NATIONALISM IN INDIA.pptx Tushar kumar ray.pdf

●The First World War, khilafat and Non-
cooperation
● a. The Idea of Satyagraha
● b. The Rowlatt Act
● c. Why Non-cooperation ?
●2. Differing Strands within the Movement
● a. The Movement in the Towns
● b. Rebellion in the Countryside
● c. Swaraj in the Plantation
●3. Towards Civil Disobedience
● a. The Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement
● b. How Participants saw the Movement
●4. The Sense of Collective Belonging
CONTENT

NATIONALISM
• Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among the people living in
a territory.

Introduction
Modern nationalism was associated
with the formation of nation-states.
In India like many colonies, the
growth of modern nationalism is
connected to the anti-colonial
movement.

FIRST WORLD WAR CREATED
A NEW ECONOMIC AND
POLITICAL IN INDIA
• The British, imposed war, expenditure an India, Income tax was
introduced. Customs dilutes were Raised.
• Prices of essential goods doubled during the war as made in to the
British Indian army.
• Crop failures in shortage of food materials.
• Influenza epidemic spread in many parts of India .
• Millions of people lost their lives .

The 1918 flu India’s worst p

GANDHIYAN SATYAGRAHA
• Gandhi ji came back to India in 1915.
• He introduced a new powerful method of struggle
called satyagraha

The Idea of Satyagraha
● Satyagraha is a novel way to fighting the
colonial rule in India.
● It is a non- aggressive , peaceful mass
agitation against oppression and justice.
● Satyagraha means insistence on truth.
● It is a moral force, not passive resistance.

FIRST THREE SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT
ORGANISED by gandhiji IN INDIA
● Charman Movement [1916]: it was a movement of workers in the indigo
Plantations in champaign district of Bihar .it was against the oppressive
Plantation system.
● Kheda Movement [1917]: crop failure and plague epidemic made
the life of the farmers miserable in the kheda district of Gujarat.
So, they started a movement Under Gandhiji’s leadership with
the demand for a reduction in land revenue .
● Mill workers Movement: Low wages and poor working condition
forced the mill workers Ahmedabad to start a movement under
Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.

Rowlatt Act [1919]
● This Act gave the government the power to
● Imprison any person without any trial for a period
● of two year.
● Aim of this act was to destroy the national
● Movement by imprisoning the national workers.
● It was a BLACK LAW because it was against basic
● human rights.

ROWLATT
SATYAGRAHA
● Gandhiji organised a non violent satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act.
● A hartal was organised on 6 April 1919.
● Rallies were conducted.
● Shops were closed down.
● Workers conducted strike.
● Transport and communication system came to a
● Standstill.
● These protests led to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

JALLIANWALA BAGH
MASSACRE
● On 13 April 1919, a public meeting was organised at
● Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of national leader.
● Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also
● present in the park.
● General Dyer reached the meeting place along with the British troops. He
ordered the troops to fire. The firing
● lasted for nearly 10 minutes.
● More than a thousand people were killed and many were
● wounded.
● This incident is called Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
● It was a movement organised by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat
Ali [Ali brothers].
● The aim of this movement was to protest against the
● injustice done to Turkey by Britain after the First World War.
● The Turkish sultan had the title of caliph.
● The Muslim considered him as their spiritual leader. so, many
Muslims joined this movement.
● This movement faded away after Mustafa kemal’s
forces,overthrew the Ottoman rule and established a pro-
western , secular republic in independent Turkey. He abolished
the role of caliph.

GANDHIJI DECIDED TO LAUNCH
THE NON-COOPERATION
MOVEMENT BECAUSE:
● First World War added to the misery of the India people.
● Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemic made people’s life
miserable.
● Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country.
● Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made
India angry.
● Muslim became unhappy due to the ill treatment of Turkey and
Khilafat was not well planned.
● The congress session at Nagpur (1920) adopted Gandhiji’s idea of
Non-cooperation.

NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
● The Khilafat – Non cooperation movement was
launched under Gandhiji’s leadership in January 1921.
● It aimed at protesting against the injustice done to
Punjab and Turkey and to attain Swaraj .

The Movement in the Towns
● It started with middle class participation in cities.
● Students , teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal
practice and joined movements .
● Council election were boycotted.
● Foreign goods were boycotted.
● Liquor shops were picketed.

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
SLOWED DOWN IN TOWNS AND
CITIES BECAUSE:
● Khadi clothes were very costly . The poor were
● not able to buy them.
● Indians boycotted British institutions like law
● courts and educational institutions.
● But alternative institutions did not came up.
● So people had to stop boycott.

MOVEMENT IN THE COUNTRY
SIDE (VILLAGES)
• PLEASANT’S MOVEMENT
● In Award, a peasant’s movement was
● organised by Baba Ramchandra .
● It was against landlords and talukdars .
● Reduction of rent and the abolition of begar were their main demands.
● They formed the Oudh Kisan Sabha.

