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Nylon 6 & Nylon 66 Comparison

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Nylene is a prominent supplier of nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 polymers, offering environmentally responsible solutions for various industrial applications including packaging and automotive manufacturing. The company boasts extensive manufacturing capabilities with three facilities in North America, producing over 100,000 metric tons annually and providing custom compounding and recycling services. Key comparisons between nylon 6 and 6/6 highlight their similarities and differences in thermal stability, mechanical properties, and suitability for diverse applications.

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Understanding Nylon Nylon 6 and Nylon 6/6
Nylon 6 & Nylon 66 Comparison
About Us Nylene is a leading supplier of nylon polymers, co-polymers, and fibers – specializing in innovative and environmentally responsible solutions for the global plastic industries. We are committed to customer driven innovation though quality products, technical expertise, and market insights. • Injection Molding Companies • Automotive Manufacturers • Wire & Cable Manufacturers • Packaging Producers • Plastic Extrusion Industry • Rotational Molders Our Customers
www.nylene.com • Three manufacturing facilities in U.S. & Canada • Annual capacity of 100,000 MT • 185 million pounds total capacity • Seven logistical warehouses in North America • International Sales Centers ABOUT US | MANUFACTURING, SALES & LOGISTICS Certifications and Accreditations:  ISO 9001:2008 Facilities  A2LA Accredited Labs  Products meeting UL, NSF, FDA & Automotive Specs  SCS Recycling Program
www.nylene.com MANUFACTURING CAPABILITIES • Fully integrated production - flexibility in both formulation and in volume • Specialty and custom products to meet specific end use requirements • Technical sales support and knowledgeable, in-house experts in all major plastics industries • Equipped to reprocess customer’s regrind and other sources of feed stock and return them to original quality • Depolymerization capabilities to convert nylon 6 waste back into caprolactam, its main chemical building block Solutions for just about any nylon application. Custom Compounding Co-polymerization Resource Recovery Depolymerization High Viscosity Nylon Polymerization
www.nylene.com POLYMERS/ CO-POLYMERS: CUSTOM PROPERTIES: APPLICATIONS • Nylon 6 • Nylon 6/6 • Nylon 6,6/6 • Nylon 6,6/9 • Nylon 6/10 • Nylon 6/12 • Specialty Nylons • Reprocessed Nylon • Recycle Content Polyamide/Co-polymer • Impact & Flex Modified • Glass & Long Glass Fiber Reinforced • Mineral & Glass/Mineral Reinforced • High Impact Glass Reinforced • Plasticized • Flame Retardant • Inherent Stain Resistance • Differential Dye Nylon Fiber • Differential Dye • Anti-Static • Injection Molding • Extrusion • Blown Film • Cast Film • Monofilament • Fiber Spinning • Blow Molding • Rotational Molding • Compounding PRODUCTS Nylene’s product line includes a wide range of UL approved and FDA compliant polymers from prime to utility grades.
NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
www.nylene.com • Heat Resistance • Chemical Resistance • Impact Strength • Light Weight • Abrasion/Wear/Lubricity • Color and Gloss • Printable/Paintable • Processing • Cost Why choose nylon in the first place? NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
www.nylene.com Bushings, Clips, Levers, Brackets Intake Manifold Furniture Components Power Tool Housing Fuel & Washer Fluid Tubes Hose Mandel Convoluted Tubing Wire and Cable Coating FIBERS POWDER COATING ROTATIONAL MOLDING BLOW MOLDING Line: Fishing & Weed Trimmer Rope Non-woven Fabric FILAMENTS EXTRUSION FILM INJECTION MOLDING Meat Packaging Juice Carton SMC Backing Cooking Bags Carpet Clothing & Stockings Filter Elements Tire Cord Dishwasher Rack Marine Equipment Lawn Tools Anti-wear Hydraulic Fluid Tanks Fuel Tanks Fluid/Fuel Reservoirs Air Intake Duct Fuel Tank Fluid Container COMMON NYLON USES
www.nylene.com Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6/66 Nylon 6,6/9 Nylon 6/10 Nylon 6/12 Nylon 11 Nylon 12 Specific Gravity 1.13 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.02 Melt Point °F (°C) 420 (215) 490 (254) 383 (195) 383 (195) 418 (214) 435 (224) 367 (186) 352 (178) Water Absorption %@equilibrium (%@saturation) 2.7 9.5 2.5 8.75 2.5 9.0 1.5 3.3 1.3 3.0 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.4 Tensile Strength Psi (Mpa) 11,500 (79) 12,000 (83) 10,000 (69) 8,650 (60) 8,500 (59) 9,000 (62) 8,500 (59) 7,000 (48) Elongation % 60 50 300 365 77 50 330 Flexural Modulus psi (Mpa) 390,000 (2690) 415,000 (2860) 400,000 (2760) 250,000 (1725) 280,000 (1930) 275,000 (1895) 180,000 (1240) 190,000 (1310) Notched Izod ft lb/in (J/m) 1.0 (53) 1.0 (53) 1.5 (80) 1.1 (59) 0.6 (32) 0.6 (32) 0.9 (48) DTUL @ 264 psi 154 (68) 194 (90) 135 (56) 180 (82) 131 (55) 131 (55) Relative Cost $ $+ $+ $$ $$ $$ $$$ $$$ NYLON PROPERTIES COMPARISON
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
www.nylene.com Nylon 6 is made from one monomer – caprolactam Nylon 6/6 is made from two monomers - adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 NYLON 6/6 NYLON 6
