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Noi principii in vaccinare C Leclerc 2014
The document discusses the development of human vaccines, highlighting various types such as live attenuated, killed, and subunit vaccines, as well as advancements in vaccine technologies. It covers historical milestones in vaccine development, current challenges in therapeutic cancer vaccines, and innovations in targeting dendritic cells to improve immune responses. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of genomic research in identifying potential vaccine candidates against multiple pathogens.
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Noi principii in vaccinare C Leclerc 2014
- 1. Nouvelles perspectives en vaccinologie AAEIP,Université Paris Sud, 31 Mars 2014 Claude Leclerc
- 2. DEVELOPPEMENT of HUMANVACCINES Live attenuated vaccines Genetically engieneered Purified protein or polysaccharide Killed vaccines Smallpox, 1798 Rabies, 1885 BCG, 1927 Yellow fever, 1935 Polio (oral) Measles Mumps Rubella Adenovirus Typhoid (Ty21a) Varicella Rotavirus Diphteria, 1923 Tetanus, 1927 Pneumococcus Meningococcus Haemophilus influenzae PRP Hepatitis B (plasma derived) Tick-birne encephalitis H. influenzae PRP conjugate Typhoid (Vi) Acellular pertussis Typhoid 1896 Cholera, 1896 Plague, 1897 Pertussis, 1926 (killed bacteria) Influenza, 1936 Rickettsia, 1938 Polio (injected) Rabies (new) Japanese Encephalitis Hepatitis A Hepatitis B (recombinant) Human Papilloma virus Rotavirus 18th Century 19th Century Early 20th Century After World War II (cellular culture)
- 3. Vaccines have beenmade for 36 of >400 human pathogens Immunological Bioinformatics, The MIT press. +HPV & Rotavirus
- 4. The different typesof vaccines Attenuated Vaccines Killed Vaccines Acellular sub- unit vaccines Pertussis Diphteria Hepatitis B Tetanus Cholera Pertussis Hepatitis A Polio Polio Yellow fever BCG
- 5. New and improvedtechnologies and resulting vaccines R Rappuoli, CW. Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 6. New and improvedtechnologies and resulting vaccines R Rappuoli, CW. Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 7. New and improvedtechnologies and resulting vaccines R Rappuoli, CW. Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 8. New and improvedtechnologies and resulting vaccines R Rappuoli, CW. Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 9. New and improvedtechnologies and resulting vaccines R Rappuoli, CW. Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 10. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 11. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 12.
- 13. Nature Reviews Microbiology2010 Dengue vaccines under development
- 14. Dengue vaccines underdevelopment Sanofi Pasteur dengue vaccine enters phase III clinical study in October 2010
- 15. The yellow fever17D virus as a platform for new live attenuated vaccines
- 17. Worldwide map ofphase II/III dengue clinical trials, and major results obtained so far in humans Guy et al, Vaccine, 2011, 7229-7241
- 18. Lancet, Published Online,September 11, 2012
- 19. Serotype-specific and overallefficacy of CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine against virologically confirmed dengue disease
- 21. Reverse cumulative distributionof serotype-specific PRNT 50 antibody titres curves for DENV serotypes 1–4 by baseline FV-serostatus, pre-vaccination and after two and three doses of CYD-TDV (Full Analysis Set). Vaccine, Volume 31, 2013, 5814 - 5821
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- 23. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 24. Schematic representation ofthe CSP and the RTS,S vaccine P D. Crompton, SK. Pierce, L H. Miller J Clin Invest. 2010
- 26. Malaria cuts riskin half in late-stage trial H Waters Nature Medicine Nov 2011
- 27. N Eng JMed 2012
- 28. Malaria cuts riskin half in late-stage trial H Waters Nature Medicine Nov 2011 31%
- 31. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 32. How to discoverprotective antigens?
- 33. Identification of newtarget antigens: impact of genomics Whole genome sequences of most bacterial pathogens and parasites completed E. coli K-12 B. burgdorferi B. subtilis M. tuberculosis R. prowazekii H. influenzae C. pneumoniae C. trachomatis N. gonorrhoeae S. aureus H. pylori P. horikoshü E. faecalis N. meningitidis S. epidermitis M. genitalium S. pneumoniae L. pneumophila P. falciparum S. pyogenes M. pneumoniae T. pallidum L. major P. aeruginosa T. cruzi M. leprae P. aerophilum V. cholerae
- 34. Genomic-based vaccine development Wholegenomic sequence Computer prediction Expression of recombinant proteins DNA preparation In silico vaccine candidates Immunogenicity testing in animal models Vaccine development
- 35. 600 potential vaccinecandidates identified 350 proteins successfully expressed in E.coli 344 proteins purified and used to immunize mice 355 sera tested 91 novel surface-exposed proteins identified 28 novel proteins have bactericidal activity Meningoccocal B Vaccine: A Genomic Approach 5 vaccine candidates Rappuoli et al, 2002 Clinical trials
- 37.
