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National population policy

- India has experienced rapid population growth and is now the second most populous country in the world with over 1.3 billion people. - India implemented various population policies and programs over time to try to control its population growth rate, starting with voluntary family planning programs and eventually introducing some coercive policies during the Emergency period from 1975-1977. - Population policies in India have aimed to reduce fertility rates and encourage family planning through various means like education programs, expanding access to contraceptives, manipulating incentives, and at times coercive policies like compulsory sterilization, though coercion is no longer used after the Emergency period.

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NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY Ms Alisha Talwar
“The greatest threat to human existence is our own lack of ability to control our own growth”
Introduction • Man’s foremost challenge today is to achieve a world-wide reduction in population growth. • Asia is the biggest contributor to the increase in world’s population • In absolute growth of population in Asian countries, India tops the list.
Contd… • Today, India is the home to over 1 billion people. • India after China, being the second most populous country of the world supports 17.5 per cent of world’s total population and has only 2.4 per cent of the total landmass of the world.
Contd.. • The projections based on the present estimates suggest that at this rate India’s population will surpass China in 2050 with population of 1600 million. • About a third of India’s population is under 14, which makes it one of the youngest countries on earth. • It is expected that India will have fertility rate of 2.1% in 2026 but this is not going to be uniform in all over the country. • Today India is facing both quantitative and qualitative problems.
Population • The total number of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area.
Policy • Policy is defined as a set of objectives along with the measures and means to achieve them. • A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes • Public policy defined as the affirmation of the extent and scope of governmental intervention in societal affairs.
• Measures formulated by a range of social institutions including Government which may influence the size, distribution or composition of human population (Driver & Demeny,1972). • A deliberate effort by a national government to influence the demographic variables like fertility, mortality and migration (Organski & Organski,1961) Population Policy
Population Policy • A population policy statement should specify the size, the sex composition, the age structure, or regional distribution or a combination of them, which aims to influence and the extent to which it wants to do so and its rationale. • It should also state the measures through which it seeks to achieve.
Meaning of Population Policy • Population policy may include all interventions undertaken by governments to influence demographic variables, either directly or indirectly, in order to modify population problem.
Definition of Population Policy • Prof. B. Berelson believes that a population policy is all that government attempts, which are done to change the demographic events, or which census a real change in them. • There are three specific features of this definition: I. It is related to all the small and big action including laws, bylaws, acts and ordinances taken by government. II. It is related with the cause and effects III. It studies all the classes, groups, social and religious, ethics, etc.
Types of Population Policy • Pro-natalist or expansive • Anti-natalist or restrictive
Objectives of a Population Policy • How far population policy has been successful in achieving the goals? • It is important to know the aims of a population policy. • Economic aim • Political aim • Ecological Environmental aim • Sociological aim
Means of Population Policy • The aims of policy can be achieved with appropriate means. • There can be five ways in which one can obtain best results from a population policy • Spread of Information and Education • Extension of Voluntary Programmes • Change in Social Institution • Manipulation of Incentives and Disincentives • Imposition of coercion
Need for population policy in India • On 11th May, 2000, India had 1.35 billion (>100 crores) people, i.e., 16 % of the world’s population on 2.4 percent of the globe’s land area. • If current trends continue, India may overtake China by 2045, to become the most populous country in the world. • Global population : ↑3 folds during this century (from 2 to 6 billion)
Contd… • Population of India : ↑nearly 5 times (from 238 million to 1 billion), during the same period. • Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution .
India’s Population Policy • Fertility – important constituent in the population policy of India. • The socio- economic indicators like availability of food, housing, education, employment opportunities, rate of capital formation, dependency ratio, etc. put India in the category of developing world, which is characterized by high fertility or mortality rates. • Like other countries of world, India has also adopted anti- natal policies to reduce the pressure from land in future.
Contd… • Soon after independence, the Government of India appointed the Planning Commission • The Planning Commission formulated the First Five Year Plan. • In that plan, a provision of Rs. 65 lakhs was made for the family planning programme.
India’s anti-natal policy of population • For the study of India’s anti-natal policy of population would be appropriate to divide the whole period in three sections-
Period before Independence • During the two world wars, India elite showed concern about the population growth. • In 1916, P.K. Wattal supported family planning movement in his book, “The population problem in India”. • The first birth control centre in Bombay was opened by R.D. Karve in 1925. • Ravindra Nath Tagore strongly supported the family planning movement.
Contd.. The following landmarks during pre-independence period- • In June 11, 1936, the Government of Mysore opened the first government Birth Control Clinic in the world. • In 1931 Madras University started instructions in methods of birth control. • In 1932 the Government of Madras agreed to open birth control clinics.
Contd… • In 1935, the Indian National Congress set up a National Planning Committee under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. • This committee emphasized the need of birth control measures. • It suggested raising of the marriage age, sterilization of insane and diseased persons, maintenance of vital statistics and periodic demographic surveys.
