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- 4. • Between Centralpower and Allies • Central power lost. • Central power:-Germany, Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire • Allies:-Great Britain, France, Belgium and Russia • After war Monarchy in Germany quits
- 5. Birth of theWeimar Republic After War •Parliamentary parties recast German Polity •A national Assembly met at Weimar to design a constitution •Deputies were elected to German Parliament (Reichstag) • Democratic Constitution with Federal Structure • Universal Adult Franchise was granted
- 6. Treaty of Versailles •Harsh and Humiliating • Germany lost overseas colonies • 13% territories • 75% iron field • 26% coal field • Germany was Demilitarised • Had to pay compensation of £6 billion • Lost rich Rhineland(1920)
- 8. Political Radicalism andEconomic Crisis
- 9. • Germany wasdependent on short term loan from USA • USA withdrew support as crash in wall Street Exchange in 1929 • Between 1929-32 the national income of USA fell by half and effects fell worldwide. • The middle class and working class population were filled with fear of Prolerterianization • Sharp fall in agricultural price • Sense of deep despair crippled the people
- 10. Defects of Weimar Republic •Proportional Representation • No majority party which led coalition govt • Article-48, President got power to impose emergency ,suspend civil rights and rule by Decree • People lost confidence in the democratic parliament •Politically fragile •The constitution was Vulnerable to dictatorship
- 11. • Industrial Productionreduced • Workers lost jobs • Youth took to criminal activities • Small business man and self employed suffered as their business got ruined • They became unable to their family • The economic crisis created fear in people • People lost faith in the democratic parliamentary system • A total unrest among people developed slowly
- 13. Hitler’s rise to power •The treaty of Versailles made him furious • Joined in German workers party and renamed as National Socialist German Workers Party • Later it known as Nazi Party • By 1932 it became a large party with 37% votes • During great depression Nazism became mass movement • Propagated for better future *Born in Austria 1889 *Earned Bravery medals in WW-I *Horrified by German’s defeat
- 14. *Good orator *Promised fora strong nation with economic flourish *Rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization *Massive rallies with Swastika, Red banners, Pamphlets and Ritualized rounds of applause *Nazi propaganda skilfully projected him as a messiah, a Saviour
- 15. The destruction ofDemocracy • On 30th Jan. 1933 Hitler was offered the Chancellorship by president Hindenburg • He set out to dismantle the democratic structure • The fire decree of 28th Feb. 1933 suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly • Communists were hurriedly packed off to newly established concentration camps • All political parties were banned • Special surveillance and security forces were created control the people and rule with impunity
- 17. Police force underNazi • Regular police:-Green uniform Storm troopers(SA, Sturmabteilung):- Existing police force includes *Gestapo:-Secrete state police *SS(Schutzstaffel):-Protection Squad *SD(Sicherheitsdienst):- Security Service and criminal police
- 18. Reconstruction of Germany •Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 • Pull out of the League of Nation in 1933 • Integrated Austria and German in 1938(one people, one empire, one leader) • Acquired German speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia • Unspoken support from England • War to recover Economic Crisis *Economist Hjalmar was given the responsibility of Economic Recovery *The state funded work creation programme initiated to ensure full production and employment *Produced the famous German super highways and people’s car, the Volkswagen
- 19. • Accumulation ofResources trough Expansion of Territory. • Sept. 1940 invaded Poland • War with France and England • Japan extended support to Hitler • Bombarded Perl Harbour and USA entered the War • War ended with Hitler's Defeat. • USA bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japan surrendered 2nd Step 1945.
- 20. • According toNazi ideology – No equality between people – Only racial hierarchy – Nordic German Aryans were at the top – Jews were at the lowest – Others were in between them • Hitler's racism was borrowed from • Charles Darwin’s concept of evaluation and natural selection • Herbert Spencer's idea of survival of the fittest • Strongest race would survive and week ones would perish
- 21. • New territorieshad to be acquired for settlement. • Enhance the area of the mother country • Enhance the material resources • Enhance the power of German Nation • Poland became the laboratory for this experimentation.
- 22. Establishment of RacialState • Creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans • A society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans • Euthanasia Programme:- killed mentally or physically unfit people • Elimination of ‘Undesirable’. • Undesirable:-Jews, Gypsies, Blacks, Russian. Poles even certain Germans • Jews were considered killer of Christ and Usurers • Jews had to live in Ghettos • Jews were hatred based on pseudoscientific theories of race • Believed in total elimination of Jews • From 1933-38 the Nazi terrorise, pauperised and segregated the Jews. • 1939-45 concentration of Jews and killing in gas Chambers in Poland
- 23. • Genocide andWar became two sides of one coin • Occupied Poland and divided • Poles were forced to leave their homes and property • Educated poles were murdered • Created General Government:- Destination for all ‘Undesirable’ • Appointed ‘Race Experts’ to examine Polish children looking like Aryans • Ghettos, Gas chambers as well as General Government too served as killing fields for Jews
- 24. Youth in NaziGermany • Nazi ideology was taught to the children • Schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘Purified’ by dismissing Jews teachers as they believed to be ‘politically undesirable’ • Undesirable children such as Jews, Physically handicapped, Gypsies were thrown out to the schools and later (1940s) taken them to Gas Chambers • A prolong period of ideological training for good German students • Introduced racial science • Children were taught to be royal, submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler • Sports to violence and aggression
- 25. Youth Organisation Educating GermanYouth in the ‘Spirit of National socialism’ • Jungvolk:- For ten years old children • Hitler Youth:- For 14 years old Children (Youth League founded in 1922, later renamed as Hitler Youth) • Labour Service:- For 18 years youths >They were to learn * To worship war * To glorify aggression and violence * Condemn democracy * Hate Jews, communists, gypsies and undesirables >They had to serve in Arm Forces and enter one of the Nazi organisation > Later all youth organisations were systematically dissolved and finally banned.
- 27. The Nazi Cultof Mother Hood
- 28. The Art of Propaganda Useddeceptive term such as- * Special treatment/Final solution:-Mass kilning(Jews) * Euthanasia:- Killing of Disable *Selection and Disinfection:- Evacuation and deporting to gas chambers. *Disinfected areas:-Gas chambers • Nazi ideas were spread through visual image, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets • Film, ‘The eternal Jew’ was to stereotyped orthodox Jews • German Jews were referred as Vermin, Rats and Pests • Claimed that solution of all problems was only the Nazi Used language and media with great care and effect
- 29. Ordinary people andthe Crime against Humanity • People saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke the Nazi language • Believed that Nazi would bring Prosperity and well being • But not every Germany was Nazi and faced repression and death • Some were passive onlookers and apathetic witness • Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people's dream in her diary • Later published as ‘Third Reich of Dreams’ • Jews themselves begun believing the Nazi stereotyped • Many Jews died before reaching Gas Chamber
- 30. Knowledge about Holocaust • MassNazi killing operation called Holocaust was revealed. • Evidences such as diary, notebooks achieves (by inhabitant in ghetto, Gas chambers) exposed the secrete • Nazi tried to destroy all evidences available in offices • Yet, the memory of the Holocaust live in memories, Fiction, Documents, Poetry, Museums in many parts of the world *After the War world came to know about the Black Chapter of Nazi Germany *Jews wanted the world to member this atrocities happened with them