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Occupational health services

This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It begins by describing a case of a factory accident in 1908 where a teenage boy had his arm ripped off and leg broken with no compensation. It then defines occupational health and lists its objectives as maintaining worker health and capacity, improving the work environment, and developing work cultures that support safety. The document outlines various physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards faced by workers. It also examines several occupational diseases in detail, including pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Prevention strategies are discussed for many of these hazards and diseases.

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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 11/20/15 1
• Harry McShane, age 16, 1908. Pulled into machinery in a factory in USA. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. • No compensation paid. 11/20/15 2
Definition 11/20/15 3 health; • "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; • the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; • the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to
Definition • the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, • to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1950 • 4
Objectives • The maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity • • The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health Development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings. —Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health 11/20/15 5
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 6
Physical hazards 11/20/15 7 • Heat and cold • Light • Noise • Vibration • Ultraviolet radiation • Ionizing radiation
• Burns • Heat exhaustion • Heat stroke • Heat cramps 11/20/15 8 HeT ah te indirect effects The direct effects are are • Decreased efficiency, • Increased fatigue • Enhanced accident rates.
Cold • Chilblains • Erythrocyanosis • Immersion foot • Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. •11 G /20/ e 15 neral hypothermia 9
Light The acute effects of poor illumination are • Eye strain, • Headache, • Eye pain, • Lacrymation, • Congestion around the cornea • Eye fatigue. • The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus" 11/20/15 10
Noise (i) Auditory effects ❑Temporary or permanent hearing loss n (ii) Non auditory effects ❑Nervousness, ❑Fatigue, ❑ Interference with communicatio by speech, ❑Decreased efficiency 1❑1/20/ a15 nnoyance 11
Vibration • Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and shoulders. 12
Ultraviolet radiation • Conjunctivitis • Keratitis (welder's flash). 11/20/15 13
Ionizing radiation 11/20/15 14 The radiation hazards comprise • Genetic changes • Malformation • Cancer • Leukaemia • Depilation • Ulceration • Sterility • in extreme cases death.
Ionizing radiation 11/20/15 15 The International Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body.
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 16
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 17 1)Local Action : Dermatitis Eczema Ulcers Cancer by primary irritant action
Chemical hazards (2) Inhalation : • Dusts • Gases • Metals and their compounds 11/20/15 18
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 19 • Dusts Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.
11/20/15 20
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 21 Classification of dusts • Inorganic and organic dusts; • Soluble and insoluble dusts.
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 22 Gases • Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen), • Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine) • Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 23 • Metals and their compounds Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and others
Chemical hazards 11/20/15 24 (3) Ingestion: Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc.
Biological hazards • Brucellosis • Leptospirosis • Anthrax • Hydatidosis • Tetanus • Encephalitis • fungal infections • Schistosomiasis 1 •1/20 a /15 host of others 25
11/20/15 26
Mechanical hazards 11/20/15 27
Psychosocial hazrds Factors affect health • Frustration • Lack of job satisfaction, • Insecurity • Poor human relationships, • Emotional tension 11/20/15 28
Psychosocial hazrds The health effects can be classified in two (a) Psychological and behavioural changes (b) Psychosomatic ill health 11/20/15 29
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES DISEASE DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENT • Heat • Cold • Light • Pressure • Noise • Radiation • Mechanical factors • Electricity 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 30
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES ARUN PIRAVOM 31 11/20/15 DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICALAGENT Gases • • Dusts (pneumoconiosis) ➢ Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron ➢ Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or grain dust • • • Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,chromium. Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES ARUN PIRAVOM 32 11/20/15 III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT • Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities, fungal infection. IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS • Dermatitis, eczema VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN • Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.
PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARUN PIRAVOM 33 11/20/15 • Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a health hazard producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications.
PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARUN PIRAVOM 34 11/20/15 • Silicosis • Anthracosis • Byssinosis • Bagassosis • Asbestosis • Farmers lungs
Silicosis • Caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide • Snow storm appearance in X ray 11/20/15 35
Anthracosis 11/20/15 36 • It is caused by inhalation of dust containing coal miners. • First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis which is associated with little impairment. • Second phase is characterized by Progressive massive fibrosis
Byssinosis • Inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of, time. The symptoms are • Chronic cough • Progressive dyspnoea, • Chronic bronchitis 1 •1/20 E /15mphysema. 37
Bagassosis • Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust. • Bagassosis has been shown to be due to a thermophilic actinomycet for which the name The symptoms • Breathlessness • Cough • haemoptysis 11 • /20/s 15light fever. 38
Bagassosis Preventive measures • Dust control • Personal protection • Medical control • Bagasse control 11/20/15 39
Asbestosis • Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and amphibole type. • Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea. • Clubbing of fingers, • Cardiac distress and cyanosis. • The sputum shows "asbestos bodies" • An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass 11/20 a /1 p 5 pearance in the lower two thirds of the lung fields 40
Asbestosis PREVENTIVE MEASURES • Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite) • Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc. Rigorous dust control • • Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray, lung function), and 11 •/20/C 15 ontinuing research. 41
Asbestosis • Ground glass apperance in X ray chest 11/20/15 42
Farmer's lung 11/20/15 43 Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
LEAD POISONING MODE OFABSORPTION (1) INHALATION. (2) INGESTION. (3) SKIN 11/20/15 44
LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 45 CLINICAL PICTURE • • • • • • • • • The toxic effects of inorganic exposure abdominal colic Constipation loss of appetite blue-line on the gums stippling of red cells Anaemia wrist drop foot drop.
LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 46 • The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the central nervous system • Insomnia • Headache • Mental confusion • Delirium.
11/20/15 47
LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 48 DIAGNOSIS (1) HISTORY (2) CLINICAL FEATURES (3) LABORATORY TESTS: • Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) : • Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) : Lead in blood and urine: • • Basophilic stipling of RBC
LEAD POISONING PREVENTIVE MEASURES • • • • • • • • • Substitution Isolation Local exhaust ventilation Personal protection. Good house-keeping Working atmosphere: Periodic examination of workers Personal hygiene. Health education : 11/20/15 49
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Skin cancer: gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers. • Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio active substance 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 50
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Bladder cancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical cable industry. • Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive substance. 11/20/15 51
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER The control measures • • • • • • • Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens. Medical examinations Inspection of factories, Notification, Licensing of establishments, Personal hygiene measures, Education of workers and management, research. 52
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS Causes • Physical • Chemical • Biological • Plant products 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 53
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS PREVENTION (1) Pre-selection (2) Protection (3) Personal hygiene (4) Periodic inspection 11/20/15 54
RADIATION HAZARDS 11/20/15 • Shielding of workers • Monitoring the employees • Protective clothing • Adequate ventilation • Replacement and periodic examination • Avoidance of pregnant women to work ARUN PIRAVOM 55
Sickness Absenteeism 11/20/15 56 Causes • Economic • Social • Medical • Non occupational causes
Sickness Absenteeism 11/20/15 57 Prevention • Good factory managementand practices • Adequate preplacement examination • Good human relations • Application of ergonomics
Accidents Causes • Human factors • Physical • Physiological • Psychological • Environmental factors 11/20/15 58
Accidents Prevention • Adequate preplacement examination Adequate job training Continuing education • • • Ensure safe working conditions • Establishing safety department in the organization under a competent safety engineer. • Periodic surveys for finding out hazards • 11/2 C 0/1 a 5 reful reporting 59
HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Environmental sanitation problems • Communicable disease • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents and social problems • Morbidity and mortality ARUN PIRAVOM 60 11/20/15
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION OF WORKERS • Nutrition • Communicable disease control • Environmental sanitation • Mental health • Measures for women and children • Health education • Family planning ARUN PIRAVOM 61 11/20/15
Nutrition • Under Indian factory act, One canteen when number of employees exceeds 250 • Education of workers on the value of balanced diet. 11/20/15 62
Communicable disease control • Adequate immunization against communicable diseases 11/20/15 63
Environmental sanitation • Water supply Installation of drinking water fountains • Food Sanitary preparation, storage and handling of food Education of food handlers 11/20/15 64
Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 65 • Toilet One sanitary convenience for 25 employees for the first 100 employees and thereafter one for 50 • General plant cleanliness
Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 66 • Sufficient space The recommended standard is of minimum of 500cuft • Lighting Standards for illumination High precision work 50-75 foot candles Regular work- 6 to 12 foot candles Corridoors and passages- 0.5 foot candles
Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 67 • Ventilation, temperature • Protection against hazards • Housing
Mental health • To promote the health and happiness of the workers. • To detect signs of emotional stress and strain and to secure relief of stress and strain where possible • The treatment of employees suffering from mental illness and the rehabilitation of those 11/20 w /15 ho become ill. 68
MEASURES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN (1)Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12 weeks, (2) Provision of free antenatal, natal and postnatal services. (3)The Factories Act (Section 66) prohibits night work between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.; (4)The Indian Mines Act (1923) prohibits work underground. (5) The Factories Act, 1976 provides for creches in factories 11/2w 0/1h 5 ere more than 30 women workers are employed, 69
Health education 11/20/15 70
Family planning 11/20/15 71
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE 11/20/15 72
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE MEDICAL MEASURES ❖Pre-placement examination ❖Periodical examination ❖Medical and health care services ❖Notification ❖Supervision of working environment ❖Maintenance and analysis of records ❖Health education and counseling ARUN PIRAVOM 73 11/20/15
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE • ENGINEERING MEASURES ❖Design of building ❖Good housekeeping ❖General ventilation ❖Mechanization ❖Substitution ARUN PIRAVOM 74 11/20/15
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE ENGINEERING MEASURES ❖Dust-enclosure and isolation ❖Local exhaust ventilation ❖Protection device ❖Environmental monitoring ❖Statistical monitoring and research 11/20/15 75
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE • LEGISLATION ❖The Factory Act-1948 ❖The Employees state insurance act-1948 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 76
FACTORIES ACT,1948 11/20/15 77 Scope For purposes of the act, a factory means an establishment, • • In which 10 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in a manufacturing process, operated on power Or In which 20 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in manufacturing process without power.
FACTORIES ACT,1948 Appointment and employment • Inspector of factories • Medical practitioners 11/20/15 78
FACTORIES ACT,1948 Provisions for Industrial workers • Employment provisions • Welfare provisions • Safety provisions • Sanitary provisions 11/20/15 79
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 • The ESI Act of 1948 covered all power-using factories other than seasonal factories where in 20 or more persons were employed (excluding mines, railways and defense establishments). 11/20/15 80
ESI Act The provisions of the ESI (Amendment) Act of 1975 were extended to the following new classes of establishments: a) Small power-using factories employing 10 to 19 persons, and non-power-using factories employing 20 or more persons b) Shops: c) Hotels and restaurants; d) Cinemas and theatres; e) Road-motor transport establishments; and f1 ) 1/2 N 0/e 15 wspaper establishments 81
ESI Act- Administration • ESI Corporation • Chairman – The Union Ministry of labour • Vice Chairman- Secretary to Govt. of India 11/20/15 82
ESI Act- Administration Chief executive officer- Director general Assisted by four principal officers • Insurance commissiners • Medical commissioners • Finance commissioners • Acturay 11/20/15 83
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Benefits to employees (1) Medical benefit (2) Sickness benefit (3)Maternity benefit (4 Disablement benefit (5) Dependent’s benefit (6) Funeral expenses 11/20/15 (7) Rehabilitation allowance84
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Medical benefit • • The services comprises (1) out-patient care (2) supply of drugs and dressings (3) specialist services in all branches of medicine (4) pathological and radiological investigations (5) domiciliary services 11 (/6 20) /15 antenatal, natal and postnatal services 85
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 • Medical benefit (7) immunization services (8) family planning services (9) emergency services (10) ambulance services (11) health education and (12) in-patient treatment. 11/20/15 86
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 87 Sickness benefit • The benefit is payable for a maximum period of 91 days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the daily rate being about 50% of the average daily wages • 34 diseases for which Extended Sickness Benefit where the insured person has been in continuous employment for 2 years:
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Maternity benefit • For confinement, the duration of benefit is 72 weeks, for miscarriage 6 weeks and for sickness arising out of confinement etc. 30 days. 11/20/15 88
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 89 Disablement benefit • The rate of temporary disablement benefit is about 70 per cent of the wages as long as the temporary disablement lasts. • In case of total permanent disablement, the insured person is given life pension on the basis of loss of earning capacity determined by a medical board
THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 90 Dependent’s benefit • Pension at the rate of 70 per cent of wages is payable, on monthly basis. Funeral expenses •The amount not exceeding Rs. 5000. Rehabilitation • On monthly payment of Rs 10