Contd… • In 1940, the society for the study and promotion of family hygiene changed its name to the family planning society. • In 1945, the Government of India set up the Health Survey and Development Committee under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Bhore. This committee recommended birth control services for the promotion of the health of the mothers.
Contd.. • An important influence in population control during this period was the support of M.K. Gandhi to his movement. • He declared, “There can be two opinions about the necessity of birth control. But the only method handed down from ages passed is self- control or Brahmacharya”
Population Policy after Independence • The whole period after the independence can be divided in three parts: (i) Pre-Emergency (1951-1975) (ii) Emergency Period (1975-77) (iii) Post-Emergency Period (after 1977)
Pre Emergency Period (1951-75) First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) • The Draft Outline published in July 1951. • To know the reasons of faster growth rate of population. • Making the hospitals as advisory centers for family planning. • The allotment of fund for meeting the above goals was of an extent of Rs. 65 lakhs.
Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) Following major targets for this plan: • Expansion of family planning consultancy and advisory service. • Expansion of sex education, population education and other matters related to marriage and rearing and bearing of child. • For achieving the above target a total outlay of Rs. 5 crores was fixed for the whole plan period.
Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) • The wider expansion of education on family planning. • Co-ordination of family planning programmes with the general services of public health. • Inclusion of family planning curricula in the medical colleges and other institutions teaching. • This plan made a provision of Rs. 27 crores which may go to Rs. 50 crores, out of which only Rs. 25.5 crores were spent.
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) • At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. • The Indira Gandhi government nationalized 14 major Indian banks and the green revolution in India. • The situation in East Pakistan was becoming dire as the Indo Pakistan war of 1971 and Bangladesh liberation was took funds earmarked for industrial development had to be diverted for this effort. • The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) • The fifth five year plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation and justice. • The plan also focused oneself- reliance in agricultural production and defence. • The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 5.0%.
Population Policy in Emergency Period (1975-77) • The declaration of National Population Policy (1976), the compulsion for acceptance of family planning. • It also suggested for raising the marriage age of girls and boys from 15 and 18 years to 18 and 21 years. The violation of the law to raise the age at marriage was treated as cognizable offence.
Contd.. • The states were free to frame their own legislation for compulsory sterilization applicable to all Indian citizens resident in the state, irrespective of caste or community. Maharashtra took the head in framing an act known as Maharashtra Family (Restriction on size) Act, 1975, which was not accepted by central government. • Population education for the younger generation was taken as long-term programme in this policy.
Post-Emergency Period Policy Beyond March, 1977 • The Janata Government announced that coercion would not be used to implement the family planning programme which was now renamed as the family welfare programme. • All the rules and regulations with element of compulsion were dropped. • Sterilisation now referred as Voluntary Sterilisation.
Contd… • The government accepted many of the measures included in the National Population Policy announced by the previous government, such as • Raising of the age of marriage, • Integration of services for MCH with the family planning programme, • Popularization of family welfare programme etc.
Family Welfare • The family welfare programme in India aims to provide family planning services within broader context of maternal and child health care. • It disseminates information and education to enable couples to make voluntary and informed choices regarding the size of the family and spacing through contraception.
Maternal and Child Health Care Programmes • The Family Health Policy 1983 in context of the global objectives of “Health for all by 2000‟ has set the following normative goals relative to maternal and child health care: (a) Reduction in infant mortality to less than 60 per thousand live births (b) Reduction in maternal mortality to below 200 per one lakh live births (c) Reduction in child mortality (0-4) to less than 10 per thousand population.
Contd…. • The following specific programmes have been under implementation as cent percent centrally sponsored schemes: • Universal Immunization Programme (Under Implementation since 1985-86). • Oral Rehydration Theraphy (ORT) Programme (under Implementation since 1986-87). • Prophylaxis Schemes (Under implementation since 4th plan period)
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) • Focus – Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning etc. • Target growth was 5.2% and actual growth was 5.66%. The progress in child health and maternity care has been very poor in the sixth plan. • Thus, there is greater need for protecting the mother as well as child to raise the surviving rate
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) • Focus – Rapid growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning. • The plan was very successful, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%. • Strategy and Programmes – It was also decided that the programmes related to sterilization etc. should continue with greater momentum. • It was also emphasized that child survival rate should be increased to achieve the standard family of two children.
Eighty Five Year Plan (1992-97) The salient features of this are: • A general national consensus for family planning programme is to be constructed with the active voluntary participation of every community. • The quality of services and facilities of family planning programme should be improved. It should be made more universal. • New contraceptives of good quality be developed.
Population Policy during Ninth Five Year Plan • Target growth: 6.5%. Actual Growth: 5.35%. • Three important ingredients, which mainly contribute in population growth, has been recognized as: I. Population lying in the age-group (15-45 years) determines the growth of population in a country upto 60%. II. The lack of supply of contraceptives is also contributing in population growth upto 20%. III. High birth rate is because of high infant mortality rate. The contribution of high infant mortality rate in population growth is about 20%.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) Goals: • To achieve 8% GDP growth rate. • Universal access to primary education by 2007. • Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007. • Reducing in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.