● Led by Baba Ramchandra a sanyasi who
● Earlier had been to fiji as a indentured labourer.
● The peasant therefore started the move of NAI DHOBI
BANDHS
● in so many area . The bandhs were organised by panchayat
● to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers &
washerman.

TRIBAL MOVEMENT
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh , tribals started a
movement under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju .
• Tribals wanted to get back their traditional rights over forests.
• The methods followed by the tribals and peasants were against
the Gandhian method of non violence.
• They followed violent methods of struggle .

ALLURI SITARAM RAJU
● He led a movement of the tribal people in the Gudem hills of Andhra
Pradesh.
● Many people considered him as an incarnation of god. They believed
that he had many spherical powers.
● He supported Ghandiji and asked his followers to wear khadi and stop
drinking alcohol.
● He organised an armed struggle against the British.

MOVEMENT IN THE
PLANTATIONS
● Workers in the plantation of Assam demanded the
rights to move freely in and out of the estates.
● They opposed the land Island Emigration Act of1859
which took away the rights to free movement.
● When they heard about the non-cooperation movement
, they moved to their villages.
● However, they were caught and brought back.

WITHDRAWAL OF THE
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
● Gandhiji withdrew the non cooperation Movement
because:
● The movement because violent in some place. In
February 1922, in chauri chaura (Uttar Pradesh )
people turned violent and set fire to a police station.
● Twenty two police men were killed in this inident
.Gandhiji was against violence .
● The movement slowed down in urban areas.
● He thought that it was necessary to train the people in
non violent satyagraha.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT
● Non cooperation movement was a large scale mass movement . It attracted
common people from all social groups.
● Non cooperation movement and Khilafat movement went together. So, they
promoted Hindu - Muslim unity .
● Peasant’s and tribal society’s movement became a part of the Indian National
Movement.
● It was a non violent movement . Sl, it popularised the Gandhian idea of Non
violent satyagraha.

SIMON COMMISSION
(INDIAN STATUTORY COMMISSION)
● It was a statutory commission set up by the British under
Sir John Simon.
● It was asked to study the constitutional system in India
and suggest changes.
● Indians opposed the Simon Commission because:
● All the members of the commission were English men .
There was India in it.
● It did not provide any hope of Swaraj to Indians .
● JOHN SIMON

LAHORE CONGRESS OF
1929
The Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929
under the President ship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Following decision were taken:
● The Congress declared Poor-na Swaraj as it aim.
● It was decided to celebrate to 26 January every
year as Independence Day.
● It was decided to start the Civil Disobedience
Movement to win Poor-na Swaraj.
●

DEVELOPMENT THAT LED TO THE LAUNCHING OF THE
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
● Indians launched a powerful struggle against the Simon
Commission .
● The government restored to repression.
● Great Depression made the life of the people highly miserable.
● Lahore Conspiracy case and Meerut Conspiracy case created
discontent among the Indians .
● Lahore Congress of 1929 declared Poor-na Swaraj as its aim and
decided to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
● Gandhiji inaugurated the movement by breaking the salt Law at
Dandi .
●

SALT MARCH [SALT SATYAGRAHA]
● Gandhiji decided to inaugurate the Civil
Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt
law.
● Gandhiji and 78 of his followers started a
march on foot from Sabarmati Ashram to
Dandi [Dandi March] .
● On 6 April 1919, they reached Dandi .
Gandhiji prepared salt by using sea water,
broke the salt law and inaugurated the
Movement .
● The government imposed heavy tax on salt .
Moreover the production of salt was the
monopoly of the government .
● So the price of salt was very high . Therefore,
Gandhiji opposed the salt law .

THE MAIN FEATURE OF THE
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
● GANDHIJI led a march on foot Sabarmati to Dandi .
He broke the salt Law at Dandi and inaugurated the
Movement .
● People broke salt law in many places. Foreign goods
were boycotted. Liquor shops were picked .
● Government servants resigned their jobs . Forest law
were broken . People refused to pay taxes . Leaders
were arrested . Workers attacked offices .
● Gandhiji called off the movement on 5 March 1931
under the Gandhi-Irwin pact . He agreed to attend the
Second Round Table Conference .
● It was restarted when Gandhiji returned from London .
It was finally called off in 1934 .

Round Table Conferences (India)

SOCIAL GROUPS WHICH PARTICIPATED IN
CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
● Rich peasant – Depression and fall in prices affected them badly .
They demanded reduction in land revenue . Swaraj meant reduction of
taxes for them .
● Poor peasant – Depression affected them badly . They demanded
reduction in rent . Swaraj meant reduction of rent for them .
● Business classes- They demanded protection against the import of
foreign goods . They wanted a Rupee – Sterling exchange rate that
would discourage import. They formed the Indian industrial and
commercial congress in 1920 . They also formed the Federation of the
movement and refused to sell the foreign goods .
● Industrial Workers – They were poorly paid . Conditions of work were
miserable . Swaraj meant better wages and working condition for them
. Railway workers and dockyard workers conducted strike . Workers in
mines Gandhi caps and tool part in rallies .

