Neocolonialism new form of tourism

2
Neo-colonialism is the worst form of imperialism: the colon exploits, but takes its share of
responsibility towards the colonized (Nkrumah, 1973).
Men have travelled for millennia. However, the concept of tourism only emerged in the 18th century
in England, because of changes in mores and values in the context of the industrial revolution. Little by
little, by the institutionalization of the free time in our societies, tourism, as a hobby, became common
practice. In addition to this appropriation of the time, the phenomenon of globalization and the
modernization have also shaped the evolution of tourism. Now, it is ' qualified by a certain mass and
became an industry '.
Despite this evolution of travel, tourism remains impregnated a vertical migration trend North-South.
This leads us to think about the hidden agenda behind this ideology. Can we see in this context the
reproduction of a neo speech? It is true that the concepts of exoticism and authenticity, to spawn a still
more borrowed path in the tourism field.
Since the end of the 1950s, tourism has been more reserved for the elite, the tourism context has
become more democratic. Today tourism is characterized by its mass: populations of rich countries are in
constant movement. Humans are always attracted by "the other" and by "the elsewhere”. This curiosity is
never dimmed, because the phenomenon of globalization always flows into. The quest for the exotic
becomes perpetual. This exotic research has always existed, but to varying degrees.
An example is that of the Venus Hottentote. This woman, South Africa, was taken from her
country to be exhibited in a human zoo in Paris. Her incredible bodily forms, to the West, and
the colour of her skin, are the main causes of this operations.
If the tourism experience allows us to meet particularities and differences by the search of exoticism
and authenticity, it causes also many problems in the countries which are the subject of this exoticism.
The concept of authenticity to the same title that the exoticism, this is means., which is
understood here in its relationship dichotomous between what is perceived as real and what
is perceived as manufactured and which is specific to the West (Nietzche, 1986). (Appendix 1)
However, such a representation is not without consequences, as stipulated in the Thomas theorem:
When "men consider false situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
(Amirou, 2004: 11).
Western man is locked t - it in a "false reality" that he himself created and required t - it to others?
As mentioned, tourism has become an industry. Its place in the world economy is now legitimate.
For some countries, it is a vital source of income. However, these foreign capitals are only rarely invested
in national development, while leaving room for exploitation, which seems to take the form of colonial
axis: North-South.

3
"New colonizer is disguised as a tourist, the short flower with replaced pith helmet." […] As
the former colonizer, he "thanked" Silver service of domesticated individuals, being
persuaded to help develop. His weapon is his money, which serves him as tool of oppression
at any time. "(Michel, 2006: 127)
This aspect of tourism is particularly present in sexual, mass tourism and the ethno-tourism, three
dominant tourism forms.
Some negative consequences of mass tourism... among other tans
The organized mass tourist takes a highly organized package holiday and has
minimal contact with the host community, holidaying within an ‘environmental bubble’
We can include the restrictions imposed on the local population for the benefit of tourists
(philippines, Maroc…). This is the case of restrictions on watering the crops to allow tourists to bathe in a
pool or play golf (very large consumer of water and pesticides). (Appendix2)
In the very tourist cities of developing countries there is a 'gap' between the tourists and the locals.
Begging is not the lesser evil that will have to face the local populations.
Sometimes, begging or offering false guide services, a 10 year old child earns more than his father who
works 10 to 12 hours a day.
Bargaining, practiced by tourists as part of a game which spices up the holidays, is also a double-
edged weapon. (appendix 3)
There are still multiple harms caused by tourism on home populations. In these countries, where the
Government blind eye to all the excesses of mass tourism, the populations feel weighed down by this
tourism colonization. Unfortunately their income, subject to the ' tourism, is rarely distributed to the
community by the government: it is used instead to pay the comfort of tourists.
This problem caused by tourism is not only found in developing countries, but also appears
in developed countries. Take the case of the United States with Las Vegas. All the water in the vicinity is
diverted to the fountains of Las Vegas and thus causes a shortage of water for farmers. Incessant
constructions are also present on European coastlines (côte d'Azur) and the premises are subject to the
problems this creates.
But one of the main differences between developed countries and developing countries can
be said that the former ones, most of the time, do not see tourism as their primary or only component of
their economy’s income. They also benefit a strong rule of law, offering our population much different
legislation that can protect them in different circumstances.