Contd… • Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012. • Reducing of infant mortality rate to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007- 2012) Goals: • Accelerate GDP Growth from 7% to 10%. Increase agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year. • Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12. • Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality ratio to 1 per 1000 live births. • Raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012- 2017) • National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December, 2012 approved 8% growth rate for 12th Five Year Plan. • The government intends to reduce poverty by 10%. • Mr. Ahluwalia Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 per cent annually on a sustainable basis during the plan period.
National Population Policy • The National Health Policy of 1983 emphasized the need for “securing the small family norms, through voluntary efforts and moving towards the goal of population stabilization.” • Parliament emphasized the need for a separate National Population Policy. • The National Development Council had appointed committee endorsed by the National Development Council in 1993 recommended “a national policy on population should be formulated by the government and adopted by the Parliament.”
Contd.. • India was the first country in the world to have a National Family Planning Programme in 1951. • The main effort of the government has to provide services • To encourage the citizens by information, education and communication • To use such services, the guiding objectives of the family welfare programme of the country has remained to stablise population at a level consistent with the needs of the national development.
Demographic achievements of India before NPP-2000 • Reduced Crude Birth Rate from 40.8 (1951) to 26.4 (1998,SRS) • Halved the Infant Mortality Rate from 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 72 per 1000 live births (1998, SRS) • Quadrupled the Couple Protection Rate from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44 percent (1999)
Contd.. • Reduced Crude Death Rate from 25 (1951) to 9.0 (1998, SRS) • Added 25 years to life-expectancy from 37 years to 62 years • Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning • Reduced Total Fertility Rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.3 (1997, SRS)
National Population Policy-2000 • In February 2000, the government of India came up with the New National Policy on Population. • For the first time since independence, this document comprehensively addressed the problem of population growth in integration with issues such as child survival, maternal health, women empowerment and contraception.
Objectives of NPP-2000 • Temporary objective: The easy supply of birth control devices was included in it. Besides, the development of health protection framework and recruitment of health workers were also made a part of it. • Middle-term objective: the total fertility rate (TFR) had to bring down to the replacement level of 2.1 by 2010. • Long-term objective: Under it, the Objective of population stabilization by 2045 is to be achieved.
NPP has listed the following goals for 2010: • Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies, and infrastructure. • Make school education up to age 14 free and compulsory, and reduce dropouts at the primary and secondary school levels to below 20 per cent for both boys and girls. • Reduce the infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1,000 live births.
Contd.. • Reduce the maternal mortality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live births. • Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases; • Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age; • Achieve 80 per cent institutional deliveries and 100 per cent deliveries by trained persons;
Contd…. • Achieve universal access to information/counseling, and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices • Achieve 100 per cent registration of births, deaths, marriages, and pregnancy • Contain the spread of the Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and promote greater integration between the management of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the National AIDS Control Organization
Contd…. • Prevent and control communicable diseases; • Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in the provision of reproductive and child health services, and in reaching out to households; and • Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of TFR. • Bring about convergence in implementation of related social-sector programmes so that family welfare becomes a people-centered programme.
Strategic Themes In order to achieve the national socio-demographic goals for 2010, the following 12 strategies themes have also been identified- • Decentralized planning and program implementation • Convergence of service delivery at village levels • Empowering women for improved health and nutrition • Child survival and child health
Contd…. • Meeting the unmet needs for family welfare services • Under served population groups like urban slums, tribal communities, hill area population, displaced and migrant populations and adolescents with increased participation of men in planned parenthood. • Diverse health care providers • Collaboration with and commitments from non government organizations and the private sector.
Contd… • Mainstreaming Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy • Contraceptive Technology and research on reproductive and child health • Providing for the older population • Information, Education and Communication
Organizational Structure 1. The appointment of a National Commission on Population to be presided over by the Prime Minister. The chief ministers of all States and related ministers will be its members. 2. There will be a State Commission on Population in every State headed by its chief minister. 3. The new policy will be implemented by the panchayats and municipalities at the grassroot levels.
Promotional & Motivational Strategies • Panchayats and Zila Parishads will be rewarded and honoured for exemplary performance in universalising small family norm, achieving reduction in IM & BR. • Balilka Samridhi Yojana provides cash incentive of Rs.500 at the birth of the girl child of BR1 or 2.
Contd.. • Maternity Benefit Scheme provides cash incentive of Rs. 500 to mothers who have their first child after 19 years of age, for BR 1 and 2 child only. • A Family Welfare linked Health Insurance plan – Rs. 5000 (for hospitalisation). • Couples below the poverty line will be rewarded for their active involvement in Family Planning activities.
Contd… • A personal accident insurance cover – sterilized spouse. • Creches and child care centers were opened in rural and urban slums. • A wider and affordable choice of contraceptives- at diverse delivery point
Contd… • Strengthen the facilities of safe abortion. • Products and services – affordable through innovative social marketing schemes. • Soft loans to local entrepreneurship & encouraged to run ambulance services. • Ensures mobility of the ANMs. • Increased vocational training schemes for girls, leading to self-employment will be encouraged.
