Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krushi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri 415-712 (M.S.), profile picture
Uploaded byDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krushi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri 415-712 (M.S.)
PPTX, PDF499 views

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ASPECTS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION BY MAHENDRA WAIRAGADE

The document discusses nutrient management strategies in agriculture under the challenges posed by climate change, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to ensure food security and environmental sustainability. It highlights the impact of climate change on soil and water conditions affecting nutrient availability and details various modern tools and techniques like conservation agriculture, precision nutrient management, and organic farming to enhance nutrient management. Moreover, it presents case studies demonstrating the benefits of innovative practices such as laser land leveling, fertigation, and site-specific nutrient management in improving crop productivity and resource efficiency.

Science◦
Related topics:
Precision Agriculture•
Downloaded 60 times
WELCOME
Nutrient Management Aspects Under Climate Change Situation Doctoral Seminar - I Presented by Mr. Wairagade Mahendra Nandlal Ph. D. (Scholar) Regd. No. ADPD/21/0355 Seminar In-charge, Dr. P. S. Bodake Head, Department of Agronomy, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
Contents Introduction What is Climate Change ? What is Global Warming ? Green House Gases and Its Effect Modern Tools and Techniques for Nutrient Management Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Conclusion Natural Resources Influencing Agriculture
INTRODUCTION  Sustainable Nutrient Management (SNM) is essential for ensuring food security and environmental sustainability, especially in the face of climate change.  Climate change is altering soil and water conditions, which in turn can affect nutrient availability and uptake by plants.  Furthermore, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can lead to increased nutrient leaching, runoff and erosion which can negatively impact on soil health and water quality.  As we all know that management of soil fertility is a prime concern for crop production, which can be improved by adopting several sustainable management practices such as conservation agriculture, site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and precision nutrient management and so on.  To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers can adopt a range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and reduce nutrient losses.
3 Global Challenges for Agriculture Population Climate Change Food demand Global Trade Pests & Diseases Biodiversity Resources
Climate change is a shift in ‘climate’ relative to a given reference time period •It is caused by: WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE ?? Natural factors -Solar variability -Volcanic Eruption -Ocean currents - El-Nino and La-Nina cycle -Burning of fossil fuels -Deforestation - Use of CFCs and HFCs - Agriculture Anthropogenic factors
Global Warming Earth’s surface and the troposphere become warmer due to absorption of infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface by greenhouse gases.
AGENTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Water vapour CFCs N2O Methane CO2 Global warming potential these gases: CFCs >N2O>CH4>CO2 Global Warming
Changes in concentration of greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution GASES Pre -1750 concentration Present concentration 2019 Per cent increase since 1750 Carbon dioxide (ppm) 280 409.9 47% Methane(CH4) (ppb) 700 1866.3 156% Nitrous oxide (ppb) 270 332.1 23% CFC (CCl3F) (ppt) 000 241 - HFC (CH2FCF3) (ppt) 000 84 - Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) (ppt) 000 8.6 - IPCC (2021)
Estimated global natural emissions • 42.84% CO2 emission • 330 billion tonnes CO2 emission Ocean- atmosphere exchange • 28.56% CO2 emission • 220 billion tonnes CO2 emission Soil respiration and decomposition • 0.15 to 0.26 billion tonnes CO2 emission Volcanoes eruption
Industries: 38% CO2 emission Enteric fermentation: 20% CH4 emission Transportation: 18% CO2 emission Land use change: 15 % CO2 emission Agriculture/Manure: 4% CH4 emission Biomass burning: 3% CO2 emission Rice cultivation: CH4 emission about 80 Tg/yr Estimated global anthropogenic emissions
Causes of global warming Increase in Sea level Effect on Weather Oceanic Acidification Health Loss of Biodiversity Effect on Agriculture
Extreme weather conditions Drought Flooding Heat waves Flooded field Drought Effect of Heat waves High temperature Uneven monsoon
Climate Rainfall Solar Radiation Bio-diversity Soil
• Continuous cereal based cropping system • Use excessive N • Removal of crop residue and residue burning • Continuous monocropping and excessive use of chemical • Usage of heavy machinery or overgrazing • Waterlogging, salinity, alkalinity • Global climate change posing many threats • Crop intensification Soil Water Nutrient Decline in NUE Factor Affecting Nutrient Use Efficiency Overuse of management resources leads to
• Conservation agriculture • Laser land levelling • Organic farming • Crop diversification • Fertigation • Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and software for SSNM • Real time ‘N’ management • Precision farming • Nanotechnology Modern tools and techniques for nutrient management in Agriculture
• No till agriculture is widely promoted as a climate friendly farming system. • Conservation Agriculture is 20 to 50% less labour intensive and thus contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through lower energy inputs and improved nutrient use efficiency. Conservation Agriculture  The main advantages of CA are reduction in cost of production, reduced incidence of weeds, saving in water and nutrients, increased yields, environmental benefits, crop diversification opportunities, improvement in resource-use efficiency, etc.
Minimum soil disturbance  Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25% of the soil surface is disturbed. Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover  CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as the minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover is site- specific. Use of crop rotation  Reduce build-up of weeds, pest and diseases, where farmers do not have enough land to rotate crop, intercropping can be used.  Legumes are recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing function.
Case study 1:- Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems  Yield attributes and yield, N concentration and uptake in summer green gram under different cropping system, tillage and residue management practices. Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index N concentration (%) N uptake (kg ha-1) Seed Stover Grain Stover Grain Stover Total Cropping System Maize–Mustard–Green-gram 844.3 2764 0.230 3.511 1.247 30.08 35.04 65.12 Maize–Chickpea–Green-gram 899.2 3389 0.218 4.022 1.239 35.91 41.85 77.76 Maize–Lentil–Green-gram 694.7 2772 0.201 3.463 1.202 24.26 32.63 56.89 Maize–Wheat–Green-gram 769.2 2902 0.208 2.945 1.264 22.92 36.73 59.65 SE ± 32.15 92.05 0.0145 0.198 0.066 2.001 2.100 3.082 CD (P=0.05) 111 318.4 NS 0.686 NS 6.923 NS 10.63 Tillage and residue management Conventional tillage with residue removed 752.7 2733 0.215 3.429 1.300 26.66 35.50 62.16 Conventional tillage with residue incorporation 1062.2 3136 0.253 3.607 1.358 38.16 42.10 80.26 Zero tillage with residue removed 602.7 2874 0.176 3.316 1.138 20.10 32.83 52.93 Zero tillage with residue addition as mulch 789.7 3083 0.205 3.587 1.158 28.25 35.23 63.48 SE ± 34.73 95.32 0.0115 0.189 0.049 2.291 1.522 2.728 CD (P=0.05) 101.3 278.1 0.0335 NS 0.142 6.687 4.442 7.962 Location:- Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi Meena et. al., 2015
LASER LAND LEVELING • It is the process of smoothening the land surface ± 2 cm from its average elevation by using laser equipped drag buckets to achieve precision in land levelling. • The laser land leveler brings 3-5% cultivable area, saves irrigation water, improves crop yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. • Land Leveling through Laser Leveler is one such proven technology that is highly useful in conservation of irrigation water.
Laser-leveled field prepared for rice transplanting Raised beds in laser levelled field facilitate uniform application of water across field