- 38. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 39. Front Immunol 2014 Structuralvaccinology
- 40. A new computationalmethod to design epitope-focused vaccines, illustrated with a neutralization epitope from RSV Nature 507, 201–206 (13 March 2014)
- 41. Nature 507, 201–206(13 March 2014) Induction of neutralizating antibodies against RSV
- 42. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 43. Overview of theproblems and methodologies of systems vaccinology Seminars in Immunology, 2013, 209 - 218
- 46. R Rappuoli, CW.Mandl, S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Published online 4 November 2011
- 47. Alum adjuvants arenon-cystalline gels based on aluminum oxyhydroxide (referred to as Aluminum hydroxide gel), aluminum hydroxyphosphate (referred to as aluminum phosphate gel) or various proprietary salts such as aluminum hydroxy- sulfate) Alum is used in several licensed vaccines including: • diphtheria-pertusis-tetanus • diphtheria-tetanus (DT) • DT combined with Hepatitis B (HBV) • Haemophilus influenza B • inactivated polio virus • Hepatitis A (HAV) • Streptoccucus pneumonia • Menngococccal • Human papilloma virus (HPV) Vaccines containing Alum Adjuvant
- 48. Dendritic cells initiateantigen-specific immune responses • most efficient of all APCs • high MHC class I, II & costimulators • efficient cross presentation • stimulate naïve T cells (CD4, CD8) All immunization strategies must target DCs Initiate Ag-specific immune responses
- 49. Multiple inducers ofDC maturation Immature DC Mature DC various T cell responses Microbial products / TLR ligands Viral products Inflammatory cytokines Signaling receptors
- 50. Antigen-presenting cells serveas the bridge between innate and antigen-specific responses 2003, 2, 727-735
- 51. Rappuoli, CW. Mandl,S Black & E De Gregorio Nature Reviews Immunology Nov 2011 Vaccine adjuvants
- 52.
- 53.
- 54. T cell differentiationpathways Coomes S M et al. Open Biol. 2013;3:120157 ©2013 by The Royal Society
- 55. Therapeutic vaccines for chronicinfections or cancers
- 56. Cancer, a worldwideburden 1st cause of mortality in France In Europ, in 2012: - 1.75 million deaths from cancer - 3.45 million new cases of cancer In the world, in 2012: - 8.2 millions deaths - 14 million new cases diagnosed
- 57. Cancer, a celldisease uncontrolled proliferation Tumor Surgery ChimiotherapyRadiotherapy Anti-angiogenic drugs
- 58. Immune responses cancontrol the growth of tumor cells The immunosurveillance theory “It is by no means inconceivable that small accumulations of tumour cells may develop and because of their possession of new antigenic potentialities provoke an effective immunological reaction, with regression of the tumor and no clinical hint of its existence” British Med Journal, April 1957Burnet
- 59. Tumor specific/associated antigens Overexpressedself antigens Differentiation antigens Mutated self antigens Non self oncoviral antigens Altered self antigens: Abnormal post- translational/ transcriptional modification: underglycosylation
- 60. The concept oftherapeutic anti-cancer vaccines Induction of specific immune responses against tumor specific/associated antigens to kill tumor cells or prevent their growth without affecting normal cells
- 61. Tumor vaccines - Wholetumor cells: + BCG or DETOX, e.g. Melacine vaccine (cell lysates), CancerVax ( irradiated melanoma cell lines), M-Vax (hapten-treated autologous cells) and gene- modified, irradiated tumor cells (GM-CSF) - Tumor antigens: MAGE-1, MAGE-3, MART-1/Melan-A, tyrosinase, gp100, MUC-1, CEA, etc. - Peptide vaccines: mutated ras, mutated p53, Her-2/neu, MART -1, gp100, MUC-1 - Heat shock proteins - DNA vaccines - Dendritic cell vaccines
- 62. Response rate =3. 8% Current human cancer vaccines show very low objective clinical response rate Rosenberg, Yang & Restifo Nature Med 10:909 (2004)
- 63. Response rate =3. 8% Current human cancer vaccines show very low objective clinical response rate Rosenberg, Yang & Restifo Nature Med (2004) Benefit of passive immunotherapy (antibodies) in cancer patients Lack of efficacy of most current therapeutic cancer vaccines
- 64. Problems Tumor derived antigensare weakly immunogenic Need for better adjuvants or immunisation strategies
- 65. Dendritic cells initiateantigen-specific immune responses • most efficient of all antigen-presenting cells • stimulate naïve T cells (CD4, CD8) All immunization strategies must target DCs
- 66. An Approach toInitiating Immunity to Cancer: Dendritic Cells Loaded with Tumor Antigens ex vivo DC precursors expanded immature DCs add disease- related antigens maturing DCs presenting antigen(s) Tumor- specific T cells responding to dendritic cells
- 67. 2010: FDA panelpasses first cancer vaccine
- 68. Original Article Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapyfor Castration- Resistant Prostate Cancer Philip W. Kantoff, M.D., Celestia S. Higano, M.D., Neal D. Shore, M.D., E. Roy Berger, M.D., Eric J. Small, M.D., David F. Penson, M.D., Charles H. Redfern, M.D., Anna C. Ferrari, M.D., Robert Dreicer, M.D., Robert B. Sims, M.D., Yi Xu, Ph.D., Mark W. Frohlich, M.D., Paul F. Schellhammer, M.D., for the IMPACT Study Investigators N Engl J Med Volume 363(5):411-422 July 29, 2010
- 70. Source: www.provenge.com/ Provenge clinicaltrials : prostate cancer
- 71. Source: www.provenge.com/ Provenge clinicaltrials : prostate cancer
- 72.