www.nylene.com CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 NYLON 6/6 NYLON 6 Caprolactam is difficult to make, but easy to polymerize Does not polymerize completely, about 8 - 10% residual monomer Residual monomer usually extracted, but can be left to improve impact and flexibility Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid are easier to make but more difficult to polymerize Polymerizes completely
www.nylene.com Caprolactam in the presence of heat & a catalyst “opens” the ring structure During Polymerization, the “open” caprolactam molecules bond “head-to-tail” to form long chains Caprolactam “Open” Caprolactam molecule When the chains become long enough, Nylon 6 is formed Bond Breaks Bond Makes Bond Makes CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 POLYMERIZATION
www.nylene.com Nylon 6 and Nylon 6/6 are comparable in these areas: Thermal Stability Physical Properties Dimensional Change with Moisture Gain Shrink Rates CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 Nylon 6 Offers These Advantages: • Surface appearance • Processability • Regrind stability • Price PA6
Nylons all have amide group in the chain. WHAT MAKES NYLON – NYLON? • The amide group has electrical charge, meaning it is POLAR • The polar amide groups are where the polymer chains bond to each other. • This gives the material strength and controls melt point. • Amide groups not bonded between chains are sites where water molecules, which are also polar, is attracted. N O C H - + + -
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE - NYLON TYPES The carbon in the monomer gives the “number type” Nylon 4,6 1,4 Diamino Butane Adipic Acid Nylon 6 Caprolactam Nylon 6,6 Hexamethylene Diamine Adipic Acid Nylon 6,10 Hexamethylene Diamine Sebacic Acid Nylon 6,12 Hexamethylene Diamine Dodecanedioic Acid Nylon 12 Hexamethylene Diamine Dodecanedioic Acid
The carbon in the monomer gives the “number type” CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – OTHER NYLON TYPES Kevlar Para-phenylenediamine Terephthaloyl Chloride Nomex m-phenylenediamine isophthaloyl chloride PPA-Polyphthalmide Amodel / Zytel HTN Hexamethylenediamine Terephthalic acid
PROPERTY COMPARISONS NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
www.nylene.com Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6 @ 50% RH Nylon 6/6 @ 50% RH Tensile Strength (psi) 11,800 12,000 7,000 8,500 Flexural Modulus (psi) 390,000 420,000 150,000 175,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 1.1 1.0 4.0 2.1 Drop Weight Impact (ft lbs) 100 75 160 100 Ultimate Elongation 50% 50% 50% 50% DTUL (F) DTUL @ 264 psi 154°F DTUL @ 246 psi 194°F MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON
www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON 33% glass fiber nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 5133 Data Sheet Nylene 5233 ASTM D4066 PA012G35 ASTM D4066 PA022G35 Tensile Strength (psi) 26,600 23,500 24,820 22,475 Flexural Modulus (psi) 1,240,000 1,350,000 1,160,000 1,087,500 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 2.2 2.1 7.0 kJ/m2 8.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.002 0.002 Ultimate Elongation 3% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 482 410 455 374 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON 13% glass fiber nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 5133 Data Sheet Nylene 5213 ASTM D4066 PA012G15 ASTM D4066 PA022G15 Tensile Strength (psi) 26,600 16,000 14,500 15,950 Flexural Modulus (psi) 675,000 750,000 580,000 609,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 0.9 1.0 3.0 kJ/m2 4.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.005 0.005 Ultimate Elongation 7 5% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 420 390 428 356 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON Medium impact nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 311 Data Sheet Nylene 724 ASTM D4066 PA0161 ASTM D4066 PA0262 Tensile Strength (psi) 8,700 9,000 7,540 7,975 Flexural Modulus (psi) 260,000 315,000 246,500 290,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 3.0 3.0 9.0 kJ/m2 6.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.012 0.014 Ultimate Elongation 50 200% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 140 122 122 113 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON High impact nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 4114 Data Sheet Nylene 734 ASTM D4066 PA0181 ASTM D4066 PA0264 Tensile Strength (psi) 8,700 9,000 7,540 7,975 Flexural Modulus (psi) 260,000 315,000 246,500 290,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 3.0 3.0 9.0 kJ/m2 6.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.012 0.014 Ultimate Elongation 50 200% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 140 122 122 113 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com NYLON PART SURFACE: SURFACE ROUGHNESS vs. % FIBERGLASS • Nylon 6/6 to have rougher surface at < 10% glass fiber • At 20% glass content, 6/6 is twice as rough • At 40% glass content, nylon 6 is nearly identical to unreinforced nylon 6/6 is ~ 8 times surface roughness Surface Roughness (10-6 in.) Glass (%) 0 25 50 75 100 0 10 20 30 40 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com NYLON PART SURFACE: GLOSSVS.%FIBERGLASS • Unreinforced nylons can obtain 90+ to < 2 Gloss Units (GU) • At 40% glass fiber content, nylon 6 can still obtain 85 GU • At 40% glass fiber content, nylon 6/6 is reduced to < 30 GU Gloss (10-6 in.) Glass (%) 0 25 50 75 100 0 10 20 30 40 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