Case study 2:- Impacts of laser land levelling technology on yield, water productivity, soil health and profitability under arable cropping in alluvial soil of north Madhya Pradesh Treatments Plant height (cm) Effective tillers m-2 No. pf grains spike-1 Grain yield (t ha-1) Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Laser land levelling 128.7 96.4 318 325 132 42.4 4.70 4.91 Traditional levelling 123.8 88.2 302 310 121 39.1 4.11 4.43 Control (Unlevelled) 110.5 79.4 287 289 115 37.4 3.68 4.14 CD (P=0.05) 14.6 11.2 14.2 16 6.5 3.8 0.26 0.22 Location:- Zonal Agriculture Research Station Morena, Madhya Pradesh. Tomar et. al., 2020
Organic Agriculture • Organic agriculture reduce green house gas emission and fossil fuel energy use, cut nutrient and pesticide pollution and stops potentially harmful pesticide residues entering our food chain. • Organic farming also helps to restore the soil health, protect environment, enhance biodiversity, sustain crop productivity and enhance farmers’ income. Organic agriculture addressing two of the world’s biggest and most urgent issues: 1.Climate change 2.Food security
Components of Organic farming
Case study 3:- The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Table:- Some chemical properties of soils in different treatments after harvest of maize. Treatments O.M. (%) Mineral N (mg/kg) Bray-1 P (mg/kg) CK (No Fertilizer) 1.5 3.9 69 CF (Chemical Fertilizer) 1.4 8.1 74 Compost-N 2.1 15 146 Compost-P 1.5 18 88 ½ Compost-P + Biofertilizer 1.5 18 76 Compost-P + Urea 1.4 21 90 ½ (Compost-P +Urea) + Biofertilizer 1.5 23 83 Biofertilizer 1.2 22 71 Chemical fertilizer (Urea, single superphosphate, potassium chloride) Compost-N: The compost application rate was based on the N requirement of cabbage and its N release percentage was assumed to be 50%. Compost-P: The application rate of composted animal manure was based on the P requirement of cabbage and the release percentage of P in compost was assumed to be 30%. Biofertilizer: Mixture of multi-functional bacteria, including Bacillus pumillu, Bacillus subtilis S. Location:-National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan Jen-Hshuan Chen. 2006
 Based on the situations, farmers can adopt intercropping and mixed cropping  In climate change scenario, climate smart cropping by altering sowing dates, growing climate resilient varieties can give sustained yield. Crop Diversification  In agriculture, crop diversification essentially refers to a shift from one crop to another. But in real sense, it is bringing out a desirable change in the existing cropping pattern towards more balanced cropping system to meet ever-increasing demand of food.
Treatment System of productivity ( t/ha) Net return B:C ratio Rice-fallow 3.47 22.2 1.12 Rice- wheat 8.81 49.4 1.15 Rice- mustard- greengram 8.48 37.7 0.73 Rice- rajmash -greengram 10.84 58.1 1.07 Rice- potato- greengram 20.47 125.1 1.61 Rice- wheat+ mustard (5:1)- greengram 10.76 51.4 0.93 Rice- wheat+ rajmash (5:1)-greengram 11.73 59.8 1.07 Rice- potato + wheat (1:1)-greengram 21.61 120.4 1.46 Location:- Birsa Agriculture University, Jharkhand Devkant et al., 2013 Case study 4:- Diversification of rice based cropping systems for higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency under irrigated ecosystem of Jharkhand.
Case study 5:- Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian perspective Table:- Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in India. Crop Area (M ha) N fixed (Kg/ha) Annual Fixation (Million tonnes) Chickpea 6.09 40 0.24 Pigeonpea 3.38 100 0.34 Mungbean 0.09 60 0.19 Urdbean 3.25 30 0.10 Cowpea 0.50 80 0.002 Field pea 0.81 65 0.005 Lentil 1.39 40 0.006 Groundnut 6.40 150 0.96 Soybean 6.22 100 0.61 Total 34.28 - 2.47 Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012
Case study 6:- Nutrient content and C:N ratios in above-ground portions of some important green manure crops. Green manure crops Total concentration (% dry weight) N P K S Ca Mg C:N ratio Sesbania aculeata 2.62 0.32 1.48 0.19 1.40 1.62 16.4 Crotolaria juncea 2.86 0.34 - - - - 16.1 Vigna unguiculate 2.69 0.28 2.26 0.28 1.50 1.73 17.1 Crotolaria tetragonoloba 2.80 - - - - - 17.3 Vigna radiata 2.21 - - - - - 16.1 Leucaena leucocephala 3.15 0.20 1.73 - 1.88 0.41 12.7 Gliricidia maculata 3.49 0.22 2.44 - 1.89 0.43 10.4 Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012
Fertigation  It is the most efficient method of fertilizer application, as it ensures uniform application of the water and fertilizers directly to the plant roots as per crop demand.  Since both water and nutrients reaches directly to the rooting zone, it has tremendous effect on resource saving.  Drip fertigation is a good management technique that satisfies the nutrient demand of crops grown on sandy soils and split application of nutrients during the growth season to improve and sustain higher yields.
Case study 7:- Effect of fertigation levels and drip system layout on performance of okra under plastic mulch. Treatments Yield (g plant-1) No. of branches Plant height (mm) Collar girth (mm) Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.2F) 421.65 3.20 642.7 56.1 Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.0F) 371.70 2.82 595.5 52.9 Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (0.8F) 221.40 2.07 458.7 44.5 Drip + Fertigation (1.2F) 124.20 2.00 254.0 28.1 Drip + Fertigation (1.0F) 155.70 2.33 262.0 29.7 Drip + Fertigation (0.8F) 171.23 1.67 269.3 26.1 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (1.2F) 72.00 0.67 224.3 25.7 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (1.0F) 91.58 1.07 156.7 17.0 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (0.8F) 85.40 1.47 178.7 18.8 CD 93.24 1.07 140.1 13.8 Location:- Kerala Agricultural University Varughese et. al., 2014
Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) Simply it means “feeding of plant as and when needed”.
SSNM Key Messages  Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) optimizes the supply of soil nutrients over space and time to match crop requirements.  SSNM increases crop productivity and improves efficiency of fertilizer use.  SSNM mitigates greenhouse gases from agriculture in areas with high nitrogen fertilizer use.  Incentives for adoption of SSNM depend strongly on fertilizer prices.  ‘5R’ Right time Right amount Right place Right source Right manner
Case study 8:- Effect of nutrient management techniques on growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in vertisols Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Stover yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index Nutrient Expert target 8 t ha-1 (NE8) 7186 9178 0.43 Nutrient Expert target 10 t ha-1 (NE10) 7998 9539 0.44 SSNM target 8 t ha-1 (SSNM8) 8211 10215 0.44 SSNM target 10 t ha-1 (SSNM10) 9532 11497 0.45 STCR target 8 t ha-1 (STCR8) 8045 10176 0.42 STCR target 10 t ha-1 (STCR10) 9236 11920 0.44 SPAD threshold 40 (SPAD 40) 5501 9755 0.36 SPAD threshold 50 (SPAD 50) 6782 8927 0.43 LCC threshold 4 (LCC 4) 6867 10150 0.40 LCC threshold 5 (LCC 5) 7664 9711 0.44 RDF (150:75:37.5 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @10 t ha-1) 6121 8367 0.42 Farmer practice (FP) (187.5:107.5:150 kg NPK ha-1) 6463 9383 0.41 Absolute control (AC) 3059 5488 0.36 SE± 251 579 0.01 C.D. at 5% 732 1692 NS Location:- University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka Vikram et. al., 2015
Software for SSNM  Computer or mobile phone-base tools are increasingly used to facilitate improved nutrient management practices in farmers fields, especially in geographies where blanket fertilizer recommendations prevail.  Nutrient expert and crop manager are examples of decision-support systems developed for SSNM in cereal production system. Nutrient Expert  Nutrient Expert is an interactive, computer based decision- support tool that enables smallholder farmers to rapidly implement SSNM in their individual fields with or without soil test data.  https://bar.gov.ph/index.php/nutrient-expert-page the software is freely downloadable from this site. Crop Manager  Crop Manager is a computer and mobile phone based application that provide small-scale rice, rice-wheat and maize farmers with site and season-specific recommendation for fertilizer application.  The software is freely downloadable at https://cropmanager.irri.com
Real time ‘Nitrogen Management’ • Since crop N requirements are closely related to yield levels, which in turn are sensitive to climate, particularly solar radiation and the supply of nutrients and crop management practices, dynamics N adjustment at real time is an important key to improve N-use efficiency. • Modern tools like SPAD meter or Chlorophyll meter, Leaf color chart can be used by the farmers to easily identify leaf N status and apply input accordingly.