- 75. Problems Tumor derived antigensare weakly immunogenic Need for better adjuvants or immunisation strategies
- 76. CD8+ T cell CD4+ T cell Dendriticcell Induction of optimized T cell responses by in vivo dendritic cells targeting Antigen targeting Maturation signals 2 1 Adjuvant
- 77. CyaA: a newproteinic vector targeted to dendritic cells Bordetella pertussis Dermonecrotic Toxin BrkA FHA TCF FIM TCT Pertussis Toxin cAMP Pertactin Adenylate cyclase Toxin Dendritic Cell CD11b/CD18 AC domain RTX domain 1 400 1706 Internalization Endosomes Cytosol CyaA binds to CD11b allowing efficient targeting to dendritic cells Guermonprez et al, J. Exp. Med, 2001 Adenylate cyclase (CyaA)
- 78. Recombinant CyaA + Activation ofCD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Dendritic Cell ϕ CD11b/CD18 Antigen Th CD4+ MHC-II endosomes lysosomes ϕ ϕ MHC class II presentation Activation of CD4+ Helper T lymphocytes MHC class I presentation Endoplasmic Reticulum CTL CD8+ MHC-I/β2 ϕ Translocation Endocytosis Antigens grafted in CyaA are delivered to both MHC class I & MHC class II presentation pathways
- 79. Immunisation in miceand non-human primates by recombinant CyaA carrying a variety of antigens (such as from M. tuberculosis or HIV) stimulates strong CTL and Th1 responses, even in the absence of adjuvant. Préville et al, Cancer Res, 2005, Mascarell et al, J. Virol 2005, Majlessi et al, Inf Immun, 2005, Hervas-Stubb et al, Inf Immun, 2006, Mascarell et al, Vaccine 2006, Berraondo et al, Cancer Res, 2007, Fayolle et al, Vaccine 2010. CyaA: a new proteinic vector targeted to dendritic cells
- 80. 80 HPV infection lifecycle Few months to few years Up to 20 years Goodman A., Wilbur D. C.
- 81.
- 82. - The HPVE6 and E7 oncoproteins are expressed throughout the replicative cycle of the virus and are necessary for the onset and maintenance of malignant transformation. - HPV E6 and E7 antigens are potential targets for specific immunotherapy. Rational
- 83. MHGDTPTLHEYMLDLQPETTDLYCYEQLN CyaAE5 GQAEPDRAHYNIVTFCCKCDSTLRLCVQSTHVDIRTLEDLLMGTLGIVCPICSQKP CyaA-E7∆30-42 Catalytic domain 224 235 319320 1 400 1706 LQ LQ Recombinant CyaA carrying E7 from HPV16 GMP batch produced in recombinant E. coli
- 84. Therapeutic vaccination withrecombinant HPV16-E7 CyaAs eradicates established tumors No treatment CyaA-OVA 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 10 5/5 10/10 0/10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 500 1000 1500 2000 CyaA-HPV16E7∆30-42 - Graft of TC-1 cells at day 0 - At day 10, one injection of: - 50 µg of CyaA-E7 or of control CyaA-OVA Preville et al, Cancer Res. 2005; Berraondo, K. et al. Cancer Res. 2007
- 85. A therapeutic vaccinecandidate against HPV chronic infection and/or cervical cancer Clinical trials started in 2010 0 102030405060708090 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 102030405060708090 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 102030405060708090100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.0 0.2 10 20 daysdays days CyaAE5 HPV16E7∆30-42CyaAE5 CysOVA Controls One injection at Day 10 CyaAE5 HPV16E7∆30-42 Préville et al, Cancer Res, 2005
- 86.
- 87. Merci de votreattention ! [email protected]