HEAT CAN MEAN MANY THINGS • Melt point – 490F vs. 420F • Long-term aging • Use temperature • DTUL (Deformation Temperature Under Load) • Properties at Temperature • Processing Energy • Thermal Degradation • Glass Transition Temperature
www.nylene.com 14 C.U.T Rating C Material Elect. Only Mech. w/o Impact With Impact Nylon 6 Homopolymer 130 105 105 Nylon 6/6 Homopolymer 130 110 105 Nylon 6 Medium Impact 105 105 105 Nylon 6/6 Medium Impact 125 105 105 Nylon 6 33% Glass Fiber 140 140 105 Nylon 6/6 33% Glass Fiber 130 130 105 C.U.T. RATINGS (1/8 IN)
www.nylene.com Property Time Without Heat Stabilizer With Heat Stabilizer NYLON 6 MELTS AND PROCESS AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE Aging at Elevated Temperature The wider processing range of nylon 6 aids in filling then wall parts. The lower processing temperature of nylon 6 Reduces polymer degradation • Improves regrind utilization • Reduces machine wear associated with filled materials. • Can require up to 25% less energy to process
www.nylene.com DYNAMIC MODULUS VS. CRYSTALLINE 0 25 50 75 100 10 20 30 40 Amorphous Crystalline Modulus Temperature 30 120 210 300 390 480 Rigid PVC (175F) Polycarbonate (270F) Nylon (150F)
www.nylene.com EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT ON MODULUS 0 25 50 75 100 10 20 30 40 Reinforced Amorphous Amorphous Reinforced Crystalline Crystalline Modulus Temperature Unreinforced Amorphous Unreinforced Crystalline
www.nylene.com PROPERTY DIFFERENCE OVER TEMPERATURE RANGE Key Points: 1. Using properties of Type 6/6 nylon as a base, a comparison was made with Type 6 nylon. The show where nylon 6 property values are lower, equal to, or higher than nylon 6/6 for a given property. 2. Comparing both physical and electrical properties show that the variation is no more than 30% and in most cases less than 20%. Of the 55 properties considered 34 vary less than 10%. 3. Good design practice demands a safety factor of at least 2, and more, if possible 4. A 10 to 20% variation in properties of materials due to the fabrication is considered normal in the metals field, as well as the plastics field. Conclusion: The difference in material properties of nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 are slight, and design safety factors will permit selection of either material in most cases.
NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 (DAM) YIELD STRESS VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 are equal in the -40°F to +40 ° F range. 2. Nylon 6 is slightly higher in the +40 ° F to 120 ° F range. Conclusion: Over a broad useful temperature range selection of either nylon would be good design practice. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Stress psi Temperature Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 -40 0 40 100 200 300
-12,500 90,000 192,500 295,000 397,500 500,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Modulus PSI Temperature F -40 0 40 120 200 280 NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 (DAM) TENSILE MODULUS VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Type 6/6 nylon has a higher modulus over the entire temperature range 2. The two nylon types do not differ by more than 35% and in most cases the difference is less than 20% Conclusion: Type 6,6 nylon has inherently more stiffness but this is within design limits of a part Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
ULTIMATE ELONGATION VERSUS TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 superior in -40°F to +130°F range. 2. Nylon 6/6 slightly superior in +130°F to 280°F range Conclusion: Nylon 6 has greater ductility and toughness over complete operating range of -40°F to 280°F 0 100 200 300 400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Strain % Temperature °F -40 0 40 120 200 280 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 NYLON (DRY AS MOLDED) STRESS AT 1% OFFSET. STRAIN VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 slightly superior in -40 to +80F range. 2. Nylon 6/6 slightly superior in +80F to +140F range 3. Nylon 6 and nylon 6/6, equal in +140F to 300F range Conclusion: In useful temperature range, either material could be selected. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Stress PSI Temperature °F -40 0 40 120 200 300 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 | RATE OF MOISTURE ABSORPTION AT 73°F Key Points 1. Nylon 6 absorbs moisture at a faster rate than nylon 6/6 both in air or in water, and equilibrium is reached faster. 2. Total moisture absorption is somewhat higher for nylon 6. Conclusion In useful temperature range, either material could be selected. Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Moisture Content Time - Days
NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 IZOD IMPACT STRENGTH VS. MOISTURE CONTENT Key Points: 1. At 50% equilibrium moisture content (2.5%) nylon 6 very superior to nylon 6/6. 2. At all moisture contents nylon 6 is superior in impact strength to nylon 6/6. Conclusion: In all applications where the greatest impact strength is necessary, nylon 6 should be specified. 0 8 15 23 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Impact Strength – FT. LBS./Inch of Notch Moisture Content in % Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 DIMENSIONAL CHANGE VS. MOISTURE CONTENT Key Points: 1. Nylon 6/6 changes more with increasing moisture content: up to 5 mils per inch more at saturation Conclusion: Nylon 6 is subject to less dimensional change than nylon 6/6 and result will be less part variation with changing moisture content. 0.000 0.030 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dimensional Change in/In Moisture Content % Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
www.nylene.com  Nylon 6 has wider temperature window, same upper temp limit  Similar flow for typical grades  Flow is affected by H2O content  Both can be injection molded, extruded, blow molded  Only nylon 6 is used in rotational molding  Nylon 6 & 6/6 are both used in fibers  Nylon 6 is typically used for large diameter extrusion, blow molding, and cast shapes  Nylon 6 has higher melt strength and is easier to tailor viscosity range for improved extrusion and film processing  Nylon 6 gives much better surface appearance in filled grades PROCESSING NYLON 6 & 6/6
www.nylene.com MOISTURE AND PROCESSING • Nylon 6 & 6/6 should be dried to <0.20% moisture by weight • Molders who mold nylon should have a moisture analyzer • A dew point meter measures the capacity of AIR to hold moisture NOT the moisture in plastic • Filled materials should be dried to 0.20% moisture of nylon portion of formulation For example: 5133 = .67% nylon x 0.20% = 0.134% total moisture
www.nylene.com REGRIND EFFECTS • Unreinforced nylon 6 has significantly better retention of properties and structure when reground and re-used. • Differences narrow in reinforced grades, as the reinforcement has much higher effect on the properties.
www.nylene.com 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6/6 PA 6/6 Percent of original Relative Viscosity Molding Grade First Molding Second Molding RELATIVE VISCOSITY ON RE-MOLDED NYLON SCRAP 0 20 40 60 80 100 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6/6 PA 6/6 Percent of original Relative Viscosity Extrusion Grade Conclusion: Loss of relative viscosity is a good indicator or embrittlement of part. Type 6 nylon compounds exhibit far greater thermal melt stability than Type 6/6 nylon. Key Point: Molding of nylon 6/6 results in moderate loss in relative viscosity. There is no loss in nylon 6. Key Point: Extrusion of nylon 6,6 products serious loss in relative viscosity and moderate loss in nylon 6.
NYLON REGRIND STUDIES 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 Nylon 6 100% Regrind Study Retention of Original Property (%) Tensile Strength Flexural Modulus Relative Viscosity Drop Weight Impact Number of Passes 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 Nylon 6/6 100% Regrind Study Retention of Original Property (%) Tensile Strength Flexural Modulus Relative Viscosity Drop Weight Impact Number of Passes VS
www.nylene.com RECYCLEBILTY Comparison Nylon 6 & Nylon 6,6
Second Molding NYLON RECYCLING COMPARISION • Depolymization of Nylon 6,6 waste is much more complicated to achieve because it is made with more than one chemical component. • Nylon 6,6 is considered to be non-renewable and waste is often re-used (down-cycled) into lesser products that eventually end up in landfill or incinerated. • Post-consumer and post-industrial Nylon 6 waste can be depolymerized back to its one chemical component, caprolactam. • Nylon 6 is considered renewable - recovered caprolactam from the depolymerization process is remanufactured into brand new nylon, recycled without any loss of properties or quality, over and over again. Nylon 6 Nylon 6,6 VS
www.nylene.com CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 DEPOLYMERIZATION Nylon 6 Nylon 6, in the presence of heat & a catalyst “fractures” the bonds of the molecule to release “open” molecules of Caprolactam during Depolymerization “Open” Caprolactam molecule The ends of the “open” caprolactam molecules bond with each other during ring closing Caprolactam Bond Breaks Bond Breaks
www.nylene.com Post-Industrial Polymer Post-Industrial Fiber Post-Consumer Carpet Post-Consumer Polymer NYLON 6 RECYCLING – DEPOLYMERIZATION FEEDSTOCKS
www.nylene.com • Nylon 6 has superior surface appearance in reinforced grades • Nylon 6 is inherently tougher than 6/6 • Nylon 6 is equal in thermal performance to 6/6 at recommended use temperatures. • Nylon 6 is renewable – can be depolymerized back to caprolactam. • Higher melt point of 6/6 means that nylon 6 has;ns that nylon 6 has; SUMMARY Less degradation | Better use of regrind | Less energy consumed