Leaf colour chart Green Seeker SPAD meter Nitrogen tablet/ Nitrification inhibitor Smart Nitrogen Management
Leaf Color Chart (LCC)  The leaf color chart (LCC) is an easy to use and inexpensive diagnostic tool for monitoring the relative greenness of a rice leaf as an indicator of the plant N status.
Case study 9:- Leaf colour chart: An incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in cereals in South Asia. Fertilizer N management 2000 2001 2002 Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE LCC-based real time N management with no basal N dose 86 (75-90) 6.59 27.4 79 (75-120) 6.89 19.8 71 (60-90) 6.76 19.2 LCC-based real time N management with 20 kg N ha-1 basal dose 95 (80-110) 6.63 28.1 91 (80-110) 7.20 21.6 91 (80-110) 7.01 16.4 Blanket recommendation/ Farmer fertilizer practice 120 6.53 20.8 120 7.10 15.4 128 (115-142) 6.69 11.3 Location:- Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana Bijay Singh 2022
Chlorophyll Meter  The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools to measure crop nitrogen status.  Released in 1984 (Minolta Co. ltd., Japan).  When SPAD value fell to between 29 and 32, indicating that additional fertilizer is necessary.
42 Green seeker sensor  A green seeker hand held crop sensor can detect wavelength of reflected light from the crop canopy and produce a normalized difference vegetation index value called NDVI that is correlated with leaf chlorophyll.  Based on this information, side dress nitrogen rates that are aligned with site specific crop needs can be prescribed.
Case study 10:- Improving nitrogen use efficiency using precision nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Treatments Grain yield (t ha-1) Total N uptake (kg ha-1) PE (kg grain kg-1 N) RE (%) PFP (kg grain kg-1 N) N-Management No-N (0) 2.82 46.3 - - - Soil Test-N (120 N) 4.99 123.1 28.3 65.6 41.6 LCC-N (100 N) 5.08 124.9 28.9 80.6 50.8 SPAD-N (100 N) 5.02 123.3 28.7 78.9 50.2 GS-N (89 N) 5.06 123.1 29.3 88.5 56.8 Location:- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Singh et. al., 2021 PE- Physiological efficiency, RE-Recovery efficiency and PFP-Partial factor productivity Soil Test-N:- Soil test based N fertilizer application LCC-N:- Leaf colour chart guided N fertilizer application SPAD-N:- Chlorophyll meter guided N fertilizer application GS-N:- Green Seeker optical sensor guided N fertilizer application
Precision farming  It is the form of farming where SSNM practices are adopted paying due consideration to the spatial variability of land to maximize crop production at minimum cost with least environmental damage.  The major components of this system are- GIS, GPS, remote sensing and farmer.  Based on the real time data provided by the advanced tools, farmers can adopt cropping practices and can manage the crop accordingly.
Particulars Yield (kg) Price/ kg (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.) Total cost (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) Net return per rupee of investment Precision farming 36075 12.37 446125 152243 293881 1.93 Conventional farming 10550 22.74 239937 126905 113032 0.89 Location: Theni District, Chinnamanur Block (TN) Balaganesh et. al., (2016) Case study 11:- Economics and rate of adoption of Precision farming in banana in Theni district, Tamil Nadu Table:- Returns from banana under precision farming and conventional farming (Rs./ac)
46 NANOTECHNOLOGY Fertilizer is one of the vital inputs required for enhancing agricultural production and the farmers’ income in India India ranks second in the world in terms of total fertilizer consumption The rigorous use of conventional fertilizers over prolonged periods of time has instigated severe environmental restraints The nutrient use efficiency of conventional fertilizers hardly exceed 30–35 %, 18–20 %, and 35–40 % for N, P, and K respectively The application of these fertilizers results in huge economic losses due to 40−70% of leaching-related problems Nano fertilizers are materials in the nanometer scale, usually in the form of nanoparticles, containing macro and micronutrients that are delivered to crops in a controlled mode. Depiction of different ways of contamination of the environment due to overuse of fertilizers in fields. Nanofertilizers
Comparative analysis of the conventional approach with respect to nanotechnology-mediated agriculture production
Case study 12:- Performance of little millet (Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and soil parameters. Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Straw yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index (%) T1-RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) 1178 2192 35 T2-T1 without nitrogen application 969 1892 34 T3-50% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1169 2178 35 T4-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1262 2243 36 T5-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1227 2214 36 T6-50% RDN +Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1299 2250 36 T7-T3+ Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1333 2267 37 T8-75% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1177 2197 35 T9-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1292 2247 37 T10-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1248 2228 36 T11-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1337 2274 37 T12-T8 + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1466 2458 37 S. Em± 63.55 81.69 1.42 C. D. at 5% 186.41 239.61 NS Location:-Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Shendapark, Kolhapur Chavan et. al., 2023
• India, a tropical country, is facing climate change impacts through droughts, floods, cyclones, heat waves, hailstorms and coastal salinity which have become threats to sustainable development in nutrient management. • To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers can adopt a range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and reduce nutrient losses effectively. • In such scenario, an integration of modern tools and techniques like conservation agriculture, crop diversification strategies, precision farming should be adopted to enhance nutrient use efficiency and to conserve valuable resources for the future generations. Conclusion
REFERENCES Balaganesh G., Gautam Y., Anoop M. and Singh H.P. (2016). Economics and rate of adoption of Precision farming in banana in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 52. Bijay Singh. (2022). Leaf colour chart: an incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in cereals in South Asia. Agric. Res. J. 59 (4) : 583-601. Chavan, S.R., Patil, J.B., Gedam, V.B., Shinde, R.H. and Patil, M.J. (2023). Performance of little millet (Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and soil parameters. The Pharma Innovation Journal; 12(7): 1079-1082. Das, A., and Ghosh, P.K. (2012). Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian perspective. Outlook on Agriculture, Vol 41, No 4, pp 279–284. Devkant, P., Yadava, M.S. and Singh, C.S. (2013). Diversification of rice based cropping systems for higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency under irrigated ecosystem of Jharkhand. Indian Journal of Agronomy, Volume : 58, Issue : 3 IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Jen-Hshuan Chen. (2006). The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Land Development Department, Bangkok. 10900 Thailand.
Meena, J. R., Umakant, K. B., Debasis C. N. and Sharma, A. R. (2015). Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems. Int. Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3, 261-272. Singh, V., Kunal, S.K., Gosal, R.C., Reena, S. and Alok A. (2021). Improving nitrogen use efficiency using precision nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 000, 1–7. Tomar, S.S., Singh, Y.P., Naresh, R.K., Dhaliwal, S.S., Gurjar, R.S., Ravi Y., Dependra.S. and Swati T. (2020). Impacts of laser land levelling technology on yield, water productivity, soil health and profitability under arable cropping in alluvial soil of north Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 9(4): 1889-1898. Varughese, A., Menon, J.S. and Mathew, E.K. (2014). Effect of fertigation levels and drip system layout on performance of okra under plastic mulch. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 51 (4). Vikram, A.P., Biradar, D.P., Umesh, M.R., Basavanneppa, M.A. and Rao, K.N. (2015). Effect of nutrient management techniques on growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in vertisols. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 28(4): (477-481).
Thank You...!!!

