nationalismineurope-230420140400-1c53f60e.pptx

Nationalism In Europe
Class – 10th
Name-Palak soam
Roll no- 05

The Rise Of Nationalism
• In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu (French artist) prepared a series of 4 prints picturing his dream of a
world made of ‘Democratic And Social Republics’.
• The 1st Print, shows the people of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and class
– marching and offering homage to the Statue Of Liberty.
• On the earth, lies the shattered remains of the symbols of Absolutist Institutions.
• In Sorrieu’s Utopian vision, the people are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their
flags and national costume.
• USA and Switzerland are followed by France and Germany, which are followed by the people
of Austria, Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
• From the heavens above, Christ, Saints and Angels gazing, which symbolizes Fraternity among
the nation – states.

The French Revolution
• The First Clear Expression of nationalism came with the
French Revolution in 1789.
• France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under
the rule of an absolute monarch.
• The Political and Constitutional changes that came in
the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of
sovereignty from the monarchy to French citizens.
• The revolution proclaimed that it was the people would
constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Absolutist Institutions

The Idea Of Nation
• The French Revolutionaries introduced various practices to create a sense of collective identity
amongst the people.
• The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights.
• A new flag (Tricolor) was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• The Estates General was elected by the active citizens and renamed as National Assembly.
• A Centralized Administrative System formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
• Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights was
adopted.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.

The Napoleonic Code
Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
Rational and Efficient.
• The Civil Code of 1804 {known as the Napoleonic Code} did away with all privileges based on
birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
• In Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he simplified administrative divisions.
• He abolished the Feudal System and freed peasants from Serfdom and Manorial Dues.
• In the towns, Guild Restrictions were removed.
• Transport and communication systems were improved.
• Businessmen began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and national currency
would facilitate the movement of goods and capital from one region to another.

The Making Of Nationalism
• Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms,
duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous
territories.
• Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic
monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse
peoples.
• They did not see themselves as sharing a Collective Identity
or a common culture.
• Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged
to different ethnic groups.
Napoleon as
Postman

The Planting of Tree of Liberty in Zweibrücken, Germany.

The Habsburg Empire
• The Habsburg Empire was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
• It included the Alpine Regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia,
where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
• It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
• In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of
dialects.
• In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
• Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a
mass of peasant people – Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to
the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.

The Aristocracy
• The Aristocrats were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
• They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.
• They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
• Their families were often connected by ties of Marriage.
• This powerful aristocracy was numerically a small group.
• The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
• To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners.
• In Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterized by vast estates
which were cultivated by Serfs.

The New – Middle Class
• In Western and Central Europe, the growth of industrial production meant the growth of
towns and the emergence of commercial classes.
• Industrialization began in England in the 2nd half of the 18th Century, but in France and parts of
Germany it occurred during the 19th Century.
• In its wake, new social groups came into being: a Working-class Population and Middle Classes
made up of industrialists and businessmen.
• In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups were smaller in number till late 19th century.
• It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

Liberal Nationalism
2023
• The term ‘Liberalism’ derives from the Latin Root ‘liber’,
meaning Free.
• For the New-middle Classes liberalism stood for:-
 Freedom for the individual and equality of all before the
law.
 Politically, it emphasized government by consent.
 Since the French Revolution, it had stood for the end of
autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and
representative government through parliament.
 19th Century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private
property.

Liberalization In Economy
2023
• In the Economic Sphere, ‘Liberalism’ stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of
state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• During the 19th Century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
• Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of small principalities Confederation of
39 States.
• A Merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass
through 11 Customs Barriers and pay a Custom Duty of 5% at each one of them.
• Therefore, in 1834, Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the
German states.
• It abolished Tariff Barriers and Reduced Currencies. The creation of a network of railways
further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

A New Conservatism After 1815
• After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by Conservatism.
• Conservatives thought that Traditional Institutions – like Monarchy, Church, Social Hierarchy,
Property and Family should be preserved.
• Most conservatives did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
• They realized the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization could in fact strengthen
traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state power more effective and strong.
• A Modern Army, an Efficient Bureaucracy, a Dynamic Economy, the abolition of feudalism and
serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
2023

Treaty Of Vienna, 1815
In 1815, representatives of the European Powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, who collectively
defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
• The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
• The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna with the aim of undoing most of the changes that had
came in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars.
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under
Napoleon.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France.
• The Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont
in South.
• Prussia was given new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given the Northern Italy.
• In the East, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
2023

The Conservative Regime
• Conservative Regimes set up in 1815 were
Autocratic.
• They did not tolerate criticism and dissent,
and sought to curb activities that
questioned the legitimacy of autocratic
governments.
• Most of them imposed Censorship Laws to
control what was said in newspapers, books,
plays and songs and reflected the ideas of
liberty and freedom associated with the
French Revolution.

Giuseppe Mazzini
• Giuseppe Mazzini was born at Genoain 1807, he became a member of the secret society of
the Carbonari.
• At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
• He subsequently founded 2 Underground Societies, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe
in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the
German states.
• Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.
• Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
• Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened
the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social
order’.

The July Revolution
• The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
• The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power
during the conservative reaction after 1815, were
overthrown by Liberal Revolutionaries who installed a
Constitutional Monarchy with Louis Philippe at its
head.
• ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked,
‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’
• The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels
which led to Belgium breaking away from the United
Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Metternich

Greek War Of Independence
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
• Poets and artists lauded Greece as ‘the Cradle of European Civilization’ and mobilized public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim Empire.
• The English Poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died
of fever in 1824.
• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.