4
The case of sex tourism
Tourism has now several
forms to appeal to a wider
audience. Sex tourism benefits
mainly tourists (10%) of the
countries of the North and from
Ali in the countries of the South,
where the populations are often
referred to as disadvantaged. They
do not perceive prostitution
"hidden" behind the sex tourism.
It is the power of sexual
dominance through money.
Once the services are used,
tourists leave while local
sometimes remain with heavy
consequences: contraction of
HIV/AIDS,
victims of network of prostitution
or human trafficking, violence,
depression, suicide…
The offer of human beings in countries of the third world has partly replaced their traditional
production of tea, coffee, sugar'. The basic tourist demand saw his opportunities increased by the
extension of the plane trip and prices offer some so-called companies low cost. The sexual tourism, today
is considered to be the 3rd illegal trade in order of importance in the world, just after drugs and weapons.
The case of the ethno-tourism: human zoo
The issues raised by such tourism contact vary enormously depending on its context. While in some
cases the operation is aberrant, in other reports of forces are more subtle, hidden behind economic and
social benefits and can sometimes be reversed.
Visitors, organized tours and tourism promoters who "invade" communities considered as exotic (Masai
Maras of southern Africa, Indians of Guyana and Amazon, or of aborigines of Australia), to withdraw their
satisfaction of curiosity and leave with one folklore and stereotypical representation of this "Other". In
such forms of exchange, an economic agreement bind the community an undertaking which regulates
several aspects, social and cultural, collective life and that of its individuals. The host community can that
very rarely control the effects that it produces.
For example, Steven g. Snow exposes, in his study on tourism in Aboriginal community to
the Panama, how a tourism entrepreneur requires Aboriginal "Emberá" the village with which it
dealt to wear traditional clothes, to use less plastic as possible and use only natural in the
construction of huts, without which materials the tourism agreement would be cancelled (Snow,
2000: 744).

5
With the emergence and growing popularity of the
ethno-tourism host societies are influenced and impacted
by tourism (growing and incessant flows, their habitats
close infrastructure projects) and undergo a process of
acculturation. Their social cohesion, guaranteeing the
survival of the Group and each individual is destroyed,
reducing them to the status of beggars, entirely dependent
of the generosity of "white" of the nearby towns.
(Appendix 5)
However communities can use the representation altered
their identity for political, economic and even identity. For
example, to attend the world, through tourism, may become a
weapon in the land claim.
Erling Kavita, the Bushmen of Namibia community
Defender, says eco-tourism (form of tourism growing) as
one of the solutions to a survival of the local population.
Indeed, based on the creation of preserved natural parks,
eco-tourism protects nature and control the influx of
tourists. Thus indigenous peoples retain maximum
tranquility of their previous existence and their privacy.
In pursuit of exotic and different backgrounds, the tourist is
sometimes the cause of degradation and irreversible bid on home
populations. However, the less a population is accustomed to
tourism, the less it will be armed and prepared for this
confrontation. Among the already urbanized populations the
harms and benefits of tourism are also felt.
We cannot deny that the tourism host country enjoys important benefits for development, cultural,
educational, economic and political, of the country. It is clear that the contributions of rich countries to
the developing countries contribute to relations more balanced between countries and allows the
improvement of the conditions of development of a country. Tourism is a factor of income and income is
a factor to improve direct and indirect state of the country.
Then can we talk about neocolonialism knowing that (investors and host) countries are beneficiaries
of tourism too? Recently, this awareness (of actual tourism) permits other tourism development. That is
how another form of tourism is being developed.
Certain country advocates pro-poor tourism, resulting in that tourism has benefits for local
communities and surrounding areas. We noted that, for certain destinations (Tanzania, Laos…), there is
an impressive rate of conversion of commercial volumes in benefits for the populations of the countries.
In these examples of "best practice", the impacts are the result of the quality of the links between the
various stakeholders. (Appendix 6).
Appendix 4

