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Ocean Zones and Marine Ecosystems Notes
- 2. a. Amount oflight b. Depth c. Temperature d. Nutrient availability e. Density f. Latitude g. Distance from shore
- 3. Pelagic Zone– water portion Benthic Zone – ocean floor
- 4. Neritic –from low tide mark to edge of continental shelf Oceanic – Open water beyond continental shelf
- 5. Epipelagic/Sunlit Zone– sun reaches through it Mesopelagic/Twilight Zone – light not strong enough to support a lot of life Bathypelagic then Abyssalpelagic then Hadalpelagic (in increasing depth) make up the Midnight Zone Photic Zone consists of both the Sunlit (euphotic) and Twilight (dysphotic) zone Aphotic Zone consists of the Bathypelagic, Abyssalpelagic, and Hadalpelagic zone
- 6. Supralittoral –water splashes on but does not become submerged Littoral – intertidal zone, area between low and high tide Sublittoral – remainder of the continental shelf Bathyal – continental slope Abyssal – deep ocean bottom Hadal – deepest zones, trenches
- 8. Species –a single organism Population – a collection of the same species living in the same area Community – a collection of populations Ecosystem – a collection of communities with the same biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors
- 9. Shallow openocean 1% of the ocean but a majority of marine life Supports photosynthesis Zone most affected by pollution and global warming
- 10. Neritic zonebetween the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf High in nutrients due to upwelling High light amounts and heat retention
- 11. Where oceanwater meets rivers in a semi- enclosed area Highly biologically productive due to sediment runoff Organisms specifically adapted to deal with changes in salinity
- 12. Located inestuaries and coasts with shallow slopes constantly enriched by tidal motions High salinity due to evaporation
- 13. Swamps inwhich larger trees (Mangroves) whose roots provide an important safe environment for juvenile organisms and protect shorelines from erosion due to violent storms
- 14. The onlyplace where one can find true, vascular plants submerged under water
- 15. Areas suchas the supralittoral zone (only splashed with water) and tide pools, have organisms specially designed to prevent drying out
- 16. Sandy regionsthat protect the shoreline Many organisms live within the sand Serves large role in cleaning the water
- 17. Groups ofalgae that thrive in cooler, nutrient rich waters, which in turn provide an important source of food and protection for other organisms
- 18. One ofthe most diverse ecosystems on Earth (land or water) Need low nutrient waters to prevent competitions with other organisms Large amounts of light needed for photosynthesis Affected greatly by global warming High diversity and low populations of organisms
- 19. Extremely nutrientrich Drastic changes in productivity between summer and winter due to heat and light duration Low diversity and high populations, especially large whales
- 20. Nutrients providedby marine snow (sediment from dead animals and fecal matter) Makes up most of the ocean Low density of life Very little information about the organisms
- 21. When adead whale reaches the ocean floor Three stages Scavengers consume the soft tissues over a couple months Worms consume the remaining soft tissues over a year Chemosynthetic bacteria breaks the remaining portions down over the next decade
- 22. Chemosynthetic bacteria convertthe released sulfides These bacteria then serve as the primary base (in place of producers) of the deep ocean ecosystem