MAIN CONTRIBUTION OF THE
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
● Civil Disobedience Movement was the first struggle to win poor-na swaraj or
Complete Independence .
● It was based on non violent satyagraha . Gandhian ideas were widely
followed .
● Women participated in large number in this movement .
● It was a real mass movement, Difference,social groups participated .
● It was an open challenge to the British rule . The people openly disobeyed
laws .

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NON – COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND
● People refused to cooperate with the government
during the Non-cooperation Movement . People broke
the laws during the Civil Disobedience Movement .
● Muslim participated in large numbers in the Non
cooperation Movement . Muslim participation was less
in the Civil Disobediences Movement .
● No tax campaign was not there in Non cooperation
Movement . People refused to pay taxes in Civil
Disobedience Movement .

MAIN LIMITATION OF THE
● Dalits did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement , because the
congress did not give importance to their demands.
● Many Muslims did not participated in it . They thought that the congress was
moving close to the Hindu Maha Sabha .
● Communal riots occurred in many places . Disunity between Hindus and Muslim
started .
● Industrial workers participation was minimum.

EFFORTS MADE BY GANDHIJI
FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF
DALITS
● Gandhiji was against untouchability . He said that Swaraj
would not come for 100 years, if untouchability was not
abolished.
● He called the untouchables ‘Harjans’ or sons of Gods .
● He organised satyagraha to get temple entry and access to
public wellls, tanks, roads and schools for Dalits.
● He asked the upper caste Hindus to give up the inhuman
practice of untochabilty.

GHANDHIJI Vs AMBEDKAR
● Dr. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the
details . He thought that a share in political power would
help in their unliftment . Gandhiji opposed separate
electorate . He thought that it would create disunity . So,
they clashed in the second round table conference .
● Poona Pack: It was signed between Gandhiji and
Ambedkar in september 1932 . Gandhiji brought an end to
his fast . He accepted the demand for reservation of seats
for Dalits in the legislatures . Ambedkar agreed to give up
the demand for separate electorates .

● A large section of Muslim felt alienated from the congress.
● From the mind – 1920s the Congress came to be more visibly
associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the
Hindu Mahasabha ,
● It provoked Hindu – Muslim communal riots in various cities .
● Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for
separate electorates if Muslim were assured reserved seats in the
central assembly and representation in proportion to population in
the Muslim- dominated Provinces .
● Nevertheless, the hope of resolving the issue at the All parties
conference in 1928 disappeared when Hindu Mahasabha of Muslim
strongly opposed efforts at compromise and large section of Muslim
could not respond to the call for a united struggle .

CULTURAL FACTORS AND IDENTITIES WHICH CREATED A
SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING AMONG
THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.

● IMAGE OF BHARAT MATA:
● Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya was the first
to create the image of BHARAT MATA in his
prayer VANDE MATARAM later included in his
book- ANANDAMATH .
● Abanindranath Tagore painted her image .
● Bharat Mata looked like a Sanyasini . She is
calm , divine ans spiritual . Devotion towards
her became a proof of Nationalism .

Vande Mataram
become the war
cry of the
Indians.

NATIONAL FLAG
● During the Swadeshi Movement a tricolor
flag (red, green and yellow) was developed
. It had 8 lotuses representing the 8
provinces of the British India . It also had
crescent moon which represented Hindus
and Muslim.
● In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag.
It was also a tricolor flag (red,green and
white). It had a spinning wheel represent
the Gandhian idea of self help.
● The flag became am symbol of the Nation.
It created the feeling of oneness. The
people carried flag in protest marches and
rallies.

NATIONAL FLAG
Swadeshi flag
sawaraj flag

REDISCOVERY OF INDIA’S PAST
● The British considered Indians backward and
primitive. They said that the Indians were not
capable of ruling themselves.
● In the 19th century, some educated Indians started
the efforts of rediscover India’s great achievements.
They rediscovered the achievements made by the
Indians in art, architecture, science, mathematics,
religion, culture, law, philosophy, crafts and trade.
● Knowledge about the great achievements of Indians
created national pride, self confidence and patriotism
among the Indians.

REVIVAL OF FOLKLORE -
ROMANTICISM
● Nationalists toured the villages to collect the
folk songs and legends.
● Rabindranath Tagore collected a number of folk
songs and legends.
● In madras, Natesa Sastri published a four
volume collection of tamil folk tales (The
Folklore of Southern India).
● The folk songs and legends gave a true picture
of Indian culture. They showed there all
thoughts and characteristics of Indians.
● They created National Pride among the people
.

BIRTH OF A NATION
● A growing anger against the colonial government was bringing
together various groups of Indians into a common struggle.
● The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to
channel people’s grievances into organised movements for
independence which forged national unity.
● But diverse groups participated in these movements with varied
aspirations and expectations. The Congress continuously attempted
to resolve differences, and ensure that the demands of one group did
not alienate another.
● The high points of congress activity and nationalist unity were
followed by phases of disunity and inner conflict between groups.

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