More Related Content

PPTX
SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS UNDER INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEM
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
PPTX
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...
byBornali Borah
 
PPTX
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...
byRajendra meena
 
PDF
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming Solution
byNelCoetzee
 
PPTX
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON DYNAMICS: IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES AND MANAGEMENT PRACT...
byUniversity of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
 
PPTX
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...
bykoushalya T.N
 
PPTX
Recent Advances in Conservation Agriculture and Future Prospectives BY MAHEND...
byDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krushi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri 415-712 (M.S.)
 
PPTX
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptx
byNaveen Prasath
 
SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS UNDER INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEM
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...
byBornali Borah
 
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...
byRajendra meena
 
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming Solution
byNelCoetzee
 
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON DYNAMICS: IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES AND MANAGEMENT PRACT...
byUniversity of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
 
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...
bykoushalya T.N
 
Recent Advances in Conservation Agriculture and Future Prospectives BY MAHEND...
byDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krushi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist-Ratnagiri 415-712 (M.S.)
 
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptx
byNaveen Prasath
 

What's hot

PPT
Agro ecology Concept
byPMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
 
PPT
Crop diversification for Sustainable Agriculture
byGuru6005
 
PPT
Climate change organic farming
byPrivate Agriculture College at Tamil Nadu
 
PPTX
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
PPTX
Soil Organic Carbon
byExternalEvents
 
PPTX
Use Efficiency of Micronutrients
bySAIRENDRIMISHRA
 
PPTX
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
byjyoti kalwar
 
PPT
Impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity
byPravash Chandra Moharana
 
PPTX
1. credit seminar
byAditi Mishra
 
PPT
Soil health an overview
byDhakshinamoorthy Maikandadevan
 
PPTX
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ORGANIC FARMING
byBishnu Prasad Ghimire
 
PPTX
Application of biochar in agriculture.pptx
byBidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
 
PPTX
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
byVikas Kashyap
 
PPT
Crop Residue Management for Soil Health Enhancement
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
PDF
Agroecological regions of India part 1
byProf. A.Balasubramanian
 
PPTX
ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT N MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN LOWLAND RICE CULTIVATION
byP.K. Mani
 
PPTX
Akash credit seminar jnkvv
byGovardhan Lodha
 
PPTX
Biochar as Soil Conditioner
byHajiraYounas
 
PDF
Integrated nutrient management (inm)
byMuhammad Hannan
 
PPTX
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop production
byCHETHAN BABU R T
 
Agro ecology Concept
byPMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
 
Crop diversification for Sustainable Agriculture
byGuru6005
 
Climate change organic farming
byPrivate Agriculture College at Tamil Nadu
 
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
Soil Organic Carbon
byExternalEvents
 
Use Efficiency of Micronutrients
bySAIRENDRIMISHRA
 
Role of conservation agriculture in sustaining soil quality
byjyoti kalwar
 
Impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity
byPravash Chandra Moharana
 
1. credit seminar
byAditi Mishra
 
Soil health an overview
byDhakshinamoorthy Maikandadevan
 
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ORGANIC FARMING
byBishnu Prasad Ghimire
 
Application of biochar in agriculture.pptx
byBidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
 
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
byVikas Kashyap
 
Crop Residue Management for Soil Health Enhancement
byVasantrao Nail Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
 
Agroecological regions of India part 1
byProf. A.Balasubramanian
 
ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT N MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN LOWLAND RICE CULTIVATION
byP.K. Mani
 
Akash credit seminar jnkvv
byGovardhan Lodha
 
Biochar as Soil Conditioner
byHajiraYounas
 
Integrated nutrient management (inm)
byMuhammad Hannan
 
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop production
byCHETHAN BABU R T
 

Similar to NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ASPECTS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION BY MAHENDRA WAIRAGADE

PPTX
ENV_107_Lecture 9_Sustainable Agriculture.pptx
bynsumohammad1234
 
PPTX
Strengthening Smallholder Farmers’ Resilience to Climate Change: Beyond Clim...
byAfrican Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS)
 
PPTX
Conservation agriculture and its impact on soil health and crop yield
byChiragMeena10
 
PPT
conservation agricultural improved practices in cropping systems
bykomandla venkat kiran reddy
 
PPTX
1035 Adaptation to Climate Change for Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia and the...
bySRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, Cornell University
 
PPTX
Role of conservation agriculture under climate change scenario
byjinendra birla
 
PDF
niggli-etal-2009-lowgreenhouse
byPaul Reed Hepperly
 
PPTX
Eco efficiency of Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Western Kenya Somm...
byCIAT
 
PPTX
BIO114LEC 5 Air Quality for the environment
byJericJalbuna2
 
PPTX
Henry Neufeldt - Agricultural technologies for climate change adaptation
byWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
PDF
Climate Change
bySaciWATERs
 
PPTX
R br env107 lec15 -sustainable agricuture
bysaifmahabub1
 
PPTX
Soil carbon sequestration
byvarunparmar18
 
PPTX
The role of Organic Agriculture in sustainable crop production.pptx
byRidaZakir
 
PPTX
organicfarmingforsustainableagricultureintheera-190714033301 (1).pptx
bynk231353
 
PDF
Climatesmartagriculture:buildingresilience to climatechange.pdf
byBishakha Priyadarshini
 
PPTX
Organic farming for sustainable agriculture in the era
byShaheenPraveen1
 
PDF
Relay cropping breakthrough to improve soil air and water quality
byMohsin Tanveer
 
PPT
Sustainable agriculture and development.ppt
byAnjana Atapattu
 
PPTX
Climate Smart Agriculture
byPrivate Agriculture College at Tamil Nadu
 
ENV_107_Lecture 9_Sustainable Agriculture.pptx
bynsumohammad1234
 
Strengthening Smallholder Farmers’ Resilience to Climate Change: Beyond Clim...
byAfrican Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS)
 
Conservation agriculture and its impact on soil health and crop yield
byChiragMeena10
 
conservation agricultural improved practices in cropping systems
bykomandla venkat kiran reddy
 
1035 Adaptation to Climate Change for Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia and the...
bySRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, Cornell University
 