11/20/15 91
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM • Occupational health nurse • Physiotherapist. • Specialist doctor • Industrial manager • Supervisor 11/20/15 92
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM • Shift in charge • Rehabilitation specialist • Labour welfare officer • Labour union representative. • Representative of voluntary organizations • Other invited members as per the need 11/20/15 93
FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE • Primary prevention • Secondary prevention • Tertiary prevention 11/20/15 94
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE 11/20/15 95 • Clinician • Primary prevention • Emergency care • Treatment services • Nursing diagnosis • General Health advice and health assessment • Research and the use of evidence based practice
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE 11/20/15 96 Specialist • Occupational health policy, and practice development, implementation and evaluation • Occupational health assessment • Health surveillance • Sickness absence management
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE Specialist 11/20/15 97 • Rehabilitation • Maintenance of work ability • Health and safety • Hazard identification • Risk assessment • Advice on control strategies
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE • Manager • Co-ordinator • Adviser • Health educator • Counsellor • Researcher 11/20/15 98
ROLE OF COMMUNTY HEALTH NURSE IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH • Home care • Cooperation of plant department • Special provision for services for women and children • Creche work • Rehabilitation of the ill and injured workers • Industrial plant survey • Administrative responsibilities 11/20/15 99
ERGONOMICS 11/20/15 100
DEFINITION 11/20/15 101 Ergonomics is the study of men at work with a view to identify stress factors operating in work environments and impairing the physical, mental and psychological health of workers and interfering with their work performance.
Thank You 11/20/15 102

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Occupational health services

  • 1.
  • 2.
    • Harry McShane,age 16, 1908. Pulled into machinery in a factory in USA. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. • No compensation paid. 11/20/15 2
  • 3.
    Definition 11/20/15 3 health; • "Occupationalhealth should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; • the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; • the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to
  • 4.
    Definition • the placingand maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, • to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1950 • 4
  • 5.
    Objectives • The maintenanceand promotion of workers’ health and working capacity • • The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health Development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings. —Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health 11/20/15 5
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Physical hazards 11/20/15 7 •Heat and cold • Light • Noise • Vibration • Ultraviolet radiation • Ionizing radiation
  • 8.
    • Burns • Heatexhaustion • Heat stroke • Heat cramps 11/20/15 8 HeT ah te indirect effects The direct effects are are • Decreased efficiency, • Increased fatigue • Enhanced accident rates.
  • 9.
    Cold • Chilblains • Erythrocyanosis •Immersion foot • Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. •11 G /20/ e 15 neral hypothermia 9
  • 10.
    Light The acute effectsof poor illumination are • Eye strain, • Headache, • Eye pain, • Lacrymation, • Congestion around the cornea • Eye fatigue. • The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus" 11/20/15 10
  • 11.
    Noise (i) Auditory effects ❑Temporaryor permanent hearing loss n (ii) Non auditory effects ❑Nervousness, ❑Fatigue, ❑ Interference with communicatio by speech, ❑Decreased efficiency 1❑1/20/ a15 nnoyance 11
  • 12.
    Vibration • Exposure tovibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and shoulders. 12
  • 13.
    Ultraviolet radiation • Conjunctivitis •Keratitis (welder's flash). 11/20/15 13
  • 14.
    Ionizing radiation 11/20/15 14 Theradiation hazards comprise • Genetic changes • Malformation • Cancer • Leukaemia • Depilation • Ulceration • Sterility • in extreme cases death.
  • 15.
    Ionizing radiation 11/20/15 15 TheInternational Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body.
  • 16.
  • 17.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 17 1)LocalAction : Dermatitis Eczema Ulcers Cancer by primary irritant action
  • 18.
    Chemical hazards (2) Inhalation: • Dusts • Gases • Metals and their compounds 11/20/15 18
  • 19.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 19 •Dusts Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 21 Classificationof dusts • Inorganic and organic dusts; • Soluble and insoluble dusts.
  • 22.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 22 Gases •Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen), • Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine) • Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).
  • 23.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 23 •Metals and their compounds Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and others
  • 24.
    Chemical hazards 11/20/15 24 (3)Ingestion: Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc.
  • 25.
    Biological hazards • Brucellosis •Leptospirosis • Anthrax • Hydatidosis • Tetanus • Encephalitis • fungal infections • Schistosomiasis 1 •1/20 a /15 host of others 25
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Psychosocial hazrds Factors affecthealth • Frustration • Lack of job satisfaction, • Insecurity • Poor human relationships, • Emotional tension 11/20/15 28
  • 29.
