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Ocular Hazards
This document discusses various types of occupational eye hazards and injuries. It categorizes hazards as mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, and radiation. Common injuries from each include dust and particle irritation, acid or alkali burns, welding flash burns, and radiation damage from lasers, UV light, or infrared sources. The highest risk occupations involve household/cleaning chemicals, workshops with tools/particles, and certain sports. Prevention relies on proper use of protective equipment like goggles and removing hazards at their source when possible.
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Ocular Hazards
- 1. BY:RABIA AMMER OPTOMETRIST &ORTHOPTIST GOLD MEDALIST
- 2. Ocular hazardscan be classified into different categories: 1. Mechanical 2. Chemical 3. Thermal 4. Electrical 5. Radiation
- 3. Injuries maybe contusion injuries from blunt objects or penetrating injuries from sharp objects. Examples include: Dust Irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea Fast moving particles from drilling, filing Damage or penetration of the cornea and/or adnexa Larger missiles, eg garden cane, squash ball or shuttlecock Penetration or crushing of the eye Splashes of molten metal Damage by both mechanical force and heat
- 4. These maybe in the form of vapour, liquid, powder or solid. Examples include: Acid from batteries Conjunctival injection, corneal oedema, corneal ulceration and scaring, symblepheron Alkali from bleach in cleaning fluids Loss of corneal epithelium, oedema, iritis, corneal vascularisation, uveitis, secondary glaucoma, cataract, symblepheron Chemical poisons ingested or absorbed through the skin Toxic amblyopia, visual field loss, colour disturbances
- 5. Thermal injuriescan be caused by liquids or solids and can be either flame or contact burns: Flame burns, eg from storage of flammable liquids Lid damage, loss of eyelashes and eyebrows Contact burns, eg in foundries or glassworks Tissue burns, conjunctival oedema, corneal opacification, symblepheron
- 6. Injury fromdomestic electric supply is unlikely. Injury may be from overhead lines or lightening. Possible damage includes: Corneal oedema and opacities, hyphema, iritis, miosis, subcapsular cataracts, vitreous opacities, retinal oedema or detachment, chorioretinal atrophy.
- 7. Differing wavelengthsof radiation will affect different structures within the eye. UV Damage from UV radiation may be arc eye caused by unprotected welding, snow blindness and use of sun beds without goggles. In the normal eye very little UV light reaches the retina under normal conditions, but aphakes are at greater risk. UV C 200-280nm Conjunctivitis and photokeratitis UV B 280-315 nm Conjunctivitis and photokeratitis UV A 315-400 nm Lenticular changes
- 8. IR The mostcommon sources of IR radiation are arc lamps, electric fires, steel and glass furnaces. IR is mostly blocked at the cornea, so prolonged exposure will give damage to the corneal epithelium. If the lens absorbs infra red radiation there is a local heating effect and coagulation of lens proteins, leading to opacification and heat cataract. Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Lasers produce a very intense and highly directional beam of coherent electromagnetic radiation. Lasers vary in wavelength and the hazard is related to exposure time, size of image and power density of the laser. Microwave An accumulated dose of microwave radiation might lead to cataract.
- 9. Flying Objects,Flying Debris (Bits Of Metal, Glass) Contact With Chemicals Misuse Of Tools: Improper Guards, Poor Maintenance, Poor Safety Habits Impact Or Blunt Force Sparks Tools Particles (Grinding Dust) Harmful Radiation Excessive Heat Any Combination Of These Or Other Hazards The highest categories contributing to eye injuries are related to household, workplace and sports.
- 10. Pain whenlooking up and/or down or difficulty on seeing Tenderness Sunken eye Double vision Severe eyelid and facial swelling Difficulty in tracking The eye has an unusual pupil size or shapen Numbness on upper cheeks and gum. Severe redness around the white part of the EYE Blood in the clear part of the eye
- 11. A workingcondition can be lead to illness or death. Classification: 1.Physical hazards Heat n cold Light 2. Chemical hazards 3. Biological hazards Parasites insecticides 3. Mechanical hazards Moving or protruding object exposure 5.Psychological hazards
- 12. 1. Impact: • Itincludes Flying objects such as; Chips,fragments, particles, sand and dirt. • Tasks: chipping, grinding, machining, mansory work , wood working, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening & sanding • Injury: vary from small to serious damage; punctures, abrasions & contusions
- 13. 2. Heat : •It includes: burns occurs when eye expose to high temperature, splashes of molten metal, or hot sparks. • Tasks: pouring, casting, hot dipping & furnace operations etc. • Injury: skin burns,eyeball involvement is common.