Role of conservation agriculture under climate change scenario
byjinendra birla
 
niggli-etal-2009-lowgreenhouse
byPaul Reed Hepperly
 
Eco efficiency of Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Western Kenya Somm...
byCIAT
 
BIO114LEC 5 Air Quality for the environment
byJericJalbuna2
 
Henry Neufeldt - Agricultural technologies for climate change adaptation
byWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Climate Change
bySaciWATERs
 
R br env107 lec15 -sustainable agricuture
bysaifmahabub1
 
Soil carbon sequestration
byvarunparmar18
 
The role of Organic Agriculture in sustainable crop production.pptx
byRidaZakir
 
organicfarmingforsustainableagricultureintheera-190714033301 (1).pptx
bynk231353
 
Climatesmartagriculture:buildingresilience to climatechange.pdf
byBishakha Priyadarshini
 
Organic farming for sustainable agriculture in the era
byShaheenPraveen1
 
Relay cropping breakthrough to improve soil air and water quality
byMohsin Tanveer
 
Sustainable agriculture and development.ppt
byAnjana Atapattu
 
Climate Smart Agriculture
byPrivate Agriculture College at Tamil Nadu
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DIGITAL EYE STRAIN 1.pptx
byrsurya6722
 
PDF
ROTATIONAL MOTION PPT CLASS 11 SCIENCE CBSE
bydeepanshusingh2506
 
PDF
Journal Club - "Basal ganglia and cerebellar lesions causally impact the neur...
byAna Luísa Pinho
 
PPTX
Inside JG Seeds: Driving Innovation in Cannabis Genetics
byJG Seeds
 
PDF
GM_Biologics_Cell_Therapy_brochure-2025.pdf
byMelissaZHANG18
 
PPTX
Click-to-release Reagents: TCO (trans-cyclooctene) Derivatives & many more
byTokyo Chemicals Industry (TCI)
 
PPTX
The Demon Core: Nightstalkers: The Rift. When it opens . . . .
byBob Mayer
 
PPTX
razon para el bachillerato internacional (2).pptx
byPatricioZarate4
 
PPTX
Chapter 27 diffraction and waves interaction
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 
PDF
Absorption_Grade11 PRESENTATION.pdf it is coverd in term 3
bykhuluthandanani
 
PDF
Grade 10 Longitudinal Waves_Lesson...pdf
bysiphelele26
 
PDF
Bone marrow sinus, function cell production
byl0587922214
 
PPTX
1. Overview of Renal System-BBI SEPT 2025.pptx
byMugerwaAlex
 
PPTX
Taxonomy(Introduction,levels of taxonomy, scientific naming, nomenclatural ty...
byRashmiMG2
 
PPTX
Population and its characteristics-Population Growth.pptx
byEliaBandari
 
PPTX
Benzene presentation organic chemistry (1)
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 
PPTX
Heterogeneous Precious Metal Catalysts for Highly Efficient Hydrogenation Rea...
byTokyo Chemicals Industry (TCI)
 
PDF
TheDark Energy and Entropy Paradox in Relativistic Frames of reference.pdf
byEran Akiva Sinbar
 
PDF
Types of Immune cells in immunology M.Sc. PPT
byDr. Ajay Mahant
 
PPTX
Special Relativity with solved problems (1)
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DIGITAL EYE STRAIN 1.pptx
byrsurya6722
 
ROTATIONAL MOTION PPT CLASS 11 SCIENCE CBSE
bydeepanshusingh2506
 
Journal Club - "Basal ganglia and cerebellar lesions causally impact the neur...
byAna Luísa Pinho
 
Inside JG Seeds: Driving Innovation in Cannabis Genetics
byJG Seeds
 
GM_Biologics_Cell_Therapy_brochure-2025.pdf
byMelissaZHANG18
 
Click-to-release Reagents: TCO (trans-cyclooctene) Derivatives & many more
byTokyo Chemicals Industry (TCI)
 
The Demon Core: Nightstalkers: The Rift. When it opens . . . .
byBob Mayer
 
razon para el bachillerato internacional (2).pptx
byPatricioZarate4
 
Chapter 27 diffraction and waves interaction
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 
Absorption_Grade11 PRESENTATION.pdf it is coverd in term 3
bykhuluthandanani
 
Grade 10 Longitudinal Waves_Lesson...pdf
bysiphelele26
 
Bone marrow sinus, function cell production
byl0587922214
 
1. Overview of Renal System-BBI SEPT 2025.pptx
byMugerwaAlex
 
Taxonomy(Introduction,levels of taxonomy, scientific naming, nomenclatural ty...
byRashmiMG2
 
Population and its characteristics-Population Growth.pptx
byEliaBandari
 
Benzene presentation organic chemistry (1)
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 
Heterogeneous Precious Metal Catalysts for Highly Efficient Hydrogenation Rea...
byTokyo Chemicals Industry (TCI)
 
TheDark Energy and Entropy Paradox in Relativistic Frames of reference.pdf
byEran Akiva Sinbar
 
Types of Immune cells in immunology M.Sc. PPT
byDr. Ajay Mahant
 
Special Relativity with solved problems (1)
bySiyabonga Ndaweni.
 

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ASPECTS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION BY MAHENDRA WAIRAGADE