www.nylene.com Ron Bailey Kurt Dubowski Stuart Allen Vice President of Sales and Marketing Office: 803-364-9941 Mobile: 678-910-4370 rbailey@nylene.com Regional Sales Manager / Distribution Manager Office: 248-377-6796 Mobile: 248-758-8935 kdubowski@nylene.com THANK YOU Business Development Manager Office: 248-377-6796 Mobile: 616-240-9987 sallen@nylene.com COMPANY CONTACTS info@nylene.com

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Nylon 6 & Nylon 66 Comparison

  • 3. About Us Nylene is a leading supplier of nylon polymers, co-polymers, and fibers – specializing in innovative and environmentally responsible solutions for the global plastic industries. We are committed to customer driven innovation though quality products, technical expertise, and market insights. • Injection Molding Companies • Automotive Manufacturers • Wire & Cable Manufacturers • Packaging Producers • Plastic Extrusion Industry • Rotational Molders Our Customers
  • 4. www.nylene.com • Three manufacturing facilities in U.S. & Canada • Annual capacity of 100,000 MT • 185 million pounds total capacity • Seven logistical warehouses in North America • International Sales Centers ABOUT US | MANUFACTURING, SALES & LOGISTICS Certifications and Accreditations:  ISO 9001:2008 Facilities  A2LA Accredited Labs  Products meeting UL, NSF, FDA & Automotive Specs  SCS Recycling Program
  • 5. www.nylene.com MANUFACTURING CAPABILITIES • Fully integrated production - flexibility in both formulation and in volume • Specialty and custom products to meet specific end use requirements • Technical sales support and knowledgeable, in-house experts in all major plastics industries • Equipped to reprocess customer’s regrind and other sources of feed stock and return them to original quality • Depolymerization capabilities to convert nylon 6 waste back into caprolactam, its main chemical building block Solutions for just about any nylon application. Custom Compounding Co-polymerization Resource Recovery Depolymerization High Viscosity Nylon Polymerization
  • 6. www.nylene.com POLYMERS/ CO-POLYMERS: CUSTOM PROPERTIES: APPLICATIONS • Nylon 6 • Nylon 6/6 • Nylon 6,6/6 • Nylon 6,6/9 • Nylon 6/10 • Nylon 6/12 • Specialty Nylons • Reprocessed Nylon • Recycle Content Polyamide/Co-polymer • Impact & Flex Modified • Glass & Long Glass Fiber Reinforced • Mineral & Glass/Mineral Reinforced • High Impact Glass Reinforced • Plasticized • Flame Retardant • Inherent Stain Resistance • Differential Dye Nylon Fiber • Differential Dye • Anti-Static • Injection Molding • Extrusion • Blown Film • Cast Film • Monofilament • Fiber Spinning • Blow Molding • Rotational Molding • Compounding PRODUCTS Nylene’s product line includes a wide range of UL approved and FDA compliant polymers from prime to utility grades.
  • 7. NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
  • 8. www.nylene.com • Heat Resistance • Chemical Resistance • Impact Strength • Light Weight • Abrasion/Wear/Lubricity • Color and Gloss • Printable/Paintable • Processing • Cost Why choose nylon in the first place? NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
  • 9. www.nylene.com Bushings, Clips, Levers, Brackets Intake Manifold Furniture Components Power Tool Housing Fuel & Washer Fluid Tubes Hose Mandel Convoluted Tubing Wire and Cable Coating FIBERS POWDER COATING ROTATIONAL MOLDING BLOW MOLDING Line: Fishing & Weed Trimmer Rope Non-woven Fabric FILAMENTS EXTRUSION FILM INJECTION MOLDING Meat Packaging Juice Carton SMC Backing Cooking Bags Carpet Clothing & Stockings Filter Elements Tire Cord Dishwasher Rack Marine Equipment Lawn Tools Anti-wear Hydraulic Fluid Tanks Fuel Tanks Fluid/Fuel Reservoirs Air Intake Duct Fuel Tank Fluid Container COMMON NYLON USES
  • 10. www.nylene.com Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6/66 Nylon 6,6/9 Nylon 6/10 Nylon 6/12 Nylon 11 Nylon 12 Specific Gravity 1.13 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.02 Melt Point °F (°C) 420 (215) 490 (254) 383 (195) 383 (195) 418 (214) 435 (224) 367 (186) 352 (178) Water Absorption %@equilibrium (%@saturation) 2.7 9.5 2.5 8.75 2.5 9.0 1.5 3.3 1.3 3.0 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.4 Tensile Strength Psi (Mpa) 11,500 (79) 12,000 (83) 10,000 (69) 8,650 (60) 8,500 (59) 9,000 (62) 8,500 (59) 7,000 (48) Elongation % 60 50 300 365 77 50 330 Flexural Modulus psi (Mpa) 390,000 (2690) 415,000 (2860) 400,000 (2760) 250,000 (1725) 280,000 (1930) 275,000 (1895) 180,000 (1240) 190,000 (1310) Notched Izod ft lb/in (J/m) 1.0 (53) 1.0 (53) 1.5 (80) 1.1 (59) 0.6 (32) 0.6 (32) 0.9 (48) DTUL @ 264 psi 154 (68) 194 (90) 135 (56) 180 (82) 131 (55) 131 (55) Relative Cost $ $+ $+ $$ $$ $$ $$$ $$$ NYLON PROPERTIES COMPARISON
  • 11. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6/6
  • 12. www.nylene.com Nylon 6 is made from one monomer – caprolactam Nylon 6/6 is made from two monomers - adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 NYLON 6/6 NYLON 6
  • 13. www.nylene.com CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 NYLON 6/6 NYLON 6 Caprolactam is difficult to make, but easy to polymerize Does not polymerize completely, about 8 - 10% residual monomer Residual monomer usually extracted, but can be left to improve impact and flexibility Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid are easier to make but more difficult to polymerize Polymerizes completely