- 14. 3. Chemical injury: • classify into 2 types; 1. Acid injury: • Less harmful than alkali substances. • Cause damage by denaturing & precipitating proteins in the tissues they contact. Then coagulated proteins act as a barrier to prevent further damage except (hydrofluoric acid) • Damage: • Conjunctival Injection • Oedema • Conjunctival Hemorrhage • Corneal Ulceration • Stromal Opacification • Corneal Vascularization
- 15. 2. Alkali injury: •Lipophilic agents, pentrate tissue more rapidly than acids. • Saponify the fatty acids of cell membranes, pentrate corneal stroma & destroy proteoglycans ( ground substance ) n collagen bundles. • Damage : it involves: • Conjunctiva ( bulbar & palpebral ); ischaemic necrosis, opacification of sub-Conjuntival tissue, symblepharon • Cornea ; epithelium loss ,oedema, ulceration, vascularization • Iris; acue iritis • lens; cataract • Uveal tract; uveitis • Secondary glaucoma
- 16. 4. Dust : •Finely divided particles its range size 0.1- 150 micron • Source: crushing, grinding,loading & unloading operations. • Sites: mines, pottery, textile, wood or stone working industries. • Damage: corneal abrasions, ulcers , redness of eyes( haemrrahge of conjuntiva, cojunctivitis) eyelids are also involve. 5. Optical radiations: UV hazards: • in welding, exposure lamps - food storage, dentstry –epoxy filling , dermatology -psoriasis. IR hazards: • sources- arc lamps, steel furnaces,CO2 lasers
- 17. Short term Longterm Redness of adnexae pregyium Conjunctival injection cataract lacrimation balepharospasm keratitis UV exposure: cornea Corneal opacification iris Swelling, hyperaema, miosis Anterior chamber Aueous flares lens cataract retina Burns IR exposure:
- 18. Working withchemicals Working with paints, disinfectant, pesticides or other toxic or hazardous fluids Working with strong sources of electromagnetic radiation, welding, machines, etc. Working in the open with the risk of wind blown particles Working with rotating equipment such as grinders, drills, lathes Mechanical Equipment Sources Of Radiation, mainly ultraviolet radiation from Welding and infra-red radiation from Furnaces. The danger is greatest where various Particles are caused to become airborne from Grinding Cutting and welding Chipping, chiseling or caulking Using cartridge operated tools Blasting - abrasive and grit Mixing drilling fluids, acids or other toxic hazardous fluids
- 19. Bathroom : Cause irritation to eyes and skin depending upon product usage given below: Air Freshners – phenol & formaldehyde. Toilet cleaners-hydrochloric acid. Molds & Mildews- skin n eye burns due to sodium hypochlorite. Carpet & Upholstery- Ammonium Hydroxide Anti Bacterial Cleaners – strong irritant to eye due presence of hydrochloric acid Drain Cleaners – cause serious damage leading to blindness n burns due to presence of lyme n sulphurous acid as ingredient
- 20. Kitchen: Cause irritationto eyes and skin depending upon pproduct usage given below: All Purpose Cleaners- (ammonia, trisodium phosphate ant ethylene glycol ) Window Or Glass Cleaner- ammonia and isopropanol Dishwashing Detergent - phosphate Antibacterial Cleaner – strong irritant to eye due presence of hydrochloric acid Insect Sprays- can harm eyes Oven Cleaners- can burn eyes n skin due to lye in it Vinegar- mild damage irritaion to small corneal abrasions , conjunctival hyperaemea Hot Vegetable Oil Or Ghee- cause irritation to severe abrasions - burns Red Or Green Chillis – also do same damge as above mention
- 21. Landry: InsectsSprays All Purpose Cleaner Wood Stains & Finishes Chlorine Bleach – severe eye and skin burns even blindness due to sodium hypochlorite.
- 22. Garage : WetCell Batteries- severe skin & eye burns even blindness due to hydrosulphuric acid & lead. Irritation of eyes & skin due to: Latex Paints – formaldehyde Oil Based Paints- organic solvents( naphtha).
- 23. The mostcommon types of eye injuries that can result from sports injuries are : Blunt Injuries Corneal Abrasions Penetrating Injuries
- 24. High risk Moderaterisk Low risk Base ball football Bicycling Basket ball Golf Diving Boxing Badminton Skiing Hockey Tennis Swimming Racquet ball wrestling Soft ball squash
- 25. Blunt injuriesoccur when the eye is suddenly compressed by impact from an object. Blunt injuries, often caused by tennis balls, racquets, fists or elbows, sometimes cause a black eye or hyphaema (bleeding in front of the eye). More serious blunt injuries often break bones near the eye, and may sometimes seriously damage important eye structures and/or lead to vision loss.
- 26. Corneal abrasionsare painful scrapes on the outside of the eye, or the cornea. The most common cause of a sports-related corneal abrasion is being poked in the eye by a finger
- 27. Penetrating injuriesare caused by a foreign object piercing the eye. These injuries often occur when eyeglasses break while they are being worn. Penetrating injuries must be treated quickly in order to preserve vision
Editor's Notes
- #19 http://ebesh.becweb.ibechtel.com/ebesh/ESHCoreProcesses/200-Safety/200-CoreProcesses/CP-205.pdf