaptic connections( Amplitude of Excitatory Post synaptic Potential EPSP). - Long-term habituation = structural changes in synaptic connections. (They in number) 2) Sensitization (Sensory reeducation) - Is caused by strengthening of response to a potentially dangerous stimulus. - Occurs in form of short and long term changes as in habituation. - Short term changes # EPSP # Improve mobilization of transmitters. - Long term changes 3) Growth of New synapses. (They in number)
- 12. 3) Procedural learning Is a more complex form of non-declarative learning. It includes learning and execution of motor and non-declarative cognitive s k i l l s . I t o c c u r s t h r o u g h t r i a l - a n d - e r r o r p r a c t i c e . **what is The neural system underlying procedural (implicit) learning? 1) Frontal lobe ( Sensorimotor cortex). 2) Basal ganglia (Tail of Cuadate nucleus). 3) Parital lobe. 4) Cerebellum ( adaptation). **what is The neural system underlying (explicit) learning? 1) Frontal brain areas (supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex). 2) Head of cuadate nucleus. 3) Hippocampus. 4) other medial temporal lobe structures.
- 13. Motor cortex contributes to procedural learning, and the shift from implicit to explicit knowledge. Sensorimotor cortex has a role in motor learning , its damage doesn't cause loss of already learned skills but only slows down the learning of NEW motor skills.
- 14. Plasticity and declarative (explicit form of learning) Declarative learning requires Attention & Consciousness. Procedural learning is expressed through improvement of performance of a learned task, while Declarative learning may be expressed in a form other than the learned task. In humans, lesions in the temporal lobe of cortex and hippocampus may interfere with the lay down of declarative memory, Hippocampus is critical for declarative learning. Motor learning includes both simple forms ( classical & operant conditioning), and more complex forms (procedural & declarative learning) involving acquisition of skilled movements.
- 15. Early induced plasticity & Recovery of function Early transient events that depress brain functions: 1- Edema of 2 forms:- a) Local = next to the primary injury site, lead to compression of axons and physiological neuronal block. (reduction of edema restore a portion of functional loss). b) Remote = not part of primary injury and causes depression of brain functions. 2- Diaschisis:- is a transient CNS disorder involving loss of function in a structurally intact brain area. Caused by reduction of brain blood flow or metabolism.
- 16. Intracellular response to injury:- Formation and regeneration of synapses (synaptogenesis) Early recovery is due to:- Resolution of temporary factors interfering with neural function ( edema & diaschisis). Late recovery is due to:- Plastic changes involving, Synaptic modulation and Cortical reorganization.
- 17. Neural changes following injuries 1) Immediate changes (a) Immediate reorganization Through unmasking of previously unfunctional synaptic connections from neighboring areas (b) a longer-term changes Through neighboring inputs from the areas take over the parts of the map that were previously occupied by the destroyed cells
- 18. 2) The important effect of Experience and Training in shaping the cortical map. Thus , if we leave patients without rehabilitation training for many weeks or months, their brains will show changes in organization , reflecting Disuse.
- 19. Good news Proper training appears to make a difference no matter when it’s given. Since the brain continues to be plastic through out our lives.