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Nutrient Management AspectsUnder Climate Change Situation Doctoral Seminar - I Presented by Mr. Wairagade Mahendra Nandlal Ph. D. (Scholar) Regd. No. ADPD/21/0355 Seminar In-charge, Dr. P. S. Bodake Head, Department of Agronomy, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
  • 3.
    Contents Introduction What is ClimateChange ? What is Global Warming ? Green House Gases and Its Effect Modern Tools and Techniques for Nutrient Management Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Conclusion Natural Resources Influencing Agriculture
  • 4.
    INTRODUCTION  Sustainable NutrientManagement (SNM) is essential for ensuring food security and environmental sustainability, especially in the face of climate change.  Climate change is altering soil and water conditions, which in turn can affect nutrient availability and uptake by plants.  Furthermore, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can lead to increased nutrient leaching, runoff and erosion which can negatively impact on soil health and water quality.  As we all know that management of soil fertility is a prime concern for crop production, which can be improved by adopting several sustainable management practices such as conservation agriculture, site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and precision nutrient management and so on.  To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers can adopt a range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and reduce nutrient losses.
  • 5.
    3 Global Challenges forAgriculture Population Climate Change Food demand Global Trade Pests & Diseases Biodiversity Resources
  • 6.
    Climate change isa shift in ‘climate’ relative to a given reference time period •It is caused by: WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE ?? Natural factors -Solar variability -Volcanic Eruption -Ocean currents - El-Nino and La-Nina cycle -Burning of fossil fuels -Deforestation - Use of CFCs and HFCs - Agriculture Anthropogenic factors
  • 7.
    Global Warming Earth’s surfaceand the troposphere become warmer due to absorption of infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface by greenhouse gases.
  • 8.
    AGENTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Water vapour CFCs N2O Methane CO2 Globalwarming potential these gases: CFCs >N2O>CH4>CO2 Global Warming
  • 9.
    Changes in concentrationof greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution GASES Pre -1750 concentration Present concentration 2019 Per cent increase since 1750 Carbon dioxide (ppm) 280 409.9 47% Methane(CH4) (ppb) 700 1866.3 156% Nitrous oxide (ppb) 270 332.1 23% CFC (CCl3F) (ppt) 000 241 - HFC (CH2FCF3) (ppt) 000 84 - Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) (ppt) 000 8.6 - IPCC (2021)
  • 10.
    Estimated global naturalemissions • 42.84% CO2 emission • 330 billion tonnes CO2 emission Ocean- atmosphere exchange • 28.56% CO2 emission • 220 billion tonnes CO2 emission Soil respiration and decomposition • 0.15 to 0.26 billion tonnes CO2 emission Volcanoes eruption
  • 11.
    Industries: 38% CO2emission Enteric fermentation: 20% CH4 emission Transportation: 18% CO2 emission Land use change: 15 % CO2 emission Agriculture/Manure: 4% CH4 emission Biomass burning: 3% CO2 emission Rice cultivation: CH4 emission about 80 Tg/yr Estimated global anthropogenic emissions
  • 12.
    Causes of globalwarming Increase in Sea level Effect on Weather Oceanic Acidification Health Loss of Biodiversity Effect on Agriculture
  • 14.
    Extreme weather conditions Drought Flooding Heat waves Floodedfield Drought Effect of Heat waves High temperature Uneven monsoon
  • 15.
  • 16.
    • Continuous cerealbased cropping system • Use excessive N • Removal of crop residue and residue burning • Continuous monocropping and excessive use of chemical • Usage of heavy machinery or overgrazing • Waterlogging, salinity, alkalinity • Global climate change posing many threats • Crop intensification Soil Water Nutrient Decline in NUE Factor Affecting Nutrient Use Efficiency Overuse of management resources leads to
  • 17.
    • Conservation agriculture •Laser land levelling • Organic farming • Crop diversification • Fertigation • Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) and software for SSNM • Real time ‘N’ management • Precision farming • Nanotechnology Modern tools and techniques for nutrient management in Agriculture
  • 18.
    • No tillagriculture is widely promoted as a climate friendly farming system. • Conservation Agriculture is 20 to 50% less labour intensive and thus contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through lower energy inputs and improved nutrient use efficiency. Conservation Agriculture  The main advantages of CA are reduction in cost of production, reduced incidence of weeds, saving in water and nutrients, increased yields, environmental benefits, crop diversification opportunities, improvement in resource-use efficiency, etc.
  • 19.
    Minimum soil disturbance Zero tillage is ideal, but the system may involve controlled tillage in which no more than 20 to 25% of the soil surface is disturbed. Retention of crop residues or other soil surface cover  CA use 30% permanent organic soil cover as the minimum, but the ideal level of soil cover is site- specific. Use of crop rotation  Reduce build-up of weeds, pest and diseases, where farmers do not have enough land to rotate crop, intercropping can be used.  Legumes are recommended as rotational crops for their nitrogen-fixing function.
  • 20.
    Case study 1:-Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems  Yield attributes and yield, N concentration and uptake in summer green gram under different cropping system, tillage and residue management practices. Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index N concentration (%) N uptake (kg ha-1) Seed Stover Grain Stover Grain Stover Total Cropping System Maize–Mustard–Green-gram 844.3 2764 0.230 3.511 1.247 30.08 35.04 65.12 Maize–Chickpea–Green-gram 899.2 3389 0.218 4.022 1.239 35.91 41.85 77.76 Maize–Lentil–Green-gram 694.7 2772 0.201 3.463 1.202 24.26 32.63 56.89 Maize–Wheat–Green-gram 769.2 2902 0.208 2.945 1.264 22.92 36.73 59.65 SE ± 32.15 92.05 0.0145 0.198 0.066 2.001 2.100 3.082 CD (P=0.05) 111 318.4 NS 0.686 NS 6.923 NS 10.63 Tillage and residue management Conventional tillage with residue removed 752.7 2733 0.215 3.429 1.300 26.66 35.50 62.16 Conventional tillage with residue incorporation 1062.2 3136 0.253 3.607 1.358 38.16 42.10 80.26 Zero tillage with residue removed 602.7 2874 0.176 3.316 1.138 20.10 32.83 52.93 Zero tillage with residue addition as mulch 789.7 3083 0.205 3.587 1.158 28.25 35.23 63.48 SE ± 34.73 95.32 0.0115 0.189 0.049 2.291 1.522 2.728 CD (P=0.05) 101.3 278.1 0.0335 NS 0.142 6.687 4.442 7.962 Location:- Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi Meena et. al., 2015
  • 21.
    LASER LAND LEVELING •It is the process of smoothening the land surface ± 2 cm from its average elevation by using laser equipped drag buckets to achieve precision in land levelling. • The laser land leveler brings 3-5% cultivable area, saves irrigation water, improves crop yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. • Land Leveling through Laser Leveler is one such proven technology that is highly useful in conservation of irrigation water.
  • 22.
    Laser-leveled field preparedfor rice transplanting Raised beds in laser levelled field facilitate uniform application of water across field
  • 23.
    Case study 2:-Impacts of laser land levelling technology on yield, water productivity, soil health and profitability under arable cropping in alluvial soil of north Madhya Pradesh Treatments Plant height (cm) Effective tillers m-2 No. pf grains spike-1 Grain yield (t ha-1) Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Laser land levelling 128.7 96.4 318 325 132 42.4 4.70 4.91 Traditional levelling 123.8 88.2 302 310 121 39.1 4.11 4.43 Control (Unlevelled) 110.5 79.4 287 289 115 37.4 3.68 4.14 CD (P=0.05) 14.6 11.2 14.2 16 6.5 3.8 0.26 0.22 Location:- Zonal Agriculture Research Station Morena, Madhya Pradesh. Tomar et. al., 2020
  • 24.
    Organic Agriculture • Organicagriculture reduce green house gas emission and fossil fuel energy use, cut nutrient and pesticide pollution and stops potentially harmful pesticide residues entering our food chain. • Organic farming also helps to restore the soil health, protect environment, enhance biodiversity, sustain crop productivity and enhance farmers’ income. Organic agriculture addressing two of the world’s biggest and most urgent issues: 1.Climate change 2.Food security
