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Similar to Nazism and the rise of hitler .pdf
Nazism and the rise of hitler .pdf
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- 2. BIRTH OF WEIMARREPUBLIC v Weimar was a cultural center in Germany. v Germany fought First World War(1914-1918)against Allies(England, France and Russia). v Germany was able to occupy France and Belgium but Allies were joined by US in 1917 and thus Allies won and Germans were defeated. v Germany surrendered to Allies and Hitler’s propaganda minister Goebbels committed suicide because he did not wanted to share his views with Allies. v The defeat of Imperial Germany gavean opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity. v A National Assembly met at Weimer and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. v The Republic, however, was not receivedwell by its own people because of the terms.
- 3. TREATY OF VERSAILLES vTERRITORY ➢Alsace-Lorraine,captured by Germany in 1870 and the war aim of the attacking French forces in 1914, was returned to France. ➢The Saar, an important German coalfield, was to be given to France for 15 years, after which a plebiscite would decide ownership. ➢Poland became an independent country with a "route to the sea," a corridor of land cutting Germany in two. ➢Danzig, a major port in East Prussia (Germany) was to be under international rule. ➢All German and Turkish colonies were taken awayand put under Alliedcontrol. ➢Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Czechoslovakia were made independent. ➢Austria-Hungary was split up, and Yugoslaviawas created.
- 4. vArms ➢The left bankof the Rhine was to be occupied by Allied forces and the right bank demilitarized. ➢The German army was cut to 100,000 men. ➢Wartime weapons were to be scrapped. ➢The German Navy was cut to 36 ships and no submarines. ➢Germany was banned fromhaving an Air Force. ➢An Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria was banned. vReparations and Guilt ➢In the "war guilt" clause, Germany has to accept total blame for the war. ➢Germany had to pay £6,600 millionin compensation. vThe League of Nations ➢A League of Nations was to be created to prevent further world conflict.
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- 6. Political Radicalism and EconomicCrisis v The birth of the Weimer Republic and the Spartacist League went hand in hand. v The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany. The politicalinstability in Germany paved the way for Hitler. v Political radicalization was heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. v Germany had to pay war reparations in gold which led to depletion of gold reserve. v Hence , Germany refused to pay the war reparations, France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr. v Germany retaliated with printing paper currency recklessly. v The value of the mark collapsed. Prices of goods soared. There was hyperinflation.
- 7. The Years ofDepression ❑1924–1928sawsome stability, yet it was built on sand. Germany was totally dependent on short- term loans, largely from the USA. ❑This support was withdrawn with the crash in 1929 of the Wall StreetExchange. ❑The German economy was hit badly. It led to social unrest. ❑The middle class and working population were filled with the fear of proletarianization.(Proletarianizationis the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, unemployed or self-employed, to being employed as wage labor by an employer.) ❑The Weimer Republic - defects : • Proportional Representation. • Article 48 — gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
- 8. HITLER’S RISE TO POWER ➢Hitler was born in Austria on 20th April,1889. ➢He earned many medals for bravery in the First World War. ➢ The German defeat horrified him. ➢ The Treaty of Versailles made him furious. ➢ He joined the German Workers Party and renamed it National Socialist German Workers’ Party. ➢ This later came to be known as the Nazi Party.
- 9. ➢Nazism became amassmovementonly during the Great Depression. ➢The Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future. ➢Hitler was a powerful and effective speaker. ➢He promised the people a strong nation where all would get employment. ➢His politics included the significant rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization. ➢He used the Swastika symbol, red banners,pamphletsand ritualized roundsof applauseto greateffectduring his massive rallies. ➢Nazi propaganda skillfully projectedHitler as a messiah,a savior.
- 10. The Destruction of Democracy vThiscame about in January 1933, when President Hindenburg offeredthe Chancellorshipto Hitler. vHe suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly that were guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution in 1933. vThen he turned to his arch-enemies,the Communists, who were hurriedly packed off to the newly established concentration camps. On 3 March, 1933 dictatorshipwas establishedin Germany. v It gaveall powers for Hitler to sideline parliament and rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned except the Nazi Party and its affiliates. vThe state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
- 11. ➢ Hitler wasthe head of the Third Reich and the country was set up to follow his will, from the leaders to the 32 regional Gauleiter. ➢ As head of the government, Hitler had complete control over Germany from politics, to the legal system and police. All this meant there was very little opposition to Nazi rule between 1933 – 39.