Contd…. • Strict enforcement of the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976. • Strict enforcement of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Act, 1994. • Reward for BPL couples for:  For marriage after the legal age of marriage  Register the marriage  First child after the mother reaches the age of 21  Accept the small family norm  Adopt a terminal method after the birth of 2nd child.
Legislation • The 42nd Constitutional amendment: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha seats are frozen on the basis of 1971 census were valid up to 2001 that is further extended till 2026. • 79th Amendment Bill of 1992 disqualify a person for being a member of either house of legislature of a state, if he/she has more than 2 children.
Public support Strong support of political, community, business, professional, religious leaders, media, film stars, sports personalities, and opinion makers has been sought for small family norms.
Funding • National Population Policy expressed that the programme, projects and schemes promised on the goals and objectives of the policy 2000 will be adequately funded.
Implementation • Central Government has set up a National Commission on Population (NCP) on 11 May 2000. • It is presided over by the Prime Minister, with the Chief Ministers of all States and UTs and the Central Minister, in- charge of concerned Central Ministries and Departments, reputed demographers, public health professionals and non-government organisations as members.
Functions of Commission (i) To review, monitor and give direction for the implementation of the NPP with a view to achieve the goals. (ii) To promote synergy between health, educational, environmental and developmental programmes so as to hasten population stabilisation (iii) To promote inter-sectoral coordination in planning and implementation of the programmes through different agencies at the Centre and in the States (iv) To develop a vigorous people’s programme to support this national effort.
2 steps • The formation of an Empowered Action Group within the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to focus on those States which are deficient in national socio- demographic indices. • Establishment of National Population Stabilisation Fund (NPSF) with a seed money of Rs. 100 crore to provide a window for channelising funds from national voluntary sources.
Progress in the Milestones of NPP • Bhore Committee Report in 1946. • Implementation of Family Planning Programme in 1952. • National Population Policy Statement in 1976. • Policy Statement of Family welfare Programme in 1977. • National Health Policy was adopted in 1983, • Committee on Population under the Chairmanship of Shri Karunakaran was appointed by the National Development Council in 1991.
Progress in the Milestones of NPP • Draft was prepared for National Population Policy in 1993 headed by Dr MS Swaminathan. • Approval of this draft was done in 1997 • Another draft of NPP was finalisd after more round of consultation during 1998, placed before cabinet in 1999. • Chairman appointed a group of ministers headed by deputy chairman of planning commission for expert opinions and suggestions • Fresh draft was prepared with suggestions placed before cabinet and approved as NPP-2000
Conclusion • Need for population stabilization, • Spread of literacy and education, increasing availability of affordable reproductive and child health services, convergence of service delivery at village levels, participation of women in the paid work force, together with a steady, equitable improvement in family incomes, will facilitate early achievement of the socio- demographic goals. • Success will be achieved if the Action Plan contained in the NPP 2000 is pursued as a national movement.
References • https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/26953755641410949469 %20%281%29.pdf • http://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/?tag=national-population- policy • http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133018 • https://www.india.gov.in/national-population-policy • http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/population/national- population-policy-npp-india/3192 • https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/population- policies-of-india-1448689756-1
References • Manhas K.R. (2015). Population Policy in India. South asia journal of multidisciplinary studies 1(6) 14-3 Retrieved on 26 September 2018 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.834.3375&rep=rep1&typ e=pd • Gulani K.K. (2012) Community health nursing-Principles & Practices. 1st ed., (pp.322-325). India • Driver A. & Demeny P. (1975). Population Council 1(1) Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://www.jstor.org/journal/popudeverevi?refreqid=excelsior%3A3c5e6de55e67ec ceca8dad5320c13aab • Organski K. & Organski A.F.K. (1961). Population and World Power 41(1) 263 Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://academic.oup.com/sf/article- abstract/41/1/97/2227897?redirectedFrom=fulltext • Biurgeois J. & Pichat. (1974). Population: A English selection 3(1) 13 Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2949129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
“By improving health, empowering women, population growth comes down.” -Bill Gates

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National population policy

  • 1.
  • 2.
    “The greatest threatto human existence is our own lack of ability to control our own growth”
  • 3.
    Introduction • Man’s foremostchallenge today is to achieve a world-wide reduction in population growth. • Asia is the biggest contributor to the increase in world’s population • In absolute growth of population in Asian countries, India tops the list.
  • 4.
    Contd… • Today, Indiais the home to over 1 billion people. • India after China, being the second most populous country of the world supports 17.5 per cent of world’s total population and has only 2.4 per cent of the total landmass of the world.
  • 6.
    Contd.. • The projectionsbased on the present estimates suggest that at this rate India’s population will surpass China in 2050 with population of 1600 million. • About a third of India’s population is under 14, which makes it one of the youngest countries on earth. • It is expected that India will have fertility rate of 2.1% in 2026 but this is not going to be uniform in all over the country. • Today India is facing both quantitative and qualitative problems.