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Case study 3:-The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Table:- Some chemical properties of soils in different treatments after harvest of maize. Treatments O.M. (%) Mineral N (mg/kg) Bray-1 P (mg/kg) CK (No Fertilizer) 1.5 3.9 69 CF (Chemical Fertilizer) 1.4 8.1 74 Compost-N 2.1 15 146 Compost-P 1.5 18 88 ½ Compost-P + Biofertilizer 1.5 18 76 Compost-P + Urea 1.4 21 90 ½ (Compost-P +Urea) + Biofertilizer 1.5 23 83 Biofertilizer 1.2 22 71 Chemical fertilizer (Urea, single superphosphate, potassium chloride) Compost-N: The compost application rate was based on the N requirement of cabbage and its N release percentage was assumed to be 50%. Compost-P: The application rate of composted animal manure was based on the P requirement of cabbage and the release percentage of P in compost was assumed to be 30%. Biofertilizer: Mixture of multi-functional bacteria, including Bacillus pumillu, Bacillus subtilis S. Location:-National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan Jen-Hshuan Chen. 2006
  • 27.
     Based onthe situations, farmers can adopt intercropping and mixed cropping  In climate change scenario, climate smart cropping by altering sowing dates, growing climate resilient varieties can give sustained yield. Crop Diversification  In agriculture, crop diversification essentially refers to a shift from one crop to another. But in real sense, it is bringing out a desirable change in the existing cropping pattern towards more balanced cropping system to meet ever-increasing demand of food.
  • 28.
    Treatment System of productivity ( t/ha) Netreturn B:C ratio Rice-fallow 3.47 22.2 1.12 Rice- wheat 8.81 49.4 1.15 Rice- mustard- greengram 8.48 37.7 0.73 Rice- rajmash -greengram 10.84 58.1 1.07 Rice- potato- greengram 20.47 125.1 1.61 Rice- wheat+ mustard (5:1)- greengram 10.76 51.4 0.93 Rice- wheat+ rajmash (5:1)-greengram 11.73 59.8 1.07 Rice- potato + wheat (1:1)-greengram 21.61 120.4 1.46 Location:- Birsa Agriculture University, Jharkhand Devkant et al., 2013 Case study 4:- Diversification of rice based cropping systems for higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency under irrigated ecosystem of Jharkhand.
  • 29.
    Case study 5:-Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian perspective Table:- Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in India. Crop Area (M ha) N fixed (Kg/ha) Annual Fixation (Million tonnes) Chickpea 6.09 40 0.24 Pigeonpea 3.38 100 0.34 Mungbean 0.09 60 0.19 Urdbean 3.25 30 0.10 Cowpea 0.50 80 0.002 Field pea 0.81 65 0.005 Lentil 1.39 40 0.006 Groundnut 6.40 150 0.96 Soybean 6.22 100 0.61 Total 34.28 - 2.47 Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012
  • 30.
    Case study 6:-Nutrient content and C:N ratios in above-ground portions of some important green manure crops. Green manure crops Total concentration (% dry weight) N P K S Ca Mg C:N ratio Sesbania aculeata 2.62 0.32 1.48 0.19 1.40 1.62 16.4 Crotolaria juncea 2.86 0.34 - - - - 16.1 Vigna unguiculate 2.69 0.28 2.26 0.28 1.50 1.73 17.1 Crotolaria tetragonoloba 2.80 - - - - - 17.3 Vigna radiata 2.21 - - - - - 16.1 Leucaena leucocephala 3.15 0.20 1.73 - 1.88 0.41 12.7 Gliricidia maculata 3.49 0.22 2.44 - 1.89 0.43 10.4 Location:- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Das et. al., 2012
  • 31.
    Fertigation  It isthe most efficient method of fertilizer application, as it ensures uniform application of the water and fertilizers directly to the plant roots as per crop demand.  Since both water and nutrients reaches directly to the rooting zone, it has tremendous effect on resource saving.  Drip fertigation is a good management technique that satisfies the nutrient demand of crops grown on sandy soils and split application of nutrients during the growth season to improve and sustain higher yields.
  • 32.
    Case study 7:-Effect of fertigation levels and drip system layout on performance of okra under plastic mulch. Treatments Yield (g plant-1) No. of branches Plant height (mm) Collar girth (mm) Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.2F) 421.65 3.20 642.7 56.1 Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (1.0F) 371.70 2.82 595.5 52.9 Drip + Plastic mulching + Fertigation (0.8F) 221.40 2.07 458.7 44.5 Drip + Fertigation (1.2F) 124.20 2.00 254.0 28.1 Drip + Fertigation (1.0F) 155.70 2.33 262.0 29.7 Drip + Fertigation (0.8F) 171.23 1.67 269.3 26.1 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (1.2F) 72.00 0.67 224.3 25.7 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (1.0F) 91.58 1.07 156.7 17.0 Basal irrigation + manual application of fertilizer (0.8F) 85.40 1.47 178.7 18.8 CD 93.24 1.07 140.1 13.8 Location:- Kerala Agricultural University Varughese et. al., 2014
  • 33.
    Site specific nutrientmanagement (SSNM) Simply it means “feeding of plant as and when needed”.
  • 34.
    SSNM Key Messages Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) optimizes the supply of soil nutrients over space and time to match crop requirements.  SSNM increases crop productivity and improves efficiency of fertilizer use.  SSNM mitigates greenhouse gases from agriculture in areas with high nitrogen fertilizer use.  Incentives for adoption of SSNM depend strongly on fertilizer prices.  ‘5R’ Right time Right amount Right place Right source Right manner
  • 35.
    Case study 8:-Effect of nutrient management techniques on growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in vertisols Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Stover yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index Nutrient Expert target 8 t ha-1 (NE8) 7186 9178 0.43 Nutrient Expert target 10 t ha-1 (NE10) 7998 9539 0.44 SSNM target 8 t ha-1 (SSNM8) 8211 10215 0.44 SSNM target 10 t ha-1 (SSNM10) 9532 11497 0.45 STCR target 8 t ha-1 (STCR8) 8045 10176 0.42 STCR target 10 t ha-1 (STCR10) 9236 11920 0.44 SPAD threshold 40 (SPAD 40) 5501 9755 0.36 SPAD threshold 50 (SPAD 50) 6782 8927 0.43 LCC threshold 4 (LCC 4) 6867 10150 0.40 LCC threshold 5 (LCC 5) 7664 9711 0.44 RDF (150:75:37.5 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @10 t ha-1) 6121 8367 0.42 Farmer practice (FP) (187.5:107.5:150 kg NPK ha-1) 6463 9383 0.41 Absolute control (AC) 3059 5488 0.36 SE± 251 579 0.01 C.D. at 5% 732 1692 NS Location:- University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka Vikram et. al., 2015
  • 36.
    Software for SSNM Computer or mobile phone-base tools are increasingly used to facilitate improved nutrient management practices in farmers fields, especially in geographies where blanket fertilizer recommendations prevail.  Nutrient expert and crop manager are examples of decision-support systems developed for SSNM in cereal production system. Nutrient Expert  Nutrient Expert is an interactive, computer based decision- support tool that enables smallholder farmers to rapidly implement SSNM in their individual fields with or without soil test data.  https://bar.gov.ph/index.php/nutrient-expert-page the software is freely downloadable from this site. Crop Manager  Crop Manager is a computer and mobile phone based application that provide small-scale rice, rice-wheat and maize farmers with site and season-specific recommendation for fertilizer application.  The software is freely downloadable at https://cropmanager.irri.com
  • 37.
    Real time ‘NitrogenManagement’ • Since crop N requirements are closely related to yield levels, which in turn are sensitive to climate, particularly solar radiation and the supply of nutrients and crop management practices, dynamics N adjustment at real time is an important key to improve N-use efficiency. • Modern tools like SPAD meter or Chlorophyll meter, Leaf color chart can be used by the farmers to easily identify leaf N status and apply input accordingly.
  • 38.
    Leaf colour chart GreenSeeker SPAD meter Nitrogen tablet/ Nitrification inhibitor Smart Nitrogen Management
  • 39.
    Leaf Color Chart(LCC)  The leaf color chart (LCC) is an easy to use and inexpensive diagnostic tool for monitoring the relative greenness of a rice leaf as an indicator of the plant N status.
  • 40.
