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NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME AND NATIONAL GREEN CORPS CLIMATE EDUCATION MODULE
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- 4. WEATHER IS: • Shortterm • Limited area • Can change rapidly • Difficult to predict WEATHER is what’s happening outside your window right now.
- 5. CLIMATE IS: • Longterm • Wide area • Seasonal changes • Measured over long spans of time CLIMATE is average of many years of weather observation 30yrs or so atleast
- 6. Climate is affectedby many factors ABIOTIC FACTORS: Latitude Altitude Ocean Currents Topography Solar Radiation Evaporation Orbital Variations Volcanic Activity BIOTIC FACTORS: Transpiration Respiration Photosynthesis Decomposition Digestion
- 8. Greenhouse Gases areessential to our climate http://www.larryjzimmerman.com/wproblems/warming/greenhouse.gif
- 10. Planets with verylittle greenhouse effect are either very cold… Pluto’s average temperature is –370° F http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/pluto/statistics.html
- 11. On Mars, thereis about a 300 degree F difference between high and low temperatures …or they have huge temperature swings from day to night. (http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/mars.html )
- 12. Planets with abundantgreenhouse gases are very hot Average temperature on Venus is about 855° F!
- 13. …which is justright… …for the moment, anyway. …and then there’s Earth….
- 14. •Water vapor •Carbon dioxide •Methane •Nitrousoxide Greenhouse gases in Atmosphere
- 15. With no greenhousegases at all in its atmosphere, scientists estimate that Earth’s average atmospheric temperature would be about -18° C, or about 0°F http://plaza.ufl.edu/knhuang/project2/cause.html
- 16. Greenhouse gas contentof atmosphere is being altered by human activity. Result of this change is global warming.
- 17. Evidence of Climate Changecomes from many different sources.
- 18. Glaciers are meltingaway worldwide Agassiz Glacier, Montana, in 1913… Pasterze Glacier, Austria, in 1875… …and in 2005 …and in 2004
- 19. Ice cores yieldinformation and actual samples of Earth’s past atmosphere www.daviesand.com/
- 20. Tree ring datashow a warming trend www.accesstoenergy.com
- 21. Climate Change seemsto be accelerating Each of the 48 continental states experienced above-normal annual temperatures in 2006. For majority of states, 2006 ranked among 10 hottest years since 1895. ( NOAA)
- 22. More Greenhouse GasesMean Warmer Earth
- 23. Who creates GreenhouseGases?
- 24. Carbon Dioxide Earth earliermuch warmer. High levels of Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere fueled lush growth Some CO2 stored as fossil fuels.
- 25. Carbon Dioxide inEarth’s atmosphere risen by 30% since industrial revolution. Most of increase is due to combustion of fossil fuels This releases long-stored CO2 back into atmosphere.
- 26. Methane Methane is releasedby Coal mining Landfills Agriculture Digestive processes of milk cows
- 27. Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxideproduced by fossil fuels used 1. Transport vehicles 2. Heating and electricity 3. Agriculture.
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- 30. What is Happening •More heat than required • Unnatural increase in gas composition
- 44. Earth System It has: •Water Cycle • Carbon Cycle • CO2 Sources and Sinks Activity • Nitrogen Cycle –Travelling Nitrogen Activity
- 45. Earth System Air WaterLife Land Ice Parts of Earth System • Atmosphere (air) extends from the Earth surface for several hundred km. • Hydrosphere (water) includes the ocean, rivers, lakes, groundwater, vapor. • Biosphere (life) includes bacteria, plants, and animals. • Geosphere (land) includes minerals, rocks, molten rock, sediments, soils. • Cryosphere (ice) includes snow, glaciers, and sea ice.
- 46. Earth System: Allconnected Air Water Life Land Ice
- 47. Climate change affectsthe Earth system. Changes in the Earth system affect climate too.
- 48. Cycles of Earthsystem in which elements and molecules cycle between living and nonliving parts of planet. These are called biogeochemical cycles. We will explore: • Water cycle • Carbon cycle • Nitrogen cycle
- 49. WATER CYCLE & CLIMATECHANGE
- 50. Water Cycle? Movement andstorage of water within Earth System. Water cycle: •Water at surface •Water underground •Water vapor in atmosphere •Snow and ice (Water System) Courtesy of UCAR
- 51. Evidence: •Changes in Climate cause changesin Water Cycle. •Changes in Water Cycle can cause further change in Climate.
- 52. Warming Evaporation Increase Warming • Warming climate leads to increased evaporation rate. • More water vapor in atmosphere. • Water vapor is greenhouse gas it causes even more warming. (This is known as a positive feedback loop) Still from a NASA visualization of water vapor distribution. http://www.nasa.gov/mov/291251main_L3_H2O_Final_576.mov
- 53. Clouds ComplicatedClimate … Warming clouds: High cirrus clouds keep sunlight from radiating away from Earth into space. Cooling clouds: Low level stratocumulus clouds block sunlight from getting to Earth’s surface
- 54. Projected precipitation changeby 2100 • Blue/green: wetter • Yellow/red: drier • Top image - precipitation change during December, January, and February. • Bottom - precipitation change during June, July, and August. IPCC 2007
- 55. Where will therebe more precipitation?
- 56. Where will therebe less precipitation?