  • 8.
    Population • The totalnumber of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area.
  • 9.
    Policy • Policy isdefined as a set of objectives along with the measures and means to achieve them. • A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes • Public policy defined as the affirmation of the extent and scope of governmental intervention in societal affairs.
  • 10.
    • Measures formulatedby a range of social institutions including Government which may influence the size, distribution or composition of human population (Driver & Demeny,1972). • A deliberate effort by a national government to influence the demographic variables like fertility, mortality and migration (Organski & Organski,1961) Population Policy
  • 11.
    Population Policy • Apopulation policy statement should specify the size, the sex composition, the age structure, or regional distribution or a combination of them, which aims to influence and the extent to which it wants to do so and its rationale. • It should also state the measures through which it seeks to achieve.
  • 12.
    Meaning of PopulationPolicy • Population policy may include all interventions undertaken by governments to influence demographic variables, either directly or indirectly, in order to modify population problem.
  • 13.
    Definition of PopulationPolicy • Prof. B. Berelson believes that a population policy is all that government attempts, which are done to change the demographic events, or which census a real change in them. • There are three specific features of this definition: I. It is related to all the small and big action including laws, bylaws, acts and ordinances taken by government. II. It is related with the cause and effects III. It studies all the classes, groups, social and religious, ethics, etc.
  • 14.
    Types of PopulationPolicy • Pro-natalist or expansive • Anti-natalist or restrictive
  • 15.
    Objectives of aPopulation Policy • How far population policy has been successful in achieving the goals? • It is important to know the aims of a population policy. • Economic aim • Political aim • Ecological Environmental aim • Sociological aim
  • 16.
    Means of PopulationPolicy • The aims of policy can be achieved with appropriate means. • There can be five ways in which one can obtain best results from a population policy • Spread of Information and Education • Extension of Voluntary Programmes • Change in Social Institution • Manipulation of Incentives and Disincentives • Imposition of coercion
  • 17.
    Need for populationpolicy in India • On 11th May, 2000, India had 1.35 billion (>100 crores) people, i.e., 16 % of the world’s population on 2.4 percent of the globe’s land area. • If current trends continue, India may overtake China by 2045, to become the most populous country in the world. • Global population : ↑3 folds during this century (from 2 to 6 billion)
  • 18.
    Contd… • Population ofIndia : ↑nearly 5 times (from 238 million to 1 billion), during the same period. • Stabilizing population is an essential requirement for promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution .
  • 19.
    India’s Population Policy •Fertility – important constituent in the population policy of India. • The socio- economic indicators like availability of food, housing, education, employment opportunities, rate of capital formation, dependency ratio, etc. put India in the category of developing world, which is characterized by high fertility or mortality rates. • Like other countries of world, India has also adopted anti- natal policies to reduce the pressure from land in future.
  • 20.
    Contd… • Soon afterindependence, the Government of India appointed the Planning Commission • The Planning Commission formulated the First Five Year Plan. • In that plan, a provision of Rs. 65 lakhs was made for the family planning programme.
  • 21.
    India’s anti-natal policyof population • For the study of India’s anti-natal policy of population would be appropriate to divide the whole period in three sections-
  • 22.
    Period before Independence •During the two world wars, India elite showed concern about the population growth. • In 1916, P.K. Wattal supported family planning movement in his book, “The population problem in India”. • The first birth control centre in Bombay was opened by R.D. Karve in 1925. • Ravindra Nath Tagore strongly supported the family planning movement.
  • 23.
    Contd.. The following landmarksduring pre-independence period- • In June 11, 1936, the Government of Mysore opened the first government Birth Control Clinic in the world. • In 1931 Madras University started instructions in methods of birth control. • In 1932 the Government of Madras agreed to open birth control clinics.
  • 24.
    Contd… • In 1935,the Indian National Congress set up a National Planning Committee under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru. • This committee emphasized the need of birth control measures. • It suggested raising of the marriage age, sterilization of insane and diseased persons, maintenance of vital statistics and periodic demographic surveys.
  • 25.
    Contd… • In 1940,the society for the study and promotion of family hygiene changed its name to the family planning society. • In 1945, the Government of India set up the Health Survey and Development Committee under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Bhore. This committee recommended birth control services for the promotion of the health of the mothers.
  • 26.
    Contd.. • An importantinfluence in population control during this period was the support of M.K. Gandhi to his movement. • He declared, “There can be two opinions about the necessity of birth control. But the only method handed down from ages passed is self- control or Brahmacharya”
  • 27.
    Population Policy after Independence •The whole period after the independence can be divided in three parts: (i) Pre-Emergency (1951-1975) (ii) Emergency Period (1975-77) (iii) Post-Emergency Period (after 1977)
  • 28.
    Pre Emergency Period(1951-75) First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) • The Draft Outline published in July 1951. • To know the reasons of faster growth rate of population. • Making the hospitals as advisory centers for family planning. • The allotment of fund for meeting the above goals was of an extent of Rs. 65 lakhs.
