Nutrition: Food, Nutrition and Health

Key Concepts Optimal personal and community nutrition is a major component of health promotion. Certain nutrients in food are essential to our health and well-being. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Tell me why…..? How do these nutritional objectives relate to nursing care? Why is it important for health care professionals to exemplify optimal nutrition both in regard to themselves and their clients? Besides carbohydrates, fats and proteins, what other nutrients are essential for health? How does nutrition relate to physical activity in terms of homeostasis? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Food people eat and how bodies use it Nutritional science Scientific knowledge on human’s food requirements Dietetics Health profession for applying nutritional science (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Nutrition and Dietetics (…Cont’d) Registered Dietitian (RD) Nutrition authority on the health care team Also referred to as clinical nutrition specialist or public health nutritionist Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

More questions How do the terms nutritional science and dietetics differ? Which governmental agencies study nutritional science and make public health recommendations? Name some recent nutritional discoveries or topics in the news pertaining to nutrition How have nutritional recommendations changed over time? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

…… ?..... Is the high-protein, low carbohydrate trend backed up by scientific knowledge? How can a consumer make sense of dietary recommendations in the face of changing guidelines? What type of education and training does a RD receive? How do nurses and RDs work together in a hospital or clinical setting? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

…………………… ??????? What resources can an RD provide to assist with a nursing plan of care? How do surgery, infection, and different developmental stages affect nutritional requirements? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Health and Wellness Good nutrition is essential to good health Health must include meeting basic human needs Wellness seeks the full development of potential for all persons Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Do you know??? Why is nutrition a component of health and wellness? What uses of food are there other to satisfy hunger? How do nutritional requirements change during a person’s life? If a person is malnourished, how does that affect his or her functioning? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Wellness Movement and National Health Goals Response to medical care system’s focus on illness and disease Response to rising health costs Focuses on lifestyle and personal choices Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Things to ponder… How does wellness approach differ from the traditional medical model of health care? How can preventive care reduce health costs? Give an example of a disease process directly related to nutritional status. If disease is a result of various factors, how can lifestyle life style affect overall health and wellness? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Traditional and Preventive Approaches to Health Traditional Attempts change only when illness or disease already exist Little value for lifelong positive health Preventive Identify risk factors Allows people to choose behaviors to minimize risk of disease Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Risk factors What are risk factors for CVD? DM? Ca? What support organizations promote nutritional wellness? Compare and contrast the traditional and preventive models of health care. What contributed to the shift in focus? Why does involving personal choice and preference support a healthy lifestyle? What benefits over time does optimal nutrition provide? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Good Nutrition Well-developed body Ideal weight for body composition Good muscle development Smooth skin, glossy hair, clear and bright eyes Mental and physical alertness Ability to resist disease Increased life span Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

What is Ideal? How is the ideal body weight calculated? Why does poor nutrition impact the immune system? How can you assess malnutrition in your client? Why is nutrition essential during prenatal development? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

??????????? Why is nutritional status related to disease prevention and recovery from surgery or other trauma? How do exercise and food relate to good nutrition? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Nutrients in Food Provide energy Build tissue Regulate metabolic processes Individual nutrients have many special metabolic functions No nutrient ever works alone Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

?????????????? What are the primary nutrients? What is the body’s main source of food and how is it stored? What is metabolism? How does metabolism affect the body weight? Provide and example of nutrients that work with each other? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Energy Sources Carbohydrates Primary source of fuel for heat and energy Maintain body’s back-up store of quick energy Should provide 45%-65% of total kilocalories (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

???????????? What are recommended sources of complex carbohydrates? What is the pathophysiology of diabetes and how does it relate to carbohydrates? What type of carbohydrates should be limited in the diet? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Energy Sources (…Cont’d) Fats Animal and plant sources Secondary (storage) form of heat and energy Should provide no more than 20%-35% of total kilocalories (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

????????? List plant and animal sources of fats What is cholesterol? What are the risks associated with a high fat diet? Where is fat stored in the body? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Energy Sources (…Cont’d) Proteins Source of energy when supply from carbohydrates and fats is insufficient Primary function is tissue building Should provide 10%-35% of total kilocalories Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Tissue Building Proteins Provide amino acids Necessary for building and repairing tissues Vitamins and minerals Vitamin C for tissue building Calcium and phosphorus Building and maintaining bone (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

??????????????? What are conditions related to too little iron? Too much iron? How does calcium relate to osteoporosis? Why is fat important to brain development? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Regulation and Control Vitamins Function as coenzyme factors Components of cell enzymes in governing chemical reaction during cell metabolism Minerals Also serve as coenzyme factors (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Regulation and Control (…Cont’d) Other nutrients Water Essential base for all metabolic processes Fiber Regulates passage of food material through GI tract Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Types of Nutrition Optimal nutrition Obtained from a varied diet Desired amounts should be balanced Undernutrition Less than desired amounts of nutrients Limits work capacity, immune system, mental activity (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

???????????? How can heath professionals promote variety and moderation? What are risk factors for under nutrition? What federal programs address under nutrition? Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Types of Nutrition (…Cont’d) Malnutrition Reserves depleted Nutrient and energy intake insufficient Overnutrition Excess nutrient and energy intake over time Produces harmful gross body weight Excessive amounts of nutrient supplements over time Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Dietary Reference Intakes Published by the National Academy of Sciences Updated every 5-10 years Includes recommendations for each gender and age group (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Dietary Reference Intakes (…Cont’d) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Daily intake of nutrients that meet needs of almost all healthy individuals Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Intake level that meets needs of half the individuals in a specific group (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Dietary Reference Intakes (…Cont’d) Adequate intake (AI) Used when not enough evidence to establish the RDA Tolerable upper intake level (UL) Sets maximum intake unlikely to pose adverse health risks (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

Food Guide Pyramid Simple practical education tool Basis for general meal planning and food-intake pattern Promotes carbohydrates while limiting fat intake Daily food-group choices may be spread over three or more meals (Cont'd…) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide

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