  • 14. www.nylene.com Caprolactam in the presence of heat & a catalyst “opens” the ring structure During Polymerization, the “open” caprolactam molecules bond “head-to-tail” to form long chains Caprolactam “Open” Caprolactam molecule When the chains become long enough, Nylon 6 is formed Bond Breaks Bond Makes Bond Makes CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 POLYMERIZATION
  • 15. www.nylene.com Nylon 6 and Nylon 6/6 are comparable in these areas: Thermal Stability Physical Properties Dimensional Change with Moisture Gain Shrink Rates CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 AND 6/6 Nylon 6 Offers These Advantages: • Surface appearance • Processability • Regrind stability • Price PA6
  • 16. Nylons all have amide group in the chain. WHAT MAKES NYLON – NYLON? • The amide group has electrical charge, meaning it is POLAR • The polar amide groups are where the polymer chains bond to each other. • This gives the material strength and controls melt point. • Amide groups not bonded between chains are sites where water molecules, which are also polar, is attracted. N O C H - + + -
  • 17. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE - NYLON TYPES The carbon in the monomer gives the “number type” Nylon 4,6 1,4 Diamino Butane Adipic Acid Nylon 6 Caprolactam Nylon 6,6 Hexamethylene Diamine Adipic Acid Nylon 6,10 Hexamethylene Diamine Sebacic Acid Nylon 6,12 Hexamethylene Diamine Dodecanedioic Acid Nylon 12 Hexamethylene Diamine Dodecanedioic Acid
  • 18. The carbon in the monomer gives the “number type” CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – OTHER NYLON TYPES Kevlar Para-phenylenediamine Terephthaloyl Chloride Nomex m-phenylenediamine isophthaloyl chloride PPA-Polyphthalmide Amodel / Zytel HTN Hexamethylenediamine Terephthalic acid
  • 20. www.nylene.com Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6 @ 50% RH Nylon 6/6 @ 50% RH Tensile Strength (psi) 11,800 12,000 7,000 8,500 Flexural Modulus (psi) 390,000 420,000 150,000 175,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 1.1 1.0 4.0 2.1 Drop Weight Impact (ft lbs) 100 75 160 100 Ultimate Elongation 50% 50% 50% 50% DTUL (F) DTUL @ 264 psi 154°F DTUL @ 246 psi 194°F MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON
  • 21. www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON 33% glass fiber nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 5133 Data Sheet Nylene 5233 ASTM D4066 PA012G35 ASTM D4066 PA022G35 Tensile Strength (psi) 26,600 23,500 24,820 22,475 Flexural Modulus (psi) 1,240,000 1,350,000 1,160,000 1,087,500 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 2.2 2.1 7.0 kJ/m2 8.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.002 0.002 Ultimate Elongation 3% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 482 410 455 374 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 22. www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON 13% glass fiber nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 5133 Data Sheet Nylene 5213 ASTM D4066 PA012G15 ASTM D4066 PA022G15 Tensile Strength (psi) 26,600 16,000 14,500 15,950 Flexural Modulus (psi) 675,000 750,000 580,000 609,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 0.9 1.0 3.0 kJ/m2 4.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.005 0.005 Ultimate Elongation 7 5% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 420 390 428 356 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 23. www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON Medium impact nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 311 Data Sheet Nylene 724 ASTM D4066 PA0161 ASTM D4066 PA0262 Tensile Strength (psi) 8,700 9,000 7,540 7,975 Flexural Modulus (psi) 260,000 315,000 246,500 290,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 3.0 3.0 9.0 kJ/m2 6.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.012 0.014 Ultimate Elongation 50 200% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 140 122 122 113 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 24. www.nylene.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON High impact nylon 66 vs. nylon 6 Data Sheet Nylene 4114 Data Sheet Nylene 734 ASTM D4066 PA0181 ASTM D4066 PA0264 Tensile Strength (psi) 8,700 9,000 7,540 7,975 Flexural Modulus (psi) 260,000 315,000 246,500 290,000 Izod Impact (ft lbs/in) 3.0 3.0 9.0 kJ/m2 6.0 kJ/m2 Shrink Rate 0.012 0.014 Ultimate Elongation 50 200% DTUL (°F) @ 264 psi 140 122 122 113 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 25. www.nylene.com NYLON PART SURFACE: SURFACE ROUGHNESS vs. % FIBERGLASS • Nylon 6/6 to have rougher surface at < 10% glass fiber • At 20% glass content, 6/6 is twice as rough • At 40% glass content, nylon 6 is nearly identical to unreinforced nylon 6/6 is ~ 8 times surface roughness Surface Roughness (10-6 in.) Glass (%) 0 25 50 75 100 0 10 20 30 40 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 26. www.nylene.com NYLON PART SURFACE: GLOSSVS.%FIBERGLASS • Unreinforced nylons can obtain 90+ to < 2 Gloss Units (GU) • At 40% glass fiber content, nylon 6 can still obtain 85 GU • At 40% glass fiber content, nylon 6/6 is reduced to < 30 GU Gloss (10-6 in.) Glass (%) 0 25 50 75 100 0 10 20 30 40 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 27. HEAT CAN MEAN MANY THINGS • Melt point – 490F vs. 420F • Long-term aging • Use temperature • DTUL (Deformation Temperature Under Load) • Properties at Temperature • Processing Energy • Thermal Degradation • Glass Transition Temperature