6
In fact, more and more countries (even if this remains a minority) considers the effects of tourism in
the long term, and anticipates the fact that most tourists will require their tour of products that generate
socio-economic benefits for developing countries. Companies and host countries that anticipate the
evolution of the application are the first to reap the fruits of these new business opportunities.
For some low-income countries, such as Ethiopia, the Gambia, Tanzania and tourist flows are
reduced and tourism can make to the economies and local communities of the significant benefits
(poverty reduction, best care, education, preservation of the communities). Tourism markets can
participate in a development of the economy and culture of the country.
Ex: Bhutan, small almost inaccessible Kingdom, in the heart of the Himalayas. Having
introduced the concept of gross national happiness, in the early 1990, he thus dreams of the
West. Tourism in Bhutan began in 1974, to raise revenue and promote culture and traditions.
Tourism generates 2 million annual incomes. Despite its openness to foreigners, the
Government is particularly aware of the 'massive' impact of tourists on the landscape and the
unique culture of Bhutan, still virtually intact. It has therefore limited the level of tourist
activity since the beginning. The Bhutan Tourism Corporation has implemented the policy of
the Government tourism based on 4 pillars: sustainable development, preservation of the
culture, the nature conservation and good governance.
Tourism allows countries to see the scene' international' and to be taken into account by the 'great
powers' while keeping a certain stewardship on tourism. A country home 'tourism' opens the doors to new
markets and new economic opportunities.
Partnerships between industry, Government, NGO or simple village community, have been
implemented in some regions in the Gambia, in Morocco, in Turkey, for example, to establish a
'responsible tourism' and thus allows to preserve small shops, restaurants and family hotels; and control
parts of mass tourism, of the construction, the appropriation of the coasts and beaches by developers real
estate estrangers…
Some mass tourism operators have recognized that their activities could have a significant impact
on operated destinations, and that they had a special responsibility as major actors of the sector. The
emergence of the concept of sustainable development in the area reflects this new concern.
Thus, the Federation of Tour Operators (FTO), encourages its members to respect the laws on
minimum wage, to promote social responsibility and sustainable development
(Mitchell and Ashley, 2010).

7
However, the actors in development, commercial operators, the public sector and research are still far
from a consensus. The main causes of the deterioration of the tourism potential of the social
destabilization are primarily: behaviour of tourists from such predatory and colonizing not discoverer or
share well with others of the persistence of the local endemics; And with direct and indirect effects of
anarchic settlements which deteriorate the natural environment and generate political imbalances. But
these movements are not beneficial for the change of the political industry?
Uplift and nationalist movement
In some countries, one can deplore frequent cases of forced labour
directly linked to tourism and in particular, to the
tourist development of the sites.
This is the case of Burma, where the independent
organization Info Burma denounces forced labour
for the construction of hotels for foreign tourists,
aimed to open the country to tourism following the
campaign launched in 1994. It is one of the reasons
why the opposition leader and Nobel Peace Madam
Aung San Suu Kyi recommended the boycott of her
own country to Western tourists.
Many movement of political protest takes place in certain regions or cities of developed countries
where they receive a high level stream of visitors throughout the year, such as Corsica (FLNC), Venice
(collective of associations) or the Iceland. (Appendix 7; 8; 9) Despite the fact that these movements are
the result of dramatic events, this allows a step forward in the evolution of the perspective of tourism. But
these uprisings were they not the overthrow and awareness of a change in the tourism industry? Both in
developed and developing countries?
This assessment of the impact of tourism on host countries allowed us to a tour of all the suffering
and all damage that could cause the tourism on population and environment in the sense which are an
integral part of the "tourist product" and that tourists "consume" sometimes.
Therefore, we see a perpetual struggle between "the host" with all its aspects (humans, nature, and
heritage) and the "tourist-conquistador", in which we can include a perception of discomfort and
degradation that can vary considerably depending on the time, on the geographical area or simply
according to the population.
Today the current (Arab Spring) events have highlighted, for local governments, the risk that
tourism can become for the economic activity of a country. It is irrefutable confirmation that a different
tourism must see the day in this twenty-first century; a tourism more consistent ethical, responsible
tourism, in the image of responsible citizens that we are in our respective countries.
This thinking is the starting premise which leads us to wonder about the need to implement a
tourism which would be directly inspired by fair trade to alleviate the negative impacts that it imposes on
countries.

