NOUN (ENGLISH) ............................................
- 1. UNIT # 9 NOUN SAQLAIN MANZOOR
- 2. For example: Mr. Ali is my favourite teacher. Thing NOUN NAME Place Person The Holy Quran is a Divine book I love Karachi which is the biggest city of Pakistn. Types of Noun 1. Countable Nouns 2. Uncountable Nouns 3. Abstract Nouns 4. Collective Nouns 5. Material Nouns Countable Nouns For example: I have a book. In general a plural noun is made with the addition of “s” SINGULAR PLURAL A noun which has numbers and can be counted is called a countable noun. It has singular and plural forms. (singular) I have many books. (plural) car room book house bird doll cars rooms books houses birds dolls When the nouns end in “s, ss, sh, ch,z and x” , we add “es” to those nouns to make them plural. SINGULAR PLURAL bus class wish clash match box buses classes wishes clashes matches boxes quiz quizzes
- 3. SINGULAR PLURAL essay alley valley boy toy guy essays alleys valleys boys toys guys When a noun ends in a CONSONANT+Y, we remove Y and add –IES to that noun. SINGULAR PLURAL ally city enemy calamity injury history allies cities enemies calamities injuries histories symphony symphonies SINGULAR PLURAL calf half leaf knife wife wolf calves halves leaves knives wives wolves But in some exceptional cases, we add only –S to the nouns ending in F or FE SINGULAR PLURAL belief chef cliff roof proof mischief beliefs chefs cliffs roofs proofs mischiefs strife strifes When the noun ends in a WOVEL+Y, we add –s to the noun. When the noun ends in an F or FE, we remove F or FE and add –VES to that noun.
- 4. SINGULAR PLURAL buffalo cargo tomato potato hero volcano buffaloes cargoes tomatoes potatoes heroes volcanos SINGULAR PLURAL auto cameo cello photo studio ego autos cameos cellos photos studios egos silo silos SINGULAR PLURAL foot louse man goose mouse tooth feet lice men geese mice teeth We change the ending IS into ES to make plural of the certain nouns PLURAL analysis crisis basis axis oasis analyses crises bases theses axes oases neurosis neuroses When the noun ends in an O, we normally add –es to that noun. We make plural of the certain nouns by changing their central wolves But in some exceptional cases, we add only “S” to the nouns ending in an “O”. thesis SINGULAR
- 5. SINGULAR PLURAL aircraft bison deer fish fruit spacecraft aircraft bison deer fish fruit spacecraft means sheep trout offspring swine headquarter s means sheep trout offspring swine headquarter s crossroads crossroads SINGULAR PLURAL fungus magus radius stimulus syllabus bacterium fungi magi radii stimuli syllabi bacteria medium alga alumna vertebra criterion media algae alumnae nebulae vertebrae criteria phenomeno n phenomena Some words are same in singular and plural. Some Latin and Greek words have their own plurals nebula datum gymnasium data gymnasia series species series species
- 6. For example: We can use FRUITS and FISHES to show their varieties. The stonefish is the deadliest of all the fishes. Citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges contain vitamin C. Certain words like SERIES,SPECIES, MEANS, INNINGS are used both as singular and as plural depending upon their quantifiers. For example: The last series between Pakistan and India was/ were played five years ago. Many series between Pakistan and India has/ have been played during last three decades. A species of tsetse fly cause/ causes sleeping sickness . Seven species of birds of prey has/ have been observed. The first innings of the test match is / are being played. Three innings is/ are still remaining. A means of concentrating the drug has/ have been found . Various means of communication and transportation has/ have been introduced in the modern era. Difference between HAIR and HAIRS Hair: ( uncountable/singular) to talk about as a whole . The young man’s hair was/ were slick and shiny, and he wore side burns . Hairs: (countable/plural) to talk about a number. For example: He is growing old as many white hairs is / are seen on his head now. Some nouns are always plural and we use plural verb with them. police, cattle, people, children, vermin, gentry, clergy, earnings, belongings, clothes, congratulations, thanks, outskirts, premises, surroundings . For example: The police has/ have carried out a massive operation against the terrorists. Make sure your belongings is/ are tagged with your name before you check it/ them in. If your clothes is / are wet, you can dry it/ them upstairs. The outskirts of the Hunza Valley is/ are really beautiful . All the local clergy was/ were asked to attend the ceremony. He is growing old as many white hairs is / are seen on his head now.