    Psychosocial hazrds The healtheffects can be classified in two (a) Psychological and behavioural changes (b) Psychosomatic ill health 11/20/15 29
  • 30.
    OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES DISEASE DUETO PHYSICAL AGENT • Heat • Cold • Light • Pressure • Noise • Radiation • Mechanical factors • Electricity 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 30
  • 31.
    OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES ARUN PIRAVOM31 11/20/15 DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICALAGENT Gases • • Dusts (pneumoconiosis) ➢ Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron ➢ Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or grain dust • • • Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,chromium. Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene
  • 32.
    OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES ARUN PIRAVOM32 11/20/15 III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT • Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities, fungal infection. IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS • Dermatitis, eczema VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN • Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.
  • 33.
    PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARUN PIRAVOM 3311/20/15 • Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a health hazard producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications.
  • 34.
    PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARUN PIRAVOM 3411/20/15 • Silicosis • Anthracosis • Byssinosis • Bagassosis • Asbestosis • Farmers lungs
  • 35.
    Silicosis • Caused byinhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide • Snow storm appearance in X ray 11/20/15 35
  • 36.
    Anthracosis 11/20/15 36 • Itis caused by inhalation of dust containing coal miners. • First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis which is associated with little impairment. • Second phase is characterized by Progressive massive fibrosis
  • 37.
    Byssinosis • Inhalation ofcotton fibre dust over long periods of, time. The symptoms are • Chronic cough • Progressive dyspnoea, • Chronic bronchitis 1 •1/20 E /15mphysema. 37
  • 38.
    Bagassosis • Caused byinhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust. • Bagassosis has been shown to be due to a thermophilic actinomycet for which the name The symptoms • Breathlessness • Cough • haemoptysis 11 • /20/s 15light fever. 38
  • 39.
    Bagassosis Preventive measures • Dustcontrol • Personal protection • Medical control • Bagasse control 11/20/15 39
  • 40.
    Asbestosis • Asbestos isof two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and amphibole type. • Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea. • Clubbing of fingers, • Cardiac distress and cyanosis. • The sputum shows "asbestos bodies" • An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass 11/20 a /1 p 5 pearance in the lower two thirds of the lung fields 40
  • 41.
    Asbestosis PREVENTIVE MEASURES • Useof safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite) • Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc. Rigorous dust control • • Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray, lung function), and 11 •/20/C 15 ontinuing research. 41
  • 42.
    Asbestosis • Ground glass apperancein X ray chest 11/20/15 42
  • 43.
    Farmer's lung 11/20/15 43 Farmer'slung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
  • 44.
    LEAD POISONING MODE OFABSORPTION (1)INHALATION. (2) INGESTION. (3) SKIN 11/20/15 44
  • 45.
    LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 45 CLINICALPICTURE • • • • • • • • • The toxic effects of inorganic exposure abdominal colic Constipation loss of appetite blue-line on the gums stippling of red cells Anaemia wrist drop foot drop.
  • 46.
    LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 46 •The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the central nervous system • Insomnia • Headache • Mental confusion • Delirium.
  • 47.
  • 48.
    LEAD POISONING 11/20/15 48 DIAGNOSIS (1)HISTORY (2) CLINICAL FEATURES (3) LABORATORY TESTS: • Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) : • Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) : Lead in blood and urine: • • Basophilic stipling of RBC
  • 49.
    LEAD POISONING PREVENTIVE MEASURES • • • • • • • • • Substitution Isolation Localexhaust ventilation Personal protection. Good house-keeping Working atmosphere: Periodic examination of workers Personal hygiene. Health education : 11/20/15 49
  • 50.
    OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Skincancer: gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers. • Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio active substance 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 50
  • 51.
    OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Bladdercancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical cable industry. • Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive substance. 11/20/15 51
  • 52.
    OCCUPATIONAL CANCER The controlmeasures • • • • • • • Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens. Medical examinations Inspection of factories, Notification, Licensing of establishments, Personal hygiene measures, Education of workers and management, research. 52
  • 53.
    OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS Causes • Physical •Chemical • Biological • Plant products 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 53
  • 54.
    OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS PREVENTION (1) Pre-selection (2)Protection (3) Personal hygiene (4) Periodic inspection 11/20/15 54
  • 55.