8
Appendix
1. The notion of authenticity today takes the value of a conceptual construction that
meets to morals and anxieties of modern societies. The idea of authenticity rests more
in the object, but in the representation that we're the same.
The particular case of the golf course merit consideration. For the sport elite, reserved for
the private use of a few rare inhabitants of the country or foreign tourists, it does not
hesitate to develop hundreds of hectares to fresh, moving needed food crops and
populations. In Morocco, country suffering chronic drought, there are more than twenty golf
grounds. However, you need approximately 6 500 m3 of water per day for water golf course
of 18 holes. Finally, this results in saturated field of pesticides, used in order to protect the
lawn. This is a sport which, ecologically, is against the nature.
Maroc : http://www.m6replay.fr/#/info/enquete-exclusive/42810
Philippines, tourism development project for 5 provinces. The project consists, among
others, to build a luxury hotel and a series of private beaches. More than 8600 hectares are
concerned, which are currently 4 villages and more than 10,000 families living on the farm.
In addition to the injury suffered by the community, farmers underscore the risks that this
project will be run in their environment and in particular the threats posed by watering golf
courses on water reserves.
2. Tourists haggle without any consideration – The amusement they perceive out of bargaining
with the small artisans exceeds the understanding of the situation in which are these latter,
whom, dependant on the tourists, will be prepared to take up any funding offers. While on
the other hand, tourists are prepared to pay high price with a “bazariste” which operates.
3. Lévy and Lacombe, 2003: foreign women are idealized. They are seen not only as
exotic by their forms and their skin color, but also as authentic: they are not
contaminated by certain Western values such as equality of sexes
4. J. Boorman film "Emerald Forest" describes this process of contact where the Group
lost its identity and sometimes his life. A documentary on the Huaoranis Indians of
the Amazon forest also mentioned it.
5. Observers cite also women-giraffes of North Burma which are subject to an influx of
tourists and are kept in their village, under the eyes of visitors contemplating them and
taking photographs, oblivious to the sensation they may cause. It is the Burmese
Government itself which organizes these visits, always for the same purpose to earn
foreign currency.
6. ODI has developed a research method which allows to "follow the dollar spent by the
tourist" the tourist value chain and supply chains associated with. ODI is the total
spending to achieve the "pro-pauvres income" - wages and profits from tourism
expenditures that benefit poor households.

9
7. Ex Venice: The various shipwrecks that have occurred with the 'Costa' company to
arise already lively debate against 'floating buildings' which pervade the lagoon. They
are accused of draining mass tourism and degrade local habitats. They came together
in collective of associations against the inefficacy of the municipality for restriction.
With the media impact of the disaster of the 'costa-concordia' municipality to decide a
new route out of the city.
8. Corsican ex: the Front de liberation National Corse (FLNC)
is a small group that leads to action of 'fear' (bomb, murder,
murdered, reprisals…) across the country against the "land and
housing speculation", almost all committed in the coast, generally
against tourism or secondary residences whose owners live out of
Corsica. They condemn the ' colonization of Earth Corsica by the
'continental'.
" The single axis of the French tourism policy is the dispossession of
the Corsican land and the multiplication of secondary residences for
billionaires, people or North of Europe". They pursue tourism
regulation and greater protection of the coast.
The map of the reas builton the coastin Corsica.

10
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François VELLAS and Lionel BECHEREL, 1995, ‘International Tourism’, MacMillan
Business, pp. 207-226.
Gareth SHAW and Allan M.WILLIAMS, 2002, ‘Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical
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McINTOSH, GOELDNER and RITCHIE, 1995, ‘Tourims: principles, practices,
philosophies’, seventh edition, pp. 201-155.
Donald V.L MacLEOD and James G. CARRIER, 2010, ‘Tourism, Power and Culture:
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Pat YALE, 1997, ‘From Tourist Attractions to Heritage Tourism’, Second edition, pp. 201-
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Julie SCOTT and Tom SELWYN, 2010, ‘Thinking Through Tourism’, ASA Monographs 46,
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Sue BEETON, 2006, ‘Community Development through Tourism’, Land Link, pp. 201-155.
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