  • 28. www.nylene.com 14 C.U.T Rating C Material Elect. Only Mech. w/o Impact With Impact Nylon 6 Homopolymer 130 105 105 Nylon 6/6 Homopolymer 130 110 105 Nylon 6 Medium Impact 105 105 105 Nylon 6/6 Medium Impact 125 105 105 Nylon 6 33% Glass Fiber 140 140 105 Nylon 6/6 33% Glass Fiber 130 130 105 C.U.T. RATINGS (1/8 IN)
  • 29. www.nylene.com Property Time Without Heat Stabilizer With Heat Stabilizer NYLON 6 MELTS AND PROCESS AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE Aging at Elevated Temperature The wider processing range of nylon 6 aids in filling then wall parts. The lower processing temperature of nylon 6 Reduces polymer degradation • Improves regrind utilization • Reduces machine wear associated with filled materials. • Can require up to 25% less energy to process
  • 30. www.nylene.com DYNAMIC MODULUS VS. CRYSTALLINE 0 25 50 75 100 10 20 30 40 Amorphous Crystalline Modulus Temperature 30 120 210 300 390 480 Rigid PVC (175F) Polycarbonate (270F) Nylon (150F)
  • 31. www.nylene.com EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT ON MODULUS 0 25 50 75 100 10 20 30 40 Reinforced Amorphous Amorphous Reinforced Crystalline Crystalline Modulus Temperature Unreinforced Amorphous Unreinforced Crystalline
  • 32. www.nylene.com PROPERTY DIFFERENCE OVER TEMPERATURE RANGE Key Points: 1. Using properties of Type 6/6 nylon as a base, a comparison was made with Type 6 nylon. The show where nylon 6 property values are lower, equal to, or higher than nylon 6/6 for a given property. 2. Comparing both physical and electrical properties show that the variation is no more than 30% and in most cases less than 20%. Of the 55 properties considered 34 vary less than 10%. 3. Good design practice demands a safety factor of at least 2, and more, if possible 4. A 10 to 20% variation in properties of materials due to the fabrication is considered normal in the metals field, as well as the plastics field. Conclusion: The difference in material properties of nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 are slight, and design safety factors will permit selection of either material in most cases.
  • 33. NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 (DAM) YIELD STRESS VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 are equal in the -40°F to +40 ° F range. 2. Nylon 6 is slightly higher in the +40 ° F to 120 ° F range. Conclusion: Over a broad useful temperature range selection of either nylon would be good design practice. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Stress psi Temperature Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 -40 0 40 100 200 300
  • 34. -12,500 90,000 192,500 295,000 397,500 500,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Modulus PSI Temperature F -40 0 40 120 200 280 NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 (DAM) TENSILE MODULUS VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Type 6/6 nylon has a higher modulus over the entire temperature range 2. The two nylon types do not differ by more than 35% and in most cases the difference is less than 20% Conclusion: Type 6,6 nylon has inherently more stiffness but this is within design limits of a part Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 35. ULTIMATE ELONGATION VERSUS TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 superior in -40°F to +130°F range. 2. Nylon 6/6 slightly superior in +130°F to 280°F range Conclusion: Nylon 6 has greater ductility and toughness over complete operating range of -40°F to 280°F 0 100 200 300 400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Strain % Temperature °F -40 0 40 120 200 280 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 36. NYLON 6 VS. 6/6 NYLON (DRY AS MOLDED) STRESS AT 1% OFFSET. STRAIN VS. TEMPERATURE Key Points: 1. Nylon 6 slightly superior in -40 to +80F range. 2. Nylon 6/6 slightly superior in +80F to +140F range 3. Nylon 6 and nylon 6/6, equal in +140F to 300F range Conclusion: In useful temperature range, either material could be selected. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Stress PSI Temperature °F -40 0 40 120 200 300 Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 37. www.nylene.com NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 | RATE OF MOISTURE ABSORPTION AT 73°F Key Points 1. Nylon 6 absorbs moisture at a faster rate than nylon 6/6 both in air or in water, and equilibrium is reached faster. 2. Total moisture absorption is somewhat higher for nylon 6. Conclusion In useful temperature range, either material could be selected. Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Moisture Content Time - Days