    RADIATION HAZARDS 11/20/15 • Shieldingof workers • Monitoring the employees • Protective clothing • Adequate ventilation • Replacement and periodic examination • Avoidance of pregnant women to work ARUN PIRAVOM 55
  • 56.
    Sickness Absenteeism 11/20/15 56 Causes •Economic • Social • Medical • Non occupational causes
  • 57.
    Sickness Absenteeism 11/20/15 57 Prevention •Good factory managementand practices • Adequate preplacement examination • Good human relations • Application of ergonomics
  • 58.
    Accidents Causes • Human factors •Physical • Physiological • Psychological • Environmental factors 11/20/15 58
  • 59.
    Accidents Prevention • Adequate preplacementexamination Adequate job training Continuing education • • • Ensure safe working conditions • Establishing safety department in the organization under a competent safety engineer. • Periodic surveys for finding out hazards • 11/2 C 0/1 a 5 reful reporting 59
  • 60.
    HEALTH PROBLEM DUETO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Environmental sanitation problems • Communicable disease • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents and social problems • Morbidity and mortality ARUN PIRAVOM 60 11/20/15
  • 61.
    MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTIONOF WORKERS • Nutrition • Communicable disease control • Environmental sanitation • Mental health • Measures for women and children • Health education • Family planning ARUN PIRAVOM 61 11/20/15
  • 62.
    Nutrition • Under Indianfactory act, One canteen when number of employees exceeds 250 • Education of workers on the value of balanced diet. 11/20/15 62
  • 63.
    Communicable disease control •Adequate immunization against communicable diseases 11/20/15 63
  • 64.
    Environmental sanitation • Watersupply Installation of drinking water fountains • Food Sanitary preparation, storage and handling of food Education of food handlers 11/20/15 64
  • 65.
    Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 65 •Toilet One sanitary convenience for 25 employees for the first 100 employees and thereafter one for 50 • General plant cleanliness
  • 66.
    Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 66 •Sufficient space The recommended standard is of minimum of 500cuft • Lighting Standards for illumination High precision work 50-75 foot candles Regular work- 6 to 12 foot candles Corridoors and passages- 0.5 foot candles
  • 67.
    Environmental sanitation 11/20/15 67 •Ventilation, temperature • Protection against hazards • Housing
  • 68.
    Mental health • Topromote the health and happiness of the workers. • To detect signs of emotional stress and strain and to secure relief of stress and strain where possible • The treatment of employees suffering from mental illness and the rehabilitation of those 11/20 w /15 ho become ill. 68
  • 69.
    MEASURES FOR WOMENAND CHILDREN (1)Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12 weeks, (2) Provision of free antenatal, natal and postnatal services. (3)The Factories Act (Section 66) prohibits night work between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.; (4)The Indian Mines Act (1923) prohibits work underground. (5) The Factories Act, 1976 provides for creches in factories 11/2w 0/1h 5 ere more than 30 women workers are employed, 69
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
    PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALDISEASE MEDICAL MEASURES ❖Pre-placement examination ❖Periodical examination ❖Medical and health care services ❖Notification ❖Supervision of working environment ❖Maintenance and analysis of records ❖Health education and counseling ARUN PIRAVOM 73 11/20/15
  • 74.
    PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALDISEASE • ENGINEERING MEASURES ❖Design of building ❖Good housekeeping ❖General ventilation ❖Mechanization ❖Substitution ARUN PIRAVOM 74 11/20/15
  • 75.
    PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALDISEASE ENGINEERING MEASURES ❖Dust-enclosure and isolation ❖Local exhaust ventilation ❖Protection device ❖Environmental monitoring ❖Statistical monitoring and research 11/20/15 75
  • 76.
    PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE •LEGISLATION ❖The Factory Act-1948 ❖The Employees state insurance act-1948 11/20/15 ARUN PIRAVOM 76
  • 77.
    FACTORIES ACT,1948 11/20/15 77 Scope Forpurposes of the act, a factory means an establishment, • • In which 10 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in a manufacturing process, operated on power Or In which 20 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in manufacturing process without power.
  • 78.
    FACTORIES ACT,1948 Appointment andemployment • Inspector of factories • Medical practitioners 11/20/15 78
  • 79.