  • 29.
    Second Five YearPlan (1956-61) Following major targets for this plan: • Expansion of family planning consultancy and advisory service. • Expansion of sex education, population education and other matters related to marriage and rearing and bearing of child. • For achieving the above target a total outlay of Rs. 5 crores was fixed for the whole plan period.
  • 30.
    Third Five YearPlan (1961-66) • The wider expansion of education on family planning. • Co-ordination of family planning programmes with the general services of public health. • Inclusion of family planning curricula in the medical colleges and other institutions teaching. • This plan made a provision of Rs. 27 crores which may go to Rs. 50 crores, out of which only Rs. 25.5 crores were spent.
  • 31.
    Fourth Five YearPlan (1969-74) • At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. • The Indira Gandhi government nationalized 14 major Indian banks and the green revolution in India. • The situation in East Pakistan was becoming dire as the Indo Pakistan war of 1971 and Bangladesh liberation was took funds earmarked for industrial development had to be diverted for this effort. • The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.
  • 32.
    Fifth Five YearPlan (1974-79) • The fifth five year plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation and justice. • The plan also focused oneself- reliance in agricultural production and defence. • The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 5.0%.
  • 33.
    Population Policy inEmergency Period (1975-77) • The declaration of National Population Policy (1976), the compulsion for acceptance of family planning. • It also suggested for raising the marriage age of girls and boys from 15 and 18 years to 18 and 21 years. The violation of the law to raise the age at marriage was treated as cognizable offence.
  • 34.
    Contd.. • The stateswere free to frame their own legislation for compulsory sterilization applicable to all Indian citizens resident in the state, irrespective of caste or community. Maharashtra took the head in framing an act known as Maharashtra Family (Restriction on size) Act, 1975, which was not accepted by central government. • Population education for the younger generation was taken as long-term programme in this policy.
  • 35.
    Post-Emergency Period Policy BeyondMarch, 1977 • The Janata Government announced that coercion would not be used to implement the family planning programme which was now renamed as the family welfare programme. • All the rules and regulations with element of compulsion were dropped. • Sterilisation now referred as Voluntary Sterilisation.
  • 36.
    Contd… • The governmentaccepted many of the measures included in the National Population Policy announced by the previous government, such as • Raising of the age of marriage, • Integration of services for MCH with the family planning programme, • Popularization of family welfare programme etc.
  • 37.
    Family Welfare • Thefamily welfare programme in India aims to provide family planning services within broader context of maternal and child health care. • It disseminates information and education to enable couples to make voluntary and informed choices regarding the size of the family and spacing through contraception.
  • 38.
    Maternal and ChildHealth Care Programmes • The Family Health Policy 1983 in context of the global objectives of “Health for all by 2000‟ has set the following normative goals relative to maternal and child health care: (a) Reduction in infant mortality to less than 60 per thousand live births (b) Reduction in maternal mortality to below 200 per one lakh live births (c) Reduction in child mortality (0-4) to less than 10 per thousand population.
  • 39.
    Contd…. • The followingspecific programmes have been under implementation as cent percent centrally sponsored schemes: • Universal Immunization Programme (Under Implementation since 1985-86). • Oral Rehydration Theraphy (ORT) Programme (under Implementation since 1986-87). • Prophylaxis Schemes (Under implementation since 4th plan period)
  • 40.
    Sixth Five YearPlan (1980-1985) • Focus – Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning etc. • Target growth was 5.2% and actual growth was 5.66%. The progress in child health and maternity care has been very poor in the sixth plan. • Thus, there is greater need for protecting the mother as well as child to raise the surviving rate
  • 41.
    Seventh Five YearPlan (1985-90) • Focus – Rapid growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning. • The plan was very successful, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%. • Strategy and Programmes – It was also decided that the programmes related to sterilization etc. should continue with greater momentum. • It was also emphasized that child survival rate should be increased to achieve the standard family of two children.
  • 42.
    Eighty Five YearPlan (1992-97) The salient features of this are: • A general national consensus for family planning programme is to be constructed with the active voluntary participation of every community. • The quality of services and facilities of family planning programme should be improved. It should be made more universal. • New contraceptives of good quality be developed.
  • 43.
    Population Policy duringNinth Five Year Plan • Target growth: 6.5%. Actual Growth: 5.35%. • Three important ingredients, which mainly contribute in population growth, has been recognized as: I. Population lying in the age-group (15-45 years) determines the growth of population in a country upto 60%. II. The lack of supply of contraceptives is also contributing in population growth upto 20%. III. High birth rate is because of high infant mortality rate. The contribution of high infant mortality rate in population growth is about 20%.
  • 44.
    Tenth Five YearPlan (2002-2007) Goals: • To achieve 8% GDP growth rate. • Universal access to primary education by 2007. • Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007. • Reducing in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.
  • 45.
    Contd… • Increase inliteracy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012. • Reducing of infant mortality rate to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.
