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Nursing as a profession
- 1. HISTORY OF NURSING AND NURSINGAS A PROFSSION MANISHA PRAHARAJ SUM NURSING COLLEGE
- 2. INTRODUCTION: Nursing has beencalled the oldest of arts and the youngest of profession (Donahue 1996). The word ‘nurse’ and ‘nursing’ have many meanings. Nursing is also both an art and a science. As a science it is based on a body of knowledge that is continually changing with new discoveries and innovations.
- 3. PROFESSION Profession is definedas "a vocation requiring advanced training and usually involving mental rather than manual work, as teaching, engineering, especially medicine, law“ -Webster1989.
- 4. A professionis an occupation based on specialized intellectual study and training, the purpose of which is to supply skilled services with ethical components and others.
- 5. OCCUPATION Occupation andprofession are interchangeable. These two words almost same with only minor differences between them. Occupation is a job by which one can earn for lively hood without having any specialised training .Persons engaged in an occupation are not paid for their knowledge , but only for what they work.
- 6. Cont… Training maybe on job and duration varies. The values, beliefs, and ethics are not prominent features. The commitment and identification: varies. In occupation people often change Job. Accountability rest on employer.
- 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OCCUPATION ANDPROFESSION: OCCUPATION Training may occur in the job Length of training varies Values , beliefs and ethics are not part of preparation Commitments and personal identification vary PROFESSION Education takes place in a college Education is prolonged Values , beliefs and ethics are an integral part of preparation Commitments and personal identification strong.
- 8. OCCUPATION Workers aresupervised People often change job Accountability rests with the employer PROFESSION Workers are autonomous People unlikely to change profession Accountability rests with the individual.
- 9. Nursing is gainingrecognition as a profession based on the criteria that a profession must have: - A well defined body of knowledge. A strong service orientation. Recognized authority by a professional group. A code of ethics: ICN. A professional organization that sets standards: NNC / NAN. On going research. Autonomy.
- 10. HOW DID NURSINGSTART? WHERE DID IT BEGIN? WHO FOUNDED NURSING? WHAT IS NURSING?
- 11. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTOF NURSING PROFESSION Nursing is one of the oldest arts & It began with the need to provide care and comfort to those suffering from illness and injury. Historically men and women held the role of nurse.
- 12. Early Christian Era: (1-500 AD) The entry of women into nursing can be traced to approximately 300AD. Women who were mature, gave teaching and cared for the sick in homes called Deaconess. They also did clerical work in church including teaching in missions and visiting the sick. They have been called the first visiting nurses.
- 13. CONT…. Widows assisted Deaconess inhome visiting. Virgins were younger women, assisted in caring for church & to the poor.
- 14. Middle Ages :(500-1500 AD) During middle ages, the Roman Empire broke up and the medical schools appeared in Roman times disappeared. The practice of medicine reverted back to primitive medicine dominated by superstition. So it is also known as the “Dark age of Medicine”.
- 15. CONT… Monasteries becamechief place for education, medicine and nursing. Monks and nuns worked as doctors and nurses. They were Skilled in the use of home remedies.
- 16. Fifteenth to NineteenthCentury The Crusades expanded health care by establishing hospitals. Christianity greatly interned the development of nursing.
- 17. The sistersof Charity, founded in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul, cared for people in hospitals, asylums and poor houses. The first supervisor of the sisters of charity was Louise de Gras and was later known as Sr. Louise de Marillac. She established perhaps the first educational program to be associated with a nursing order. In 1809 the sisters of charity was introduced in America by Mother Elizabeth Senton, later their name was changed to Daughters of Charity.
- 18. Florence Nightingale era(1820- 1910 AD) : A lady named…. Florence Nightingale An English lady from a wealthy family during the Victorian era During the Crimean War known to be the “Lady with the Lamp” A nursing theorist, writer and statistician.
- 19. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE NOTES onNURSING(1859) “What it is and What it is not” She saw the role of nursing as having “Change of somebody’s health” based on the knowledge of “how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease”. (1860)
- 20. CONT…. During thesame year, she developed the first organized program for training nurses, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London. She was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist. She viewed nursing as a search for truth in finding answers to health care questions for discovering and using God’s laws in nursing practice.