    FACTORIES ACT,1948 Provisions forIndustrial workers • Employment provisions • Welfare provisions • Safety provisions • Sanitary provisions 11/20/15 79
  • 80.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 • The ESI Act of 1948 covered all power-using factories other than seasonal factories where in 20 or more persons were employed (excluding mines, railways and defense establishments). 11/20/15 80
  • 81.
    ESI Act The provisionsof the ESI (Amendment) Act of 1975 were extended to the following new classes of establishments: a) Small power-using factories employing 10 to 19 persons, and non-power-using factories employing 20 or more persons b) Shops: c) Hotels and restaurants; d) Cinemas and theatres; e) Road-motor transport establishments; and f1 ) 1/2 N 0/e 15 wspaper establishments 81
  • 82.
    ESI Act- Administration •ESI Corporation • Chairman – The Union Ministry of labour • Vice Chairman- Secretary to Govt. of India 11/20/15 82
  • 83.
    ESI Act- Administration Chiefexecutive officer- Director general Assisted by four principal officers • Insurance commissiners • Medical commissioners • Finance commissioners • Acturay 11/20/15 83
  • 84.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 Benefits to employees (1) Medical benefit (2) Sickness benefit (3)Maternity benefit (4 Disablement benefit (5) Dependent’s benefit (6) Funeral expenses 11/20/15 (7) Rehabilitation allowance84
  • 85.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 Medical benefit • • The services comprises (1) out-patient care (2) supply of drugs and dressings (3) specialist services in all branches of medicine (4) pathological and radiological investigations (5) domiciliary services 11 (/6 20) /15 antenatal, natal and postnatal services 85
  • 86.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 • Medical benefit (7) immunization services (8) family planning services (9) emergency services (10) ambulance services (11) health education and (12) in-patient treatment. 11/20/15 86
  • 87.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 87 Sickness benefit • The benefit is payable for a maximum period of 91 days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the daily rate being about 50% of the average daily wages • 34 diseases for which Extended Sickness Benefit where the insured person has been in continuous employment for 2 years:
  • 88.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 Maternity benefit • For confinement, the duration of benefit is 72 weeks, for miscarriage 6 weeks and for sickness arising out of confinement etc. 30 days. 11/20/15 88
  • 89.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 89 Disablement benefit • The rate of temporary disablement benefit is about 70 per cent of the wages as long as the temporary disablement lasts. • In case of total permanent disablement, the insured person is given life pension on the basis of loss of earning capacity determined by a medical board
  • 90.
    THE EMPLOYEE STATEINSURANCE ACT,1948 11/20/15 90 Dependent’s benefit • Pension at the rate of 70 per cent of wages is payable, on monthly basis. Funeral expenses •The amount not exceeding Rs. 5000. Rehabilitation • On monthly payment of Rs 10
  • 91.
  • 92.
    OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM •Occupational health nurse • Physiotherapist. • Specialist doctor • Industrial manager • Supervisor 11/20/15 92
  • 93.
    OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM •Shift in charge • Rehabilitation specialist • Labour welfare officer • Labour union representative. • Representative of voluntary organizations • Other invited members as per the need 11/20/15 93
  • 94.
    FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE • Primary prevention • Secondary prevention • Tertiary prevention 11/20/15 94
  • 95.
    ROLE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE 11/20/15 95 • Clinician • Primary prevention • Emergency care • Treatment services • Nursing diagnosis • General Health advice and health assessment • Research and the use of evidence based practice
  • 96.
    ROLE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE 11/20/15 96 Specialist • Occupational health policy, and practice development, implementation and evaluation • Occupational health assessment • Health surveillance • Sickness absence management
  • 97.
    ROLE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE Specialist 11/20/15 97 • Rehabilitation • Maintenance of work ability • Health and safety • Hazard identification • Risk assessment • Advice on control strategies
  • 98.
    ROLE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE • Manager • Co-ordinator • Adviser • Health educator • Counsellor • Researcher 11/20/15 98
  • 99.
    ROLE OF COMMUNTYHEALTH NURSE IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH • Home care • Cooperation of plant department • Special provision for services for women and children • Creche work • Rehabilitation of the ill and injured workers • Industrial plant survey • Administrative responsibilities 11/20/15 99
  • 100.
  • 101.
    DEFINITION 11/20/15 101 Ergonomics isthe study of men at work with a view to identify stress factors operating in work environments and impairing the physical, mental and psychological health of workers and interfering with their work performance.
  • 102.