    Case study 9:-Leaf colour chart: An incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in cereals in South Asia. Fertilizer N management 2000 2001 2002 Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE Fertilizer applied kg N ha-1 Rice yield t ha-1 AE LCC-based real time N management with no basal N dose 86 (75-90) 6.59 27.4 79 (75-120) 6.89 19.8 71 (60-90) 6.76 19.2 LCC-based real time N management with 20 kg N ha-1 basal dose 95 (80-110) 6.63 28.1 91 (80-110) 7.20 21.6 91 (80-110) 7.01 16.4 Blanket recommendation/ Farmer fertilizer practice 120 6.53 20.8 120 7.10 15.4 128 (115-142) 6.69 11.3 Location:- Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana Bijay Singh 2022
  • 41.
    Chlorophyll Meter  Thesoil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools to measure crop nitrogen status.  Released in 1984 (Minolta Co. ltd., Japan).  When SPAD value fell to between 29 and 32, indicating that additional fertilizer is necessary.
  • 42.
    42 Green seeker sensor A green seeker hand held crop sensor can detect wavelength of reflected light from the crop canopy and produce a normalized difference vegetation index value called NDVI that is correlated with leaf chlorophyll.  Based on this information, side dress nitrogen rates that are aligned with site specific crop needs can be prescribed.
  • 43.
    Case study 10:-Improving nitrogen use efficiency using precision nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Treatments Grain yield (t ha-1) Total N uptake (kg ha-1) PE (kg grain kg-1 N) RE (%) PFP (kg grain kg-1 N) N-Management No-N (0) 2.82 46.3 - - - Soil Test-N (120 N) 4.99 123.1 28.3 65.6 41.6 LCC-N (100 N) 5.08 124.9 28.9 80.6 50.8 SPAD-N (100 N) 5.02 123.3 28.7 78.9 50.2 GS-N (89 N) 5.06 123.1 29.3 88.5 56.8 Location:- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Singh et. al., 2021 PE- Physiological efficiency, RE-Recovery efficiency and PFP-Partial factor productivity Soil Test-N:- Soil test based N fertilizer application LCC-N:- Leaf colour chart guided N fertilizer application SPAD-N:- Chlorophyll meter guided N fertilizer application GS-N:- Green Seeker optical sensor guided N fertilizer application
  • 44.
    Precision farming  Itis the form of farming where SSNM practices are adopted paying due consideration to the spatial variability of land to maximize crop production at minimum cost with least environmental damage.  The major components of this system are- GIS, GPS, remote sensing and farmer.  Based on the real time data provided by the advanced tools, farmers can adopt cropping practices and can manage the crop accordingly.
  • 45.
    Particulars Yield (kg) Price/kg (Rs.) Gross return (Rs.) Total cost (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) Net return per rupee of investment Precision farming 36075 12.37 446125 152243 293881 1.93 Conventional farming 10550 22.74 239937 126905 113032 0.89 Location: Theni District, Chinnamanur Block (TN) Balaganesh et. al., (2016) Case study 11:- Economics and rate of adoption of Precision farming in banana in Theni district, Tamil Nadu Table:- Returns from banana under precision farming and conventional farming (Rs./ac)
  • 46.
    46 NANOTECHNOLOGY Fertilizer is oneof the vital inputs required for enhancing agricultural production and the farmers’ income in India India ranks second in the world in terms of total fertilizer consumption The rigorous use of conventional fertilizers over prolonged periods of time has instigated severe environmental restraints The nutrient use efficiency of conventional fertilizers hardly exceed 30–35 %, 18–20 %, and 35–40 % for N, P, and K respectively The application of these fertilizers results in huge economic losses due to 40−70% of leaching-related problems Nano fertilizers are materials in the nanometer scale, usually in the form of nanoparticles, containing macro and micronutrients that are delivered to crops in a controlled mode. Depiction of different ways of contamination of the environment due to overuse of fertilizers in fields. Nanofertilizers
  • 47.
    Comparative analysis ofthe conventional approach with respect to nanotechnology-mediated agriculture production
  • 48.
    Case study 12:-Performance of little millet (Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and soil parameters. Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Straw yield (kg ha-1) Harvest index (%) T1-RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) 1178 2192 35 T2-T1 without nitrogen application 969 1892 34 T3-50% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1169 2178 35 T4-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1262 2243 36 T5-50% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1227 2214 36 T6-50% RDN +Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1299 2250 36 T7-T3+ Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1333 2267 37 T8-75% RDN + Seed treatment with 1% nano fertilizer 1177 2197 35 T9-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage 1292 2247 37 T10-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at 7-10 days before flowering 1248 2228 36 T11-75% RDN + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1337 2274 37 T12-T8 + Foliar spray of nano fertilizer @ 0.4% at active tillering stage and at 7-10 days before flowering 1466 2458 37 S. Em± 63.55 81.69 1.42 C. D. at 5% 186.41 239.61 NS Location:-Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Shendapark, Kolhapur Chavan et. al., 2023
  • 49.
    • India, atropical country, is facing climate change impacts through droughts, floods, cyclones, heat waves, hailstorms and coastal salinity which have become threats to sustainable development in nutrient management. • To manage nutrients sustainably in the context of climate change, farmers can adopt a range of practices that promote soil health, conserve water and reduce nutrient losses effectively. • In such scenario, an integration of modern tools and techniques like conservation agriculture, crop diversification strategies, precision farming should be adopted to enhance nutrient use efficiency and to conserve valuable resources for the future generations. Conclusion
  • 50.
    REFERENCES Balaganesh G., GautamY., Anoop M. and Singh H.P. (2016). Economics and rate of adoption of Precision farming in banana in Theni district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 52. Bijay Singh. (2022). Leaf colour chart: an incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in cereals in South Asia. Agric. Res. J. 59 (4) : 583-601. Chavan, S.R., Patil, J.B., Gedam, V.B., Shinde, R.H. and Patil, M.J. (2023). Performance of little millet (Panicum sumatrence L.) to nano fertilizer and nitrogen levels on yield, economics and soil parameters. The Pharma Innovation Journal; 12(7): 1079-1082. Das, A., and Ghosh, P.K. (2012). Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security : an Indian perspective. Outlook on Agriculture, Vol 41, No 4, pp 279–284. Devkant, P., Yadava, M.S. and Singh, C.S. (2013). Diversification of rice based cropping systems for higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency under irrigated ecosystem of Jharkhand. Indian Journal of Agronomy, Volume : 58, Issue : 3 IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Jen-Hshuan Chen. (2006). The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Land Development Department, Bangkok. 10900 Thailand.
  • 51.
    Meena, J. R.,Umakant, K. B., Debasis C. N. and Sharma, A. R. (2015). Tillage and residue management effect on soil properties, crop performance and energy relations in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under maize-based cropping systems. Int. Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3, 261-272. Singh, V., Kunal, S.K., Gosal, R.C., Reena, S. and Alok A. (2021). Improving nitrogen use efficiency using precision nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 000, 1–7. Tomar, S.S., Singh, Y.P., Naresh, R.K., Dhaliwal, S.S., Gurjar, R.S., Ravi Y., Dependra.S. and Swati T. (2020). Impacts of laser land levelling technology on yield, water productivity, soil health and profitability under arable cropping in alluvial soil of north Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 9(4): 1889-1898. Varughese, A., Menon, J.S. and Mathew, E.K. (2014). Effect of fertigation levels and drip system layout on performance of okra under plastic mulch. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 51 (4). Vikram, A.P., Biradar, D.P., Umesh, M.R., Basavanneppa, M.A. and Rao, K.N. (2015). Effect of nutrient management techniques on growth, yield and economics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in vertisols. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 28(4): (477-481).
  • 52.