- 12. The Nazi Police State ❑The regular police in green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers were the existing police forces. ❑ Additional police forces were also raised; the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squad), criminal police and the Security Service (SD).
- 13. RECONSTRUCTION ➢EconomistHjalmar Schacht wasgiven the responsibility of economic recovery. ➢He initiated a state-funded work-creation programme to ensure full production and full employment. ➢The famous Autobahn and Volkswagenwere the results of this period. ➢ He aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work creation programme. ➢Hitler pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933.
- 14. ✓Reoccupied the Rhinelandin 1936. ✓Integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan : One people,One empire,One leader. ✓He then took Sudetenland fromCzechoslovakia. ✓Hitler had the unspoken support of England. ✓He chose war as a way out of the Economic Crisis. ✓Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory. ✓ In September 1940 Germany invaded Poland. ✓This starteda war with France and England. ✓USA resisted involvement in the war. ✓But when Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombarded Pearl Harbour, the USA entered the war. ✓The war ended in 1945 with Hitler’s defeatand the US bombing of Hiroshimaand Nagasaki in Japan.
- 16. THE NAZI WORLDVIEW ➢According to Nazi ideology, there was no equality between people, but only racial hierarchy. ➢ The Nazis began creating an exclusive racial communityof pure Germans by physically eliminating those who were considered undesirable. ➢ They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. ➢ Jews, Gypsies, blacks, Russian, Poles, even certain Germans and abnormal were considered undesirable. ➢ The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living space. ARYAN BOY
- 17. ❑ Jews werethe worstsufferers in Nazi Germany. ❑ Hitler believed in pseudo- scientific theories of the race which said that conversion was no solution to the Jewish problem. It had to be solved through their total elimination. ❑ From1933–1938 — the Nazis terrorized, pauperized and segregatedthe Jews, compelling them to leave the country. ❑ The next phase, 1939–1945,aimed at concentrating them in certain areas and then killing them in gas chambers in Poland. v The Racial Utopia ❑ Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin. ❑ Occupied Poland was divided. ❑ Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties behind to be occupied by ethnic Germans brought in from occupied Europe.
- 18. YOUTH IN NAZI GERMANY ➢Hitler felt that a strong Nazi society could be established by teaching Nazi ideology to children. ➢ All schools were given German teachers. ➢ Children were divided into two groups — desirable and undesirable. ➢ Textbooks were rewritten, functions of sports in schools was to nurture the spirit of violence and aggression. ➢ Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk. ➢ At 14, all boys joined ‘Hitler Youth’, they joined the Labour Service at 18.
- 19. The Nazi Cultof Motherhood ❑ The boys were taught to be aggressive,masculine and steel hearted. ❑ Women were told to be goodmothers and rear pure-bloodedAryan children. They were encouraged to produce many children. ❑They were given special treatment in hospitals and also got concessions in shops, theatres and railways. ❑Honor Crosses were awardedto encourage womento produce more children. ❑A bronze cross was given for four children, silver cross for six and golden cross for eight or more. ❑They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.
- 20. The Art ofPropaganda ➢ The Nazi regime used language and media with care and often to great effect. They used films, pictures, radio, posters, etc. to spread hatred for Jews. ➢Nazism worked on the minds of the people, tapped their emotions, and turned their hatred and anger at those marked as ‘undesirable’. ➢Crimes against Humanity • People saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke the Nazi language. • At times even the Jews began to believe in the Nazi stereotypes about them.
- 21. Knowledge about the Holocaust ✓ Itwas only after the war ended that people came to know about what had happened. ✓ The Jews wanted the world to know about the atrocities and sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations. ✓ They just wanted to live, even if it was for a few hours, to tell the world about the Holocaust.