  • 46.
    Eleventh Five YearPlan (2007- 2012) Goals: • Accelerate GDP Growth from 7% to 10%. Increase agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year. • Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12. • Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality ratio to 1 per 1000 live births. • Raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17.
  • 47.
    Twelfth Five YearPlan (2012- 2017) • National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December, 2012 approved 8% growth rate for 12th Five Year Plan. • The government intends to reduce poverty by 10%. • Mr. Ahluwalia Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 per cent annually on a sustainable basis during the plan period.
  • 48.
    National Population Policy •The National Health Policy of 1983 emphasized the need for “securing the small family norms, through voluntary efforts and moving towards the goal of population stabilization.” • Parliament emphasized the need for a separate National Population Policy. • The National Development Council had appointed committee endorsed by the National Development Council in 1993 recommended “a national policy on population should be formulated by the government and adopted by the Parliament.”
  • 49.
    Contd.. • India wasthe first country in the world to have a National Family Planning Programme in 1951. • The main effort of the government has to provide services • To encourage the citizens by information, education and communication • To use such services, the guiding objectives of the family welfare programme of the country has remained to stablise population at a level consistent with the needs of the national development.
  • 50.
    Demographic achievements ofIndia before NPP-2000 • Reduced Crude Birth Rate from 40.8 (1951) to 26.4 (1998,SRS) • Halved the Infant Mortality Rate from 146 per 1000 live births (1951) to 72 per 1000 live births (1998, SRS) • Quadrupled the Couple Protection Rate from 10.4 percent (1971) to 44 percent (1999)
  • 51.
    Contd.. • Reduced CrudeDeath Rate from 25 (1951) to 9.0 (1998, SRS) • Added 25 years to life-expectancy from 37 years to 62 years • Achieved nearly universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning • Reduced Total Fertility Rate from 6.0 (1951) to 3.3 (1997, SRS)
  • 52.
    National Population Policy-2000 •In February 2000, the government of India came up with the New National Policy on Population. • For the first time since independence, this document comprehensively addressed the problem of population growth in integration with issues such as child survival, maternal health, women empowerment and contraception.
  • 53.
    Objectives of NPP-2000 •Temporary objective: The easy supply of birth control devices was included in it. Besides, the development of health protection framework and recruitment of health workers were also made a part of it. • Middle-term objective: the total fertility rate (TFR) had to bring down to the replacement level of 2.1 by 2010. • Long-term objective: Under it, the Objective of population stabilization by 2045 is to be achieved.
  • 54.
    NPP has listedthe following goals for 2010: • Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies, and infrastructure. • Make school education up to age 14 free and compulsory, and reduce dropouts at the primary and secondary school levels to below 20 per cent for both boys and girls. • Reduce the infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1,000 live births.
  • 55.
    Contd.. • Reduce thematernal mortality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live births. • Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases; • Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age; • Achieve 80 per cent institutional deliveries and 100 per cent deliveries by trained persons;
  • 56.
    Contd…. • Achieve universalaccess to information/counseling, and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices • Achieve 100 per cent registration of births, deaths, marriages, and pregnancy • Contain the spread of the Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and promote greater integration between the management of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and the National AIDS Control Organization
  • 57.
    Contd…. • Prevent andcontrol communicable diseases; • Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in the provision of reproductive and child health services, and in reaching out to households; and • Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of TFR. • Bring about convergence in implementation of related social-sector programmes so that family welfare becomes a people-centered programme.
  • 58.
    Strategic Themes In orderto achieve the national socio-demographic goals for 2010, the following 12 strategies themes have also been identified- • Decentralized planning and program implementation • Convergence of service delivery at village levels • Empowering women for improved health and nutrition • Child survival and child health
  • 59.
    Contd…. • Meeting theunmet needs for family welfare services • Under served population groups like urban slums, tribal communities, hill area population, displaced and migrant populations and adolescents with increased participation of men in planned parenthood. • Diverse health care providers • Collaboration with and commitments from non government organizations and the private sector.
  • 60.
    Contd… • Mainstreaming IndianSystems of Medicine and Homeopathy • Contraceptive Technology and research on reproductive and child health • Providing for the older population • Information, Education and Communication
  • 61.
    Organizational Structure 1. Theappointment of a National Commission on Population to be presided over by the Prime Minister. The chief ministers of all States and related ministers will be its members. 2. There will be a State Commission on Population in every State headed by its chief minister. 3. The new policy will be implemented by the panchayats and municipalities at the grassroot levels.
  • 62.
    Promotional & Motivational Strategies •Panchayats and Zila Parishads will be rewarded and honoured for exemplary performance in universalising small family norm, achieving reduction in IM & BR. • Balilka Samridhi Yojana provides cash incentive of Rs.500 at the birth of the girl child of BR1 or 2.
  • 63.