- 7. Some other nouns are always plural. Pants, jeans, trousers, pyjamas, shorts, trousers, tights, boxers, headphones, goggles, glasses, scissors, tweezers, binoculars, sunglasses, RayBans . For example: Your trousers is/ are dirty, so you should wash it/ them. My headphones is/ are not working properly; I need to change it/them. Because the above nouns have two parts, we can refer to them as PAIR OF or SET OF to quantify them. For example: The pair of sunglasses he is wearing suit/ suits him. My pair of headphones is/ are not working properly; that’s why I want to get rid of it/ them. Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns are for the things that we can not count with numbers. They may be the names of abstract ideas, qualities or physical objects that are too small to be counted. (liquids, Tea, sugar, water, air, rice, milk, fire, knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, happiness, love hatred, money, safety, evidence, music, art, advice, information, furniture, luggage, baggage, jewelry, machinery, poetry, scenery, excrement, equipment, refuse, garbage etc. Uncountable nouns are always singular. For example: Indigenous equipment is/ are superior to foreign machines. It is said that beauty needs/ need no ornaments.. We use some qualifying words to make the uncountable nouns countable. For example: An act of kindness, barbarism, bravery An article of furniture A loaf/slice of bread A piece of work, advice, news, information A grain of sand, sugar, rice, wheat For example: I purchased couch, dining tables and some other articles of furniture for my Bilal is my best friend; he often gives me many useful pieces of advice.
- 8. Compound Noun A noun which is made up of two or more than two words is called a compound noun. A compound noun is usually made with two nouns or an adjective + noun. For example: NOU N NOU N + = COMPOUND NOUN CLAS S ROO M + = CLASS ROOM BOARD MARKER BOAR D + MARKE R = We add –s to the second word to make the compound noun plural. ADJ. + NOU N = COMPOUND NOUN BLACK + BOARD = BLACK BOARD FULL + MOON = FULL MOON NOU N + ADJ. = COMPOUND NOUN CUP + + + + + + + = = = = = = = MOUT H FUL FUL CUPFUL MOUTHFUL VERB NOU N COMPOUND NOUN LIVING PLAYIN G ROOM FIELD PASSE R BY LIVING ROOM PLAYING FIELD PASSER BY + NOU N PREP. COMPOUND NOUN = LOOKE ON LOOKER ON SINGULAR PLURAL Class room White board Living room bucketful Handful Playing field Class rooms White boards Living rooms Bucketfuls handfuls Playing fields Some compound nouns are made plural by the addition of –s to the first word. SINGULAR PLURAL Passer by Looker on Attorney general Mother-in-law Father-in-law Son-in-law Passers by Lookers on Attorneys general Mothers-in-law Fathers-in-law Sons-in-law
- 9. When a compound noun is used as an adjective, it is never made plural. For example: The teacher has three white board/ white boards markers. We had many classroom/ classrooms activities yesterday. Collective Noun Group Noun A word that is used to represent a group of people, animals, birds or things. class, army, jury, committee, council, audience, team, band, troop, crowd, choir As a general rule, a collective noun is singular. It can also be plural when we talk about the members of the collective nouns. For example: The class is /are attempting the paper of Pakistan Studies. The audience is/are enjoying the match between Pakistan and India. The jury has/have announced its/their When we talk about DIVISION, VARIATION, DIFFERENCE,DISAGREEMENT,CLASSIFICA TION of the collective noun, it tends to be plural. For example: The class differ/differs in its/their opinion about examination system. Material noun A material noun is a name of something that is tangible. wood, iron, steel, copper, clay, silver, gold, glass A material noun is never plural and not followed by article. For example: The gold is used in ornamentation. Gold is used in ornamentation. Abstract Noun A material noun is a name of something that is intangible. Like Material noun, Abstract noun is never plural and not followed by article.
- 10. Definite ARTICLE Indefinite A, An The A word used before a noun to show whether the noun is a particular example of something or to a general example of something. In English, “The” is called the definite article and “A-An” are called the indefinite articles. USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE With common countable singular noun For example: We are looking for an apartment. My brother works in a multi-national firm. In the sense of “one” I eat an egg and of bread in my breakfast. In sense of “Any” For example: For example: I need a student from this class to carry out the experiment. After certain words to make expressions For example: Make Such What What a nice weather it is! He is such a nice man as has no parallel. Don’t make a mistake of latching on my purse next time. Use ‘a’ before a consonant For example: It is a nice thing to help others.