- 57. Climate Change morerain in some places, less rain in others • Precipitation patterns are changing in response to climate change. • Areas prone to drought are expected to become drier. • Wet areas will receive more precipitation. Sandbags contain a Midwest flood (top). Arid region of North Africa is expected to become more arid (bottom). Images: UCAR
- 58. Carbon Cycle? • Movementand storage of carbon (C) through atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere of Earth system • Carbon cycle is divided into “fast carbon cycle” and “slow carbon cycle”.
- 59. Carbon Cycle Climate? • Greenhouse gases – Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Released from burning fossil fuels, from respiration, and volcanoes • Taken out of atmosphere by plants during photosynthesis – Methane (CH4) • Released from farm animals, manure, landfills, and part of natural gas deposits • Methane is about 25 times more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2 • Used as an energy source: burning it releases CO2
- 60. Fast and SlowCarbon Cycles • “Fast carbon cycle” includes primarily carbon moving between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. • Most carbon is in deep storage (as limestone, coal, oil, and gas) moving through Earth System on long period – “slow carbon cycle”. • Today, burning fossil fuels releases deep storage carbon into “fast carbon cycle”.
- 61. Recent Changes inCarbon Cycle: Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere Image: NASA http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
- 62. Recent Changes toCarbon Cycle: Deforestation • Forests act as carbon sinks, taking carbon out of atmosphere via photosynthesis • In Brazil, population boom created by inexpensive land for farming caused land use change Landsat images 1975-2001 showing clear cutting of tropical forests in Rondonia, Brazil. Image: NASA/GSFC
- 63. • Plant productivity(uptake of carbon by plants) increased by 6% worldwide from 1982-1999 (increase=green, decrease=orange) • Higher productivity in areas where climate became warmer, wetter, and/or sunnier (less clouds). Recent Changes to the Carbon Cycle: Increase in Plant Productivity Image:NASA/RobertSimmon
- 64. • Carbon dioxide,dissolved into ocean, forms carbonic acid, lowering the pH of seawater. • Since start of Industrial Revolution, pH of seawater has dropped about 0.1. In next century it is expected to drop another 0.1-0.35. • More acidic waters make it difficult for marine life such as corals to build their CaCO3 skeletons. • This can impact marine ecosystems. Recent Changes to the Carbon Cycle: Ocean Acidification NOAA sensor collecting data about ocean acidification in coral reef environments. Image: Bernadette Charpentier
- 65. Are plants asource or sink of carbon dioxide? A. Source B. Sink C. Both D. Neither Image: L.Gardiner
- 66. NITROGEN CYCLE & CLIMATECHANGE
- 67. Nitrogen Cycle? • Movementand storage of Nitrogen (N) through atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere of Earth System.
- 68. Nitrogen in Air •Nitrogen (N2) – 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas. • Nitric oxide (NO) – Pollutant released from burning fossil fuels that is part of smog and contributes to acid rain. • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) – Pollutant released from fossil fuels, part of smog and contributes to ground level ozone. • Nitrous oxide (N2O) – Greenhouse gas from burning fossil fuels, from farm animals, and fertilizers. – There is less N2O in the atmosphere but it has nearly 300 times the warming effect as CO2.
- 69. Question: Which is agreenhouse gas? A. Nitric oxide (NO) B. Nitrous oxide (N2O) C. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) D. Nitrogen (N2)
- 70. Where does NitrousOxide come from? US DOE Pub. DOE/EIA-0573(2008)
- 71. Another Global Challenge: NitrogenFertilizers and Waterways Image:NOAA
- 72. Climate change iseveryone’s problem. No agency, government, or scientist can “fix it” for us. We are all in this together. We got here because of our lifestyle. So our lifestyle has to change. Here’s what you can do… What can be done?
- 74. •Install programmable thermostats. •Checkand repair weather stripping on doors and windows. •Adjust your clothing instead of thermostat. •Keep furnace and AC filters clean. •Consider closing off unused rooms. •Install insulated drapes. •Plant deciduous trees on sunny side of home. Heating and Cooling What other ways can you conserve heat and AC?
- 75. Conserve Hot Water •Takeshorter showers/baths. •Install low flow shower heads. •Insulate hot water pipes. •Wash laundry in cold water. •Fix leaky faucets What other ways can you cut down on hot water use? In the average home, 17% of energy is used to heat water. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/residence.html
- 76. •Plan ahead –do several errands in a single trip. •Walk or bike. It’s healthier anyway. •Clean out the junk in the trunk. Lighter cars get better mileage. •Make sure your engine is properly tuned. • Keep your tires properly inflated. •Carpool or ride school bus. •Support public transportation. •Consider a smaller car or a hybrid for your next vehicle. Conserve in the Car What other ways can you use less gas?
- 77. •Unplug chargers forcell phones and other appliances when not in use. •Habituate turning lights and appliances off. •Clean coils on back of fridge monthly. •Change to LEDs. •Make your next computer a laptop. •Install timers or motion sensors on outdoor lights. Conserve Electricity What other ways can you conserve electricity?
- 78. •Recycle and buyrecycled products. •Choose products that have less packaging. •Reuse, repair, or donate. •Don’t buy it unless you really need it. •Carry cloth bags when shopping. •Use a refillable travel mug or water bottle. •Give your time instead of material gifts, or donate to a charity in recipient’s name. Reduce waste What other ways can you cut down on waste?
- 79. There’s no placelike home… …and there may never be again. Do your part.