    Contd.. • Maternity BenefitScheme provides cash incentive of Rs. 500 to mothers who have their first child after 19 years of age, for BR 1 and 2 child only. • A Family Welfare linked Health Insurance plan – Rs. 5000 (for hospitalisation). • Couples below the poverty line will be rewarded for their active involvement in Family Planning activities.
  • 64.
    Contd… • A personalaccident insurance cover – sterilized spouse. • Creches and child care centers were opened in rural and urban slums. • A wider and affordable choice of contraceptives- at diverse delivery point
  • 65.
    Contd… • Strengthen thefacilities of safe abortion. • Products and services – affordable through innovative social marketing schemes. • Soft loans to local entrepreneurship & encouraged to run ambulance services. • Ensures mobility of the ANMs. • Increased vocational training schemes for girls, leading to self-employment will be encouraged.
  • 66.
    Contd…. • Strict enforcementof the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1976. • Strict enforcement of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Act, 1994. • Reward for BPL couples for:  For marriage after the legal age of marriage  Register the marriage  First child after the mother reaches the age of 21  Accept the small family norm  Adopt a terminal method after the birth of 2nd child.
  • 67.
    Legislation • The 42ndConstitutional amendment: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha seats are frozen on the basis of 1971 census were valid up to 2001 that is further extended till 2026. • 79th Amendment Bill of 1992 disqualify a person for being a member of either house of legislature of a state, if he/she has more than 2 children.
  • 68.
    Public support Strong supportof political, community, business, professional, religious leaders, media, film stars, sports personalities, and opinion makers has been sought for small family norms.
  • 69.
    Funding • National PopulationPolicy expressed that the programme, projects and schemes promised on the goals and objectives of the policy 2000 will be adequately funded.
  • 70.
    Implementation • Central Governmenthas set up a National Commission on Population (NCP) on 11 May 2000. • It is presided over by the Prime Minister, with the Chief Ministers of all States and UTs and the Central Minister, in- charge of concerned Central Ministries and Departments, reputed demographers, public health professionals and non-government organisations as members.
  • 71.
    Functions of Commission (i)To review, monitor and give direction for the implementation of the NPP with a view to achieve the goals. (ii) To promote synergy between health, educational, environmental and developmental programmes so as to hasten population stabilisation (iii) To promote inter-sectoral coordination in planning and implementation of the programmes through different agencies at the Centre and in the States (iv) To develop a vigorous people’s programme to support this national effort.
  • 72.
    2 steps • Theformation of an Empowered Action Group within the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to focus on those States which are deficient in national socio- demographic indices. • Establishment of National Population Stabilisation Fund (NPSF) with a seed money of Rs. 100 crore to provide a window for channelising funds from national voluntary sources.
  • 73.
    Progress in theMilestones of NPP • Bhore Committee Report in 1946. • Implementation of Family Planning Programme in 1952. • National Population Policy Statement in 1976. • Policy Statement of Family welfare Programme in 1977. • National Health Policy was adopted in 1983, • Committee on Population under the Chairmanship of Shri Karunakaran was appointed by the National Development Council in 1991.
  • 74.
    Progress in theMilestones of NPP • Draft was prepared for National Population Policy in 1993 headed by Dr MS Swaminathan. • Approval of this draft was done in 1997 • Another draft of NPP was finalisd after more round of consultation during 1998, placed before cabinet in 1999. • Chairman appointed a group of ministers headed by deputy chairman of planning commission for expert opinions and suggestions • Fresh draft was prepared with suggestions placed before cabinet and approved as NPP-2000
  • 76.
    Conclusion • Need forpopulation stabilization, • Spread of literacy and education, increasing availability of affordable reproductive and child health services, convergence of service delivery at village levels, participation of women in the paid work force, together with a steady, equitable improvement in family incomes, will facilitate early achievement of the socio- demographic goals. • Success will be achieved if the Action Plan contained in the NPP 2000 is pursued as a national movement.
  • 77.
    References • https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/26953755641410949469 %20%281%29.pdf • http://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/?tag=national-population- policy •http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133018 • https://www.india.gov.in/national-population-policy • http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/population/national- population-policy-npp-india/3192 • https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/population- policies-of-india-1448689756-1
  • 78.
    References • Manhas K.R.(2015). Population Policy in India. South asia journal of multidisciplinary studies 1(6) 14-3 Retrieved on 26 September 2018 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.834.3375&rep=rep1&typ e=pd • Gulani K.K. (2012) Community health nursing-Principles & Practices. 1st ed., (pp.322-325). India • Driver A. & Demeny P. (1975). Population Council 1(1) Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://www.jstor.org/journal/popudeverevi?refreqid=excelsior%3A3c5e6de55e67ec ceca8dad5320c13aab • Organski K. & Organski A.F.K. (1961). Population and World Power 41(1) 263 Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://academic.oup.com/sf/article- abstract/41/1/97/2227897?redirectedFrom=fulltext • Biurgeois J. & Pichat. (1974). Population: A English selection 3(1) 13 Retrieved on 09 Oct. 18 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2949129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  • 80.
    “By improving health,empowering women, population growth comes down.” -Bill Gates