  • 38. NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 IZOD IMPACT STRENGTH VS. MOISTURE CONTENT Key Points: 1. At 50% equilibrium moisture content (2.5%) nylon 6 very superior to nylon 6/6. 2. At all moisture contents nylon 6 is superior in impact strength to nylon 6/6. Conclusion: In all applications where the greatest impact strength is necessary, nylon 6 should be specified. 0 8 15 23 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Impact Strength – FT. LBS./Inch of Notch Moisture Content in % Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 39. NYLON 6 VS. NYLON 6/6 DIMENSIONAL CHANGE VS. MOISTURE CONTENT Key Points: 1. Nylon 6/6 changes more with increasing moisture content: up to 5 mils per inch more at saturation Conclusion: Nylon 6 is subject to less dimensional change than nylon 6/6 and result will be less part variation with changing moisture content. 0.000 0.030 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dimensional Change in/In Moisture Content % Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6
  • 40. www.nylene.com  Nylon 6 has wider temperature window, same upper temp limit  Similar flow for typical grades  Flow is affected by H2O content  Both can be injection molded, extruded, blow molded  Only nylon 6 is used in rotational molding  Nylon 6 & 6/6 are both used in fibers  Nylon 6 is typically used for large diameter extrusion, blow molding, and cast shapes  Nylon 6 has higher melt strength and is easier to tailor viscosity range for improved extrusion and film processing  Nylon 6 gives much better surface appearance in filled grades PROCESSING NYLON 6 & 6/6
  • 41. www.nylene.com MOISTURE AND PROCESSING • Nylon 6 & 6/6 should be dried to <0.20% moisture by weight • Molders who mold nylon should have a moisture analyzer • A dew point meter measures the capacity of AIR to hold moisture NOT the moisture in plastic • Filled materials should be dried to 0.20% moisture of nylon portion of formulation For example: 5133 = .67% nylon x 0.20% = 0.134% total moisture
  • 42. www.nylene.com REGRIND EFFECTS • Unreinforced nylon 6 has significantly better retention of properties and structure when reground and re-used. • Differences narrow in reinforced grades, as the reinforcement has much higher effect on the properties.
  • 43. www.nylene.com 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6/6 PA 6/6 Percent of original Relative Viscosity Molding Grade First Molding Second Molding RELATIVE VISCOSITY ON RE-MOLDED NYLON SCRAP 0 20 40 60 80 100 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6/6 PA 6/6 Percent of original Relative Viscosity Extrusion Grade Conclusion: Loss of relative viscosity is a good indicator or embrittlement of part. Type 6 nylon compounds exhibit far greater thermal melt stability than Type 6/6 nylon. Key Point: Molding of nylon 6/6 results in moderate loss in relative viscosity. There is no loss in nylon 6. Key Point: Extrusion of nylon 6,6 products serious loss in relative viscosity and moderate loss in nylon 6.
  • 44. NYLON REGRIND STUDIES 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 Nylon 6 100% Regrind Study Retention of Original Property (%) Tensile Strength Flexural Modulus Relative Viscosity Drop Weight Impact Number of Passes 0 25 50 75 100 0 1 2 3 Nylon 6/6 100% Regrind Study Retention of Original Property (%) Tensile Strength Flexural Modulus Relative Viscosity Drop Weight Impact Number of Passes VS
  • 46. Second Molding NYLON RECYCLING COMPARISION • Depolymization of Nylon 6,6 waste is much more complicated to achieve because it is made with more than one chemical component. • Nylon 6,6 is considered to be non-renewable and waste is often re-used (down-cycled) into lesser products that eventually end up in landfill or incinerated. • Post-consumer and post-industrial Nylon 6 waste can be depolymerized back to its one chemical component, caprolactam. • Nylon 6 is considered renewable - recovered caprolactam from the depolymerization process is remanufactured into brand new nylon, recycled without any loss of properties or quality, over and over again. Nylon 6 Nylon 6,6 VS
  • 47. www.nylene.com CHEMICAL STRUCTURE – NYLON 6 DEPOLYMERIZATION Nylon 6 Nylon 6, in the presence of heat & a catalyst “fractures” the bonds of the molecule to release “open” molecules of Caprolactam during Depolymerization “Open” Caprolactam molecule The ends of the “open” caprolactam molecules bond with each other during ring closing Caprolactam Bond Breaks Bond Breaks
  • 49. www.nylene.com • Nylon 6 has superior surface appearance in reinforced grades • Nylon 6 is inherently tougher than 6/6 • Nylon 6 is equal in thermal performance to 6/6 at recommended use temperatures. • Nylon 6 is renewable – can be depolymerized back to caprolactam. • Higher melt point of 6/6 means that nylon 6 has;ns that nylon 6 has; SUMMARY Less degradation | Better use of regrind | Less energy consumed
  • 50. www.nylene.com Ron Bailey Kurt Dubowski Stuart Allen Vice President of Sales and Marketing Office: 803-364-9941 Mobile: 678-910-4370 [email protected] Regional Sales Manager / Distribution Manager Office: 248-377-6796 Mobile: 248-758-8935 [email protected] THANK YOU Business Development Manager Office: 248-377-6796 Mobile: 616-240-9987 [email protected] COMPANY CONTACTS [email protected]