- 21. CONT…. During herperiod she brought about major reforms in hygiene, sanitation and nursing practice. She volunteered during Crimean war in 1853 and travelled the battle field hospitals at night carrying her lamp; she thus was known as the “Lady with the lamp”.
- 22. Transformation of Nursinginto a Profession Nightingale describes Nursing as: SCIENCE Nursing is a body of scientific knowledge using empirics. ART Nursing has its own way proper way of doing things and applying knowledge. (Example the interaction between a health consumer and the nurse)
- 23. Twentieth Century : In the early twentieth century a movement towards a scientific, research based defined body of nursing knowledge and practice was evolving. Nurses began to assume expanded and advanced practice roles. Mary Adelaide became the first professor of Nursing at Columbia University Teacher College in 1906.
- 24. CONT…. In 1901the Army Nurse Corps was established, followed in 1908 by the Navy Nurse Corps. By the 1920s nursing specialisation was developing. Graduate nurse-midwifery programs began in the late 1940s. By 1970 the Emergency Room Nurses Organization had formed, which was changed to the Emergency Nurses Association in 1995.
- 25. Twenty-first Century : Nursing practice and education continue to evolve to meet the needs of society. In 1990 the American Nurses Association established the Centre of Ethics & Human rights. The centre provides a forum to address the complex ethical and human rights issues confronting nurses and designs activities and programs to increase the ethical competence in nurses (ANA, 2001).
- 26. Advances intechnology and information, the high acuity level of care of hospitalized clients and early discharge from health care institutions require nurses in all setting to have a strong and current knowledge base from which to practice. The challenge now is to prepare professional nurses to deliver concepts, multifaceted care in multiple care setting.
- 27. History of Nursingin India : 1664 – Military Nursing was started by East India Company in St. George Military Hospital in Madras 1854 – Govt. sanctioned training school for midwives 1861 – Public health nursing school was started. 1867 – Stephens hospital at Delhi was first one to begin training of Indian girls as nurses.
- 28. CONT…. 1890–1900 –Many school under mission or govt. were started in various parts of India. 1897 – Dr. BC Roy did great work in raising the standards of nursing and that of male and female nurses. 1908 – TNAI formed to uphold dignity and honour of nursing profession. 1918 – Training schools were started for health visitors and dais at Delhi and Karachi.
- 29. CONT… 1946 –First 4 year basic Bachelor Degree program was established at RAK College of Nursing in Delhi and CMC, Vellore. 1947 – After independence, Community Development Programme and expansion of Hospital service created a large demand for nurses, ANM, health visitors, midwives, nursing tutors and nursing administrators.
- 30. CONT…. 1949 –INC was constituted. Miss Andrenwala was appointed as Nursing Advisor to Govt. of India. 1959 – the first master’s programme in nursing was started at RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi. 1963 – School of Nursing in Trivandrum instituted the first 2 years post-certificate Bachelor Degree program. 1985 – IGNOU, established.
- 31. CONT… 1991 –The first doctoral programme in nursing was established in institute of nursing sciences, MV Shetty Memorial College, Mangalore. 1992 – Postbasic programme started under IGNOU. 2002 onwards – Nursing education flourished in an unprecedented manner throughout India. 2005 – 06 INC started PhD programme (INC consortium) with the collaboration of Rajiv Gandhi University with 25 seats.
- 32. The EVOLUTION OFTHE NURSING PROFESSION FROM TO
- 33. ITS JUST LIKETHIS…
- 34. Through the years… Nursinghas gone a long way… Because of her legacy.. FLORENCE NIGHTINGCALE Founder of Modern Nursing
- 35. BENIFITS OF BEINGA NURSE: JOB SECUIRITY: FLEXIBILITY OPPERTUNITY TO MAKE MEANINGFUL CONTRIBUTION LIFELONG LEARNING VARIABILITY COMPETATIVE SALARY PORTABILITY CHALLENGE
- 36.