The Romantic Imagination
• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: Art and Poetry, Stories and
Music helped to shape nationalist feelings.
• Romantic artists generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on
Emotions, Intuition and Mystical Feelings.
• The emphasis of Vernacular Language and Local Folklore was not just to recover an ancient
national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences.
• The German Philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German
culture was to be discovered among the common people – ‘das volk’. It was through folk
songs, folk poetry and dances that the true spirit of the nation ‘volksgeist’ was popularized.
• Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk
dances like the Polonaise and Mazurka into nationalist symbols.

Importance Of Language
• Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
• After Russian Occupation, Polish was forced out of schools and Russian was imposed
everywhere.
• In 1831, an Armed Rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.
• Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a ‘weapon of
national resistance’.
• Polish was used for Church Gatherings and all Religious Instruction.
• As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were sent to Siberia by the Russian Govt. as
punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.
• The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

The Hunger
• The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
• The 1st half of the 19th century saw an Enormous Increase in Population all over Europe.
• In most of the countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods
from England, where industrialization was more advanced than on the continent.
• This was especially so in Textile Production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small
workshops and was only partly mechanized.
• In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under
the burden of Feudal Dues and Obligations.
• The rise of food prices led to Widespread Pauperism in the town and country.

The Hardship
• In the year of 1848, Food Shortages and Widespread
Unemployment brought the population of Paris out
on the roads.
• Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was
forced to flee.
• A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted
suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed
the Right To Work.
• National Workshops to provide employment were
set up.
Louis Philippe

The Silesian Revolt, 1845
Issue:
• Between Cotton Contractor and Cotton Weaver.
• Contractor supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but reduced
their payments.
• Crowd of weavers marched to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
Outcome:-
• Weavers’ demand were not considered.
• They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.
• Eleven Weavers were shot.

1848: Revolution Of Liberals
• Parallel to the revolts of the Starving Peasants in many European countries in the year 1848, a
revolution led by the Educated Middle Classes was under way.
• Events of February 1848, in France had brought about the Abdication of the Monarch and a
republic based on Universal Male Suffrage had been proclaimed.
• In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist such as Germany,
Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes
combined their demands for Constitutionalism with national unification.
• They took advantage of the growing unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-
state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of
association.

Failure Of Frankfurt Parliament
• The Middle-class Professionals, Businessmen and Artisans came in the city of Frankfurt and
voted for an all-German National Assembly.
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their
places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament.
• When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV (Prussian King)
he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the assembly.
• While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of
parliament eroded.
• The parliament was dominated by the Middle Classes who resisted the demands of workers
and artisans and consequently lost their support.

The Participation Of Women
• The Issue of extending Political Rights to Women was
controversial in the liberal movement, in which large
numbers of women had participated actively over the
years.
• Women had formed their own Political Associations and
founded Newspapers.
• They took part in Political Meetings and Demonstrations.
• Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the
election of the Assembly.
• When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church
of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to
stand in the visitors’ gallery.

The Unification Of Germany
• By 1848, the popular effort of political associations failed in installing Constitutional Monarchy
in Germany.
• The failure of Frankfurt parliament made it clear that German unification had to come through
the combined effort of monarchy and army supported by large landowners.
• From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the national unification.
• In this process, Otto Von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, proved to be the main
architect.
• Bismarck reached his goal with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• He fought 7 wars in three years with Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian
victory and completed the German unification.
2023

Italy Unified
• During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states, of which only Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house.
• After the series of failure of Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel {II} took the process of unifying
Italy through wars.
• Cavour, the CM through his tactful diplomatic alliance with France his succeeded in defeating
Austrian forces in 1859.
• Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the armed volunteers marched into South Italy
and the Kingdom of the Two Sicily's and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers in 1860.
• Hence, Italy got unified in 1861 and King Victor Emmanuel {II} was made the king of Unified
Italy.

The Strange Case Of Britain
• In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a Sudden Upheaval but a
result of a Long-drawn-out Process.
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as
English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
• All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
• But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend
its influence over the other nations of the islands.
• The English Parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688 and at the end of the conflict,
was the instrument through which a nation-state with England at its centre came to be forged.

Fate Of Scotland
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ permitted England to impose its influence on Scotland.
• The British Parliament was dominated by its English members.
• The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political
institutions were systematically suppressed.
• The Catholic Clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever
they attempted to assert their independence.
• The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national
dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Fate Of Ireland
• Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants.
• The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely
Catholic country.
• Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed.
• After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
• ‘British Nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.
• The symbols of the new Britain – the British Flag (Union Jack), the National Anthem (God Save
Our Noble King), the English Language – were actively promoted and the older nations
survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Visualizing The Nation
• Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
• They represented a country as if it were a person.
• Nations were then portrayed as Female Figures. The female form that was chosen to personify
the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the
abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
• Therefore, the female figure became an Allegory of the nation.
• In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian Name, which underlined the idea
of a people’s nation.
• Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

Meaning Of The Symbols
Attributes Significance
Broken Chains Being Freed
Breastplate with Eagle Strength
Crown of Oak Leaves Heroism
Sword Readiness to fight
Olive Branch around the Sword Willingness to make peace
Black, Red and Gold Tricolour Flag of the Liberal-nationalists in 1848
Rays of the Rising Sun Beginning of a new era

Balkans – The Nationalist Tension
• The most serious source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 was the Balkans.
• It was a region of Geographical and Ethnic Variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,
Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro
whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs.
• The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration
of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
• The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and
used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been
subjugated by foreign powers.
• Hence, the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win
back their long-lost independence.

Big Power Rivalry
• The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at
the expense of the others.
• Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power
rivalry.
• During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European Powers over Trade and
Colonies as well as Naval and Military might.
• These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.
• Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of
other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.
• This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

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