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Nutrition in animals
This document provides an overview of nutrition and the digestive systems of various organisms. It discusses the key processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. Specific examples covered include the unicellular amoeba and hydra, as well as multi-cellular animals like spiders, frogs, and humans. For humans, it describes the major components of the digestive system from mouth to anus. Ruminants like cows are also discussed, noting their unique multi-chambered stomach and rumination process.
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Introduction to nutrition and feeding processes in various organisms, including humans.
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion are essential processes in nutrition.
Amoeba's feeding involves pseudopodia to engulf food and digest it. Provides energy and egests wastes.
Hydra uses tentacles for food ingestion, with digestive juices secreted in its body cavity.
Different feeding techniques: spider injects digestive juices, frog uses tongue, paramecium uses cilia.
Description of the gut as a coiled structure with parts: mouth, stomach, intestines, and digestive juices.
Mastication and saliva function in mouth, roles of tongue and salivary glands in digestion.
The stomach holds food, secretes juices for protein breakdown, and mixes food for further digestion.
Final digestion phases in the small intestine with liver, bile, pancreatic juice, and absorption via villi.
Absorbed nutrients transported to body for energy and repair, including glucose, amino acids, and glycerol.
Undigested food moves to large intestine for water absorption; wastes are stored and expelled.
Ruminants like cows undergo a complex two-step digestion in a four-chambered stomach for nutrient absorption.
Presentation closure.
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Nutrition in animals
- 2. CONTENTS- What isnutrition and feeding? Processes involved in nutrition in animals Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion Ruminants
- 3. PROCESSES INVOLVED INNUTRIRION: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion
- 4. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA Unicellular organism Engulfs tiny particles of food by false feet Pseudopodia joins to form food vacuole Food is digested by digestive juices. Provides energy Wastes are removed by egestion.
- 5. HYDRA Simple, multi-cellular animal. Tentacles around its mouth for ingestion of food, then push the insect into the mouth In the body cavity digestive juices are secreted to digest the food. Then absorbed and assimilated in the cell.
- 6. SPIDER Digestion occursoutside the body. Weaves sticky web where small animals get stuck. Injects digestive juices on the insect. Sucks up the digested food.
- 7. CONTD.. Frog -long sticky tongue - catch its prey. Paramecium - stiff- hair like projections called cilia-for ingestion. Mosquito - proboscis - sucks blood. Housefly - feeding tube - sucks up food in solution form. Butterfly – proboscis - suck nectar from flowers.
- 9. Digestion inthe mouth Digestion in the stomach Digestion in small intestine and absorption Assimilation Egestion
- 10. CONTD.. Our bodyperforms the steps inside a long tube , coiled structure , called the gut or alimentary canal. Its main parts are – the mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine , rectum and anus. Organs that secrete digestive juices – salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and inner walls of stomach and small intestine.
- 12. Food istaken in through mouth. The first part of digestion takes place in mouth when food is chewed. Saliva is the digestive liquid found in mouth. Saliva is secreted by three pairs of salivary glands ( parotid , sub-mandibular and sub-lingual). Chewing food into small pieces and mixes it with saliva is mastication. Functions- Breakdown starch into sugars. Makes food wet and slippery.
- 14. CONTINUED… TONGUE: Tongue isa muscular organ that helps us to eat , pushes food towards our teeth. Helps to mix the food with saliva and enables us to swallow it. Helps us to speak. Taste buds are present. Why?
- 15. Food slidesdown the pharynx into the food pipe. Peristalsis – Pushing down of food by muscles in a wave - like motion. Stomach is a J- shaped bag made up of muscles, hold 2 litres food at a time. Food stays in the stomach from a few minutes to a few hours depending on the type of food eaten. Secretes mucous, HCl (kills bacteria that enter along with food & help indigestion of proteins) and digestive juices.
- 17. CONTINUED… Stomach musclessqueeze and mix the food with digestive juices. These juices break down proteins into amino acids. Food gets partially digested here. Food goes to small intestine where most of the digestion occurs.
- 19. Last stepsof digestion takes place here. The muscles in the S.I. mix food with more digestive juices. Liver secretes bile juice, stored in gall bladder. Fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice. Starch into simple sugars and proteins into amino acids.
- 20. ABSORPTION IN THESMALL INTESTINE: Absorption of food occurs – villi Villi – increases the surface area of the food Each villus has a network of fine blood capillaries close to the surface. Food absorbed on the surface passes into the blood in the capillaries.
- 21. Food absorbed–blood – transported to different parts of our body, which is used to provide energy & materials for growth & repair of body tissues. Glucose (cells) carbon-dioxide + water+ energy Amino acids - building and repairing of body parts. Fatty acids & glycerol- under skin- energy reserves.
- 22. Undigested foodmoves from small intestine into a wide tube called large intestine. Most of the water present in wastes are absorbed here. Waste that is solid is stored in the rectum and passed out of the body through the anus.
- 23. Hooved ,plant eating animals. Examples- cows , buffaloes, goats. Digestion occurs in two-steps, (complicated stomach having 4 chambers). Food swallowed goes into the first chamber called rumen, partially digested & is called cud. Then goes to the second chamber where it is returned to the mouth for thorough chewing, called rumination. Food is swallowed for a second time & then digested in the remaining two chambers. Finally sent to the small intestine , for absorption of